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êàæäîãî ñòóäåíòà-ìåäèêà ó÷àñòâîâàòü â äâóõãîäè÷íîì êóðñå ãðóïïî-
âîé òåðàïèè. Äåêàí áûë íîâè÷êîì è íå ïîíèìàë, ÷òî íàäî çàñòàâ-
ëÿòü èõ èçó÷àòü ïñèõîäèíàìèêó, à íå ÷åëîâå÷íîñòü õîðîøåãî ñëóøà-
òåëÿ. Ýòî ðàáîòàëî äåñÿòü ëåò, ïîêà îíè (è êòî ýòè
îíè
?) íå
äîãàäàëèñü, ÷òî ïñèõîòåðàïèÿ íå íàóêà. Îíè ñëîâíî äóìàëè ìî-
èìè ìîçãàìè! Áûëà êðîâàâàÿ ñöåíà, êîòîðàÿ â òî æå âðåìÿ ìíîãî-
ìó ìåíÿ íàó÷èëà. Íåóæåëè îøèáêà åäèíñòâåííûé õîðîøèé ó÷è-
òåëü, à èçìåíåíèå åäèíñòâåííîå ïðîòèâîÿäèå ïåðåãîðàíèþ?
Êî-òåðàïèÿ äëÿ øèçîôðåíèêîâ áûëà óñïåøíîé ïîêà îíè íå
âîçâðàùàëèñü â ñâîè ñåìüè. Ýòà îøèáêà ñóðîâî íàñ íàêàçàëà, íî
îíà æå îòêðûëà äðóãîå èçìåðåíèå ìîåé æèçíè ñåìåéíóþ òåðàïèþ.
Ìîæåò áûòü, ÿ íàêîíåö ïåðåãîðþ? Íåò, â ýòîé æèçíè òàêîãî íå
ñëó÷èòñÿ!
Êàðë Âèòàêåð
392
ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈß
Ê ÷àñòè I
1. Chapman, A. H.
Harry Stack Sullivan, the man and his work.
New York: Put-
nams, 1976.
2. Ðàáîòà â èçìåíåííîì âèäå áûëà îïóáëèêîâàíà ïîä íàçâàíèåì Whitaker C.A.,
& Davidoff, E. Without psychosis Chronic alcoholism.
Psychiatric Quarterly
, 1942,
16
, 373392.
3. Rank, O.
Will therapy, truth and reality.
New York: Knopf, 1947, p.21.
4.
Ibid
., p.98.
5.
Ibid
., p.206.
6.
Ibid
., p.28.
7. Federn,E. The therapeutic personality, as illustrated by Paul Federn and August
Aichorn.
Psychiatric Quarterly
, 1962, 3
6
, 2943.
8. Whitaker, C. A. Ormsby Village: An experiment with forced psychotherapy in
the rehabilitation of the delinquent adolescent.
Psychiatry
1946, 9, 242.
9.
Ibid
.
10. Ñlarke, E. K. Psychiatric problems at Oak Ridge.
American Journal of Psychi-
aty
, 1945, 102, 437444.
11. Whitaker, C. A., & Malone, T.
The Roots of Psychotherapy
. New York: Blak-
iston, 1953.
12. Whitaker, C. A. (Ed.).
Psychotherapy of Chronic Schizophrenic Patients.
New York:
Little, Brown, 1958.
13. Ñì. ñòàòüþ Schwartz, E. K., & Wolf, A. Irrational trends in contemporary
psychotherapy.
Psychoanalitic review
, 19581959, 45, 6582.
14. Rosen, J. A method of resolving acute catatonic excitement.
Psychiatric Quar-
terly
, 1946, 20, 183189.
15. Ñì. Brodey, M. W.
Observations on direct analysis: The therapeutic techniques
of John Rosen.
New York: Vantage Press, 1959.
16. Segal, H. Melanie Kleins technique. In B.B. Wolman (Ed.),
Psychoanalytic
techniques.
New York: Basic Books, 1967, pp. 168190.
17. Whitaker, C. A., & Malone, T.
Op. cit.,
p. 58.
18. Èíòåðåñíî ñðàâíèòü òàêóþ ïðàêòèêó äîáðîâîëüíîãî âûñëóøèâàíèÿ êðèòè-
êè â ñâîé àäðåñ ñ ïîäîáíûìè ÿâëåíèÿìè â æèçíè óòîïè÷åñêèõ îáùèí. Ñì., íà-
ïðèìåð, Noyes, J.H.
Mutual criticism
(M. Levine & B. B. Bunker, Eds.). Syracuse:
Syracuse University Press, 1975.
19. Whitaker, C. A., & Malone, T.
Op. cit.,
p. 66.
20. Ñì., íàïðèìåð, Whitaker, C., & Olsen, E. The staff team and the family square
off. In G. Abroms & N. S. Greenfield (Eds.)
The new hospital psychiaty.
New York:
Academic Press, 1971.
21. Âèòàêåð Ê. Ñåìüÿ â òðåõ ïîêîëåíèÿõ.
22. Whitaker, C. A. Out of Janets magic into limbo.
Voices
, 1973, 9, 50.
Ê ÷àñòè II
1. Whitaker, C. A., & Malone, T.
The roots of psychotherapy
. Philadelphia: Blak-
iston, 1953, p. 105.
2. Èç óñòíîé áåñåäû ñ Âèòàêåðîì.
393
3. Whitaker, C. A., & Malone, T.
Op. cit.,
pp. 188189.
4. Harper, R. A.
Psychoanalisis and psychotherapy: 36 systems.
Englewood Clifs, N.J.:
Prentice-Hall, 1959, p. 103.
5. ×èòàòåëü íàéäåò îáñóæäåíèå òåîðèè îáúåêòíûõ îòíîøåíèé â êíèãå: Guntrip,
H.
Psychoanalytic theory, therapy and the self.
New York
:
Basic Books, 1979.
6. Ïîäðîáíåå î âëèÿíèè Ðàíêà íà Âèòàêåðà íàïèñàíî â ÷àñòè I íàñòîÿùåãî èç-
äàíèÿ.
7. Ýòîò è äðóãèå ïàðàäîêñû ïîäîáíîãî ðîäà ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ â êíèãå Haley, J.
Strategies in psychotherapy.
New York
:
Grune & Stratton, 1963, pp. 179191.
8. Äåòñêèé ïñèõèàòð, ÷üè ðàáîòû îêàçàëè âëèÿíèå íà Âèòàêåðà.
9. Ñì. ñòàòüþ Âèòàêåðà Ãðóïïà: âñòðå÷à ñ ìîèì ñåãîäíÿøíèì ß.
10. Jennifers, èñòî÷íèê íåèçâåñòåí.
11. Áàðáàðà Äæ. Áåòñ. Óñòíîå ñîîáùåíèå. Áàðáàðà Áåòñ áûëà îäíèì èç ïåð-
âûõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé ëè÷íîñòè òåðàïåâòà è ñîçäàòåëåì À- òèïîëîãèè òåðàïåâòîâ.
12. Ruesh, J.
Therapeutic communication.
New York: Norton, 1961.
13. Ìàðòèí Ãðîòüÿí (Martin Grotjahn), ïñèõîàíàëèòèê. Î÷åâèäíî, óñòíîå ñî-
îáùåíèå.
14. Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà òî, ÷òî òåðàïåâò çäåñü ïîëíîïðàâíûé ó÷àñòíèê
ïðîèñõîäÿùåãî, íå ó÷àñòâóþùèé íàáëþäàòåëü Ñàëëèâàíà. Îí íå ïîõîæ è íà
ãåøòàëüò-òåðàïåâòà, êîòîðûé íàïðàâëÿåò ñâîåãî ïàöèåíòà.
15. Ýòî åùå îäèí ïðèìåð ðàñøèðåííîé èëè ñîâìåñòíîé ôàíòàçèè. Ñì.
ñòàòüþ Âèòàêåðà Ïðèãëàøåíèå â ìèð íåðåàëüíûõ ïåðåæèâàíèé.
16. Âèòàêåð èìååò â âèäó Ïñèõèàòðè÷åñêóþ êëèíèêó Àòëàíòû è ñâîèõ êîëëåã
Ìåëîíà, Âîðêåíòèíà è Ôèëäåðà.
17. Âñå ïåðå÷èñëåííûå òåðàïåâòû â áîëüøåé ìåðå, ÷åì Âèòàêåð, äåëàþò óäà-
ðåíèå íà èíòåïðåòàöèè òåì ïåðâè÷íîãî ïðîöåññà ïðè ðàáîòå ñ øèçîôðåíèêàìè. Ñì.
Rosen, J.
Direct Analysis.
New York: Grune & Stratton, 1953.
18. ×àðëüç Êåòòåðèíã, ïðîìûøëåííèê.
Ê ÷àñòè III
1. Ñì. Eliade,M.
Shamanism.
New York: Bollinger Press, 1964.
2. Èäåè Âèòàêåðà î ïðèçâàíèè ïñèõîòåðàïåâòà íàõîäÿò ïîäòâåðæäåíèå â èññëå-
äîâàíèè áèîãðàôèé âûäàþùèõñÿ òåðàïåâòîâ. Ñì. Burton, A.
Twelve therapists: How
they live and actualize themselves.
San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1972.
3. Whitaker, C. A. Comment: Live supervision in psychotherapy.
Voices
, 1976,
12, 26.
4. Ibid., pp. 2425.
5. Whitaker, C. A., & Abroms, G. New approaches to residency training in psy-
chiatry. In G. Farwell, N. Gamsky, & P. Mathieu-Coughlan (Eds.),
The counselors
handbook.
New York: Intext-International, 1974.
6. Whitaker, C. A. Íåîïóáëèêîâàííàÿ ðóêîïèñü.
7. Ferber, A., Mendelsohn, M., & Napier, A.
The book of family therapy.
New
York: Science House, 1973.
8. Êàðë Âèòàêåð. Íåîïóáëèêîâàííàÿ ðóêîïèñü.
9. Äîêòîð Ýéêåðëè âîçãëàâëÿë êàôåäðó ïñèõèàòðèè â Ëóèñâèëëå â òî âðåìÿ, êîãäà
òàì ó÷èëñÿ Âèòàêåð.
10. Äðåéêóðñ áûë ó÷åíèêîì Àëüôðåäà Àäëåðà. Ñìîòðè Dreikurs, R. Techniques
and dynamics of multiple therapy.
Psychiatric Quarterly,
1950, 24, 788799.
394
11. Òàêèì îáðàçîì Âèòàêåð ó÷èë ñòóäåíòîâ-ìåäèêîâ â Ýìîðè, êîãäà âîçãëàâ-
ëÿë òàì êàôåäðó ïñèõèàòðèè.
12. Ýë Øåôëåí âîçãëàâëÿë ãðóïïó èññëåäîâàòåëåé â Òåìïëüñêîì Óíèâåðñèòåòå
â Ôèëàäåëüôèè, êîòîðûå èçó÷àëè íåâåðáàëüíîå îáùåíèå â ïðîöåññå òåðàïèè. Èçó-
÷åíèå ðàáîòû Âèòàêåðà è Ìåëîíà â 1956 ãîäó ïîñëóæèëî îñíîâîé êíèãè: Scheflen, A.
Communicational structure: Analysis of a
psychotherapy transaction.
Bloomington: Indiana
University Press, 1973.
13. Òåðàïåâòû äàþò ìîäåëü âçðîñëûõ âçàèìîîòíîøåíèé. Ñì., íàïðèìåð,
Whitaker, C. A. & Warkentin, J. The therapist as prototype. Â êíèãå J. F. T. Bugental
(Ed.),
The challenges of humanistic psychology.
New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967. Ïåðâî-
íà÷àëüíàÿ èäåÿ ïðèíàäëåæèò Àëüôðåäó Àäëåðó.
14. Speck, R., & Attneave, C.
Family networks.
New York: Pantheon Books, 1973.
15. Ñì.: Ferber, A., Mendelsohn, M., & Napier, A.
Op. cit., pp.496498.
16.  äðóãèõ ñòàòüÿõ Âèòàêåð ãîâîðèò î òîì, ÷òî äëÿ êî-òåðàïèè äîñòàòî÷íî
âçàèìíîãî óâàæåíèÿ äâóõ òåðàïåâòîâ.
17. Âèòàêåð ìíîãî ðàáîòàë âìåñòå ñ òàêèìè êî-òåðàïåâòàìè êàê Äæîí Âîðêåí-
òèí, Îãóñò Íåïüå (â Âèñêîíñèíå) è Äýâèä Êåéò (òàì æå). Ðàáîòà âìåñòå ñ Âèòàêå-
ðîì ãëàçàìè êî-òåðàïåâòà îïèñàíà â êíèãå Napier, A., & Whitaker, C. A.
Family
crucible.
New York: Harper & Row, 1978. Èçó÷åíèå ïðîöåññà êî-òåðàïèè ñ îïèñà-
íèåì êîíêðåòíûõ ñëó÷àåâ ìîæíî íàéòè â ñòàòüå: Whitaker, C. A., Warkentin, J. &
Malone, T. The involvement of professional therapist. Â êíèãå A. Burton (Ed.),
Case
studies in counseling and psychotherapy.
Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1959,
pp. 218256.
18. Ýòî îòëè÷àåò ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîãî òåðàïåâòà îò ñîöèàëüíîãî òåðàïåâòà. Ñì.
ââåäåíèå ê ÷àñòè III.
19. Ðåøåíèå ñòàòü áëèçêèì íåîáðàòèìî, íåëüçÿ áûòü íåìíîæêî áåðåìåííîé.
20. Áèòâà çà ñòðóêòóðó åñòü ñàìàÿ ïåðâàÿ çàäà÷à òåðàïèè. Ñì. ââåäåíèå ê
÷àñòè V.
21. Òî åñòü ñîöèàëüíûé òåðàïåâò èëè òîò, êòî îðãàíèçóåò ñòðóêòóðó òåðàïèè.
22. Òî åñòü â ýòîì ñëó÷àå òåðàïåâò ñòàíîâèòñÿ ïàöèåíòîì.
23. Âàæåí ñàì ôàêò âûðàæåíèÿ ñâîèõ ÷óâñòâ, à íå îáúÿñíåíèå, ïî÷åìó òåðà-
ïåâò òàê ñåáÿ ÷óâñòâóåò. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî ïàöèåíò íå äîëæåí ñòàðàòüñÿ óñïîêîèòü
òåðàïåâòà.
Ê ÷àñòè IV
1. Â ýòîì ðàçäåëå êíèãè ìû ñîïðèêàñàåìñÿ ñ ìûñëÿìè Âèòàêåðà î âçàèìîñâÿ-
çè æèçíè è áåçóìèÿ, ñóìàñøåñòâèÿ è áëèçîñòè. Äëÿ Âèòàêåðà ðàçóìíûé âåæëèâûé
áðàê âåùü ìåðòâàÿ.
2. Â ýòîì îïèñàíèè ìîæíî îáíàðóæèòü çàðîäûø ìûñëè, ïîçäíåå ðàçâèâàâøåéñÿ
Âèòàêåðîì: ñóïðóãè â áðàêå òàê âûáèðàþò äðóã äðóãà, ÷òî ó íèõ îêàçûâàåòñÿ îäèíà-
êîâàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü ïåðåíîñèòü òðåâîãó áëèçîñòè.
3. Bierce, A.
The devils dictionary.
New York: Sagamore Press, 1957. (Ïåðâîå
èçäàíèå â 1911).
4. Eisenstein, V. W.
Neurotic Interaction in Marriage.
New York: Basic Books, 1956.
5. Äàííîå èññëåäîâàíèå ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé îäíó èç ïåðâûõ ïîïûòîê îöåíèòü
ýôôåêòèâíîñòü òåðàïèè ñóïðóãîâ. Ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêè ýòà ðàáîòà êðàéíå íåñîâåðøåí-
íà, íî îíà âäîõíîâèëà äðóãèõ íà ïðîâåäåíèå áîëåå ðàçðàáîòàííûõ èññëåäîâàíèé.
395
6. Ôîêóñ íà ìàòåðè è íåâíèìàíèå ê îòöó ÷åðòà òîãäàøíåãî âðåìåíè, ïÿòè-
äåñÿòûõ-øåñòèäåñÿòûõ ãîäîâ. Ïîçæå Âèòàêåð ïðèäåò ê óáåæäåíèþ, ÷òî ïîâåäåíèå
ðåáåíêà âûðàæàåò ïàòîëîãèþ ñêîðåå âñåé ñåìüè, ÷åì ïðîñòî ìàòåðè.
7. Âèòàêåð, ïðîâîäÿ ïàðàëëåëü ìåæäó êî-òåðàïèåé è áðàêîì, ìîã áû äîáàâèòü,
÷òî ñèëà êîìàíäû èç äâóõ òåðàïåâòîâ íå ñâîäèòñÿ ê ñóììå èõ ñïîñîáíîñòåé.
8. Ýòè çàìå÷àíèÿ ïàðàäîêñàëüíû. Ïàðà ïðèõîäèò ê òåðàïåâòó â ìîìåíò íåñòà-
áèëüíîñòè, òî åñòü â òîò ìîìåíò, êîãäà ñóïðóãè íàõîäÿòñÿ â ñîñòîÿíèè áîëåå çäî-
ðîâîì, ÷åì â ìîìåíò ñòàáèëüíîãî ãîìåîñòàçà. È òîãäà çàäà÷à òåðàïåâòà íàó÷èòü
èõ ïåðåíîñèòü ýòó íåñòàáèëüíîñòü, à îòíþäü íå ñíèçèòü îñòðîòó èõ ïåðåæèâàíèé.
Ïîìî÷ü âûéòè èç êðèçèñà òàêîâà àíòèòåçà çàäà÷àì ïñèõîòåðàïèè.
9. Âèòàêåð ÿñíî ïîêàçûâàåò îòëè÷èå ñâîåãî ïîäõîäà, îñíîâàííîãî íà ëè÷íîñò-
íîì îïûòå, îò ïîäõîäîâ, íàïðàâëåííûõ íà óëó÷øåíèå îáùåíèÿ. Âèòàêåð çàíèìà-
åò ìåñòî
ìåæäó
ñóïðóãàìè âî âðåìÿ òåðàïèè è ñòàðàåòñÿ ïðåðâàòü èëè îãðàíè÷èòü èõ
íåïîñðåäñòâåííîå îáùåíèå äðóã ñ äðóãîì.
10.  òî âðåìÿ äàííîå óòâåðæäåíèå ïðîòèâîðå÷èëî îáùåïðèíÿòîìó ìíåíèþ î
òîì, ÷òî ñóïðóæåñêàÿ òåðàïèÿ ðàçðåøàåò òîëüêî ëèøü ìåæëè÷íîñòíûå ïðîáëåìû.
11. Íåäàâíèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîäòâåðæäàþò ýòó ãèïîòåçó, âûäâèíóòóþ íà îñíîâå
íàáëþäåíèé. Ãóðìàí è Êíèñêåðí â ñâîåì îáçîðå ñîâðåìåííîé èññëåäîâàòåëüñêîé
ëèòåðàòóðû î ñåìåéíîé òåðàïèè ïèøóò, ÷òî èíäèâèäóàëüíàÿ òåðàïèÿ ïðè ñóïðóæåñ-
êèõ ïðîáëåìàõ ìåíåå óñïåøíà è ÷àùå ïðèâîäèò ê íåæåëàòåëüíûì ïîñëåäñòâèÿì, ÷åì
ðàáîòà ñ îáîèìè ñóïðóãàìè. Ñì. îáçîð: Gurman, A. S., & Kniskern D. P. Research
on marital and family therapy: progress, perspective and prospect, â êíèãå S. Garfield &
A. Bergin (Eds.),
Handbook of psychotherapy and behavioral change
(2nd ed.). New York:
Wiley, 1978.
Ê ÷àñòè V
1. Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry.
Treatment of families in conflict.
New
York: Science House, 1970.
2. Whitaker, C. A., & Keith, D. V. Symbolic-experiential family therapy. In A.
Gurman & D. Kniskern (Eds.),
The Handbook of Family Therapy
. New York: Brunner/
Mazel, p. 200.
3. Ðàññêàçàííàÿ èñòîðèÿ ìîæåò ïðèâåñòè ÷èòàòåëÿ â çàìåøàòåëüñòâî. È ýòî
òèïè÷íî äëÿ ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àåâ èç òåðàïåâòè÷åñêîé ïðàêòèêè, î êîòîðûõ ðàññêàçûâàåò
Âèòàêåð: îíè äâóñìûñëåííû è â íèõ åñòü ÷òî-òî íåïîíÿòíîå. Íàì êàæåòñÿ, ýòà
èñòîðèÿ, ãîâîðèò î òîì, ÷òî òåðàïåâò äîëæåí âåðèòü â åäèíîå öåëîå ñåìüè, íåâçèðàÿ
íà òî, ÷òî ÷óâñòâóþò åå ÷ëåíû. Âèòàêåð ÷àñòî ãîâîðèò: Ôàêòû ñèëüíåå ÷óâñòâ.
4. Ïðàâèëà, î êîòîðûõ ãîâîðèò Âèòàêåð, êàñàþòñÿ ó÷àñòèÿ ñåìüè â òåðàïèè:
âñå ýòè êòî, ÷òî, êîãäà, êàê, çàäàþùèå ñòðóêòóðó òåðàïèè. Îí íå èìååò â âèäó
ïðàâèëà äëÿ æèçíè ñåìüè âíå òåðàïèè.
5. Óáåæäåíèå Âèòàêåðà, ÷òî ñåìüÿ ñïîñîáíà ïåðåìåíèòüñÿ ê ëó÷øåìó, åñëè
ñòàðûå ïàòòåðíû ðàçðóøåíû, ïðÿìî ñëåäóåò èç åãî ìûñëåé î áèîëîãè÷åñêîì
ñòðåìëåíèè ëè÷íîñòè ê ðîñòó.
6. Ýòî îïðåäåëåíèå îòðàæàåò ïåðåõîäíûé ýòàï â ðàçâèòèè ó Âèòàêåðà ïðåä-
ñòàâëåíèé î ñåìüå. Ñíà÷àëà îí îáðàùàë âíèìàíèå ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì íà ñóïðóæåñêóþ
ïàðó, à ê íàñòîÿùåìó âðåìåíè ñ÷èòàåò, ÷òî ñåìüÿ ýòî òðè ïîêîëåíèÿ.
7. Èäåÿ î òîì, ÷òî õàîñ â ñåìüå òàêæå ìîæåò ñëóæèòü çàùèòîé, ðàññìàòðèâàåò-
ñÿ ãîðàçäî ìåíüøå, ÷åì âîïðîñ î çàùèòíîé ðèãèäíîñòè. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ïðåä-
ïîëàãàåòñÿ, ÷òî çäîðîâüå ñåìüè íàõîäèòñÿ ãäå-òî ïîñåðåäèíå ìåæäó ýòèìè äâóìÿ
ïîëþñàìè.