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30.3.3.
:
(51
)
,
.
.
:
,
.
,
.
:
?
:
,
.
:
?
:
,
,
;
,
,
,
.
:
,
?
:
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
:
,
,
,
.
---
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
(Beck et al., 1979,
).
.
(Clark, 1986; 1988).
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
. Salkovskis, Clark & Hackmann,
1991;
. Belfer, Munoz, Schachter &
Levendusky, 1995.
6.
«self-efficacy-expectations» (
)
(Bandura, 1977; 1986)
,
,
(
«
»
).
,
,
,
. .
,
,
.
«
» (
),
» (Meichenbaum, 1977),
(Ullrich de Muynck &
Forster, 1974; Lange & Jakubowski, 1976),
(Florin &
Rosenstil, 1976)
. .
,
,
(
,
;
. .;
. Goldfried, Linehan &
Smith, 1978; Biran & Wilson, 1981; Bandura, 1986).
,
.
(Seligman, Abramson, Semmel & von Baeyer, 1979),
«self-efficacy»
/
,
,
(
,
)
.
,
,
«
»
,
.
,
«
» («der
depressive Realismus»).
,
,
,
.
,
,
(Alloy & Abramson, 1979; 1988),
,
,
(Lewinsohn, Mischel, Chaplin & Barton, 1980);
,
(Janning, Klingberg & Engerding, 1993).
,
.
7.
—
,
,
—
.
,
(
.
30.2).
;
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
(
in vivo
)
(«
»),
.
,
,
(
).
:
,
,
,
,
, . .
.
,
(
,
,
).
,
.
8.
,
,
«
»
(Eysenck, 1957).
(Kraiker, 1980), . .
.
,
(Seligman, 1971)
,
«preparedness»,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
:
(Vaitl, 1993),
(Ohm, 1992; Hamm, 1993),
,
,
,
,
(Telch, Agras, Taylor, Roth & Gallen, 1985).
,
,
,
(
, Zajonc, 1980)
, Schachter & Singer, 1962).
.
,
,
,
(
,
,
; Goleman,
1971; Kirsch & Henry, 1979),
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
(LeDoux)
,
(LeDoux, 1995),
.
,
«
»,
(
,
),
,
(Gould, Otto & Pollak, 1995; van Blakom, van Oppen, Vermeulen & van Dyck, 1994).
9.
,
,
,
.
,
(
.
. 30.3.1).
30.3.1.
1.
)
)
(
)
(
,
)
2.
)
)
,
,
3.
,
4.
,
10.
Alloy, L. B. & Abramson, L. Y. (1979). Judgement of contingency in depressed and nondepressed
students: Sadder but wiser?
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108,
441-485.
Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I. & Hartlage, S. (1988). The hopelessness theory of
depression: Attributional aspects.
British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27,
5-21.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavior change.
Psychological Review,
84,
191-215.
Bandura, A. (1986). Fearful expectations and avoidant actions as coeffects of personal self-inefficacy.
American Psychologist, 41,
1389-1391.
Beck, A. T. (1978).
Depression Inventory.
Philadelphia: Center for Cognitive Therapy.
Beck, A. T. & Greenberg, R. (1979). Kognitive Therapie bei der Behandlung von Depressionen. In N.
Hoffmann (Hrsg.),
Grundlagen kognitiver Therapie
(S. 177-203). Bern: Huber.
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F. & Emery, G. (1979).
Cognitive Therapy of Depression.
New York:
Guilford Press.
Belfer, P. L, Munoz, L. S., Schachter, J. & Levendusky, P. G. (1995). Cognitive-behavioral group
psychotherapy for agoraphobia and panic disorder.
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 45,
185-206.
Biran, M. & Wilson, G. T. (1981). Treatment of phobic disorders using cognitive and exposure
methods.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48,
886-887.
Bretz, H. J., Heekerens, H. P. & Schmitz, B. (1994). Eine Metaanalyse der Wirksamkeit von
Gestalttherapie.
Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, 42,
241-260.
Clark, D. M. (1986). A cognitive approach to panic.
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24,
461-470.
Clark, D. M. (1988). A cognitive model of panic attacks. In S. Rachman, & J. D. Maser (Eds.),
Panic:
Psychological Perspectives
(pp. 71-90). Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum.
Ellis, A. (1979).
Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Rational-Emotive Therapy.
Monterey/Cal.:
Brooks/Cole.
Emmelkamp, P. M. (1994). Behavior therapy with adults. In A. E. Bergin, & S. L Garfield (Hrsg.),
Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change
(4th ed., pp. 379-427). New York: Wiley.
Eysenck, H. J. (1957).
The dynamics of anxiety and hystena.
London: Routledge.
Florin, I. & Rosenstiel, Lv. (1976).
Leistungsstörungen und Prüfungsangst.
München: Goldmann.
Forsyth, J. P. & Eifert, G. H. (1996). The language of feeling and the feeling of anxiety: Contributions
of the behaviorisms toward understanding the function-altering effects of language.
The Psychological Record,
46,
607-649.
Frankl, V. (1975). Paradoxical intention and dereflection.
Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and
Practice, 12,
226-237.
Goldfried, M. R., Linehan, M. M. & Smith, J. L (1978). Reduction of test anxiety through cognitive
restructuring.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46,
32-39.
Goleman, D. (1971). Meditation as meta-therapy: Hypotheses toward a proposed fifth state of
consciousness.
Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 3,
1-25.
Gould, R. A., Otto, M. W. & Pollack, M. H. (1995). A meta-analysis of treatment outcome for panic
disorder.
Clinical Psychology Review, 15,
819-844.
Grawe, K., Donati, R. & Bernauer, F. (1994).
Psychotherapie im Wandel
—
Von der Konfession zur
Profession.
Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Hamm, A. (1993). Progressive Muskelentspannung. In D. Vaitl, & F. Petermann (Hrsg.),
Handbuch der
Entspannungsverfahren
(Band I: Grundlagen und Methoden, S. 245-271). Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags
Union.
Janning, M., Klingberg, S. & Engerding, M. (1993). Bewertung eigenen und fremden Sozialverhaltens:
Depressiv = Realistisch?
Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie, 22,
39-48.
Jansen, A., Broekmate, J. & Heymans, M. (1992). Cue-exposure vs self-control in the treatment of
bunge eating: a pilot study.
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30,
235-241.
Kirsch, I. & Henry, D. (1979). Self-desensitization and meditation in the reduction of public speaking
anxiety
. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47,
536-541.
Kraiker, C. (1980).
Psychoanalyse, Behaviourismus, Handlungstheorie.
München: Kindler.
Lange, A. J. & Jakubowski, P. (1976).
Responsible assertive behavior.
Champaign, III.: Research Press.
Lazarus, R. S. (1984). On the primacy of cognition.
American Psychologist, 39,
124-129.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991a). Cognition and motivation in emotion.
American Psychologist, 46,
352-367.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991b). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion.
American
Psychologist, 46,
819-834.
LeDoux, J. E. (1995). Emotion: Clues from the brain.
Annual Review of Psychology, 46,
209-235.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Mischel, W., Chaplin, W. & Barton, R. (1980). Social competence and depression:
The role of illusory self-perceptions.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89,
203-212.
Marks, I. M. (1969).
Fears and phobias.
New York: Academic Press.
Meichenbaum, D. H. (1977).
Cognitive-behavior modification
—
An integrative approach.
New York:
Plenum.
Ohm, D. (1992).
Progressive Relaxation
—
Einführung und Übungen.
Stuttgart: Trias.
Salkovskis, P. M., Clark, D. M. & Hackmann, A. (1991). treatment of panic attacks using cognitive
therapy without exposure or breathing retraining.
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29,
161-166.
Schachter, S. & Singer, J. E. (1962). Cognitive, social and physiological determinants of emotional
State.
Psychological Review, 69,
379-399.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1971). Phobias and preparedness.
Behavior Therapy, 2,
307-320.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1975).
Helplessness: On depression, development, and death.
San Francisco:
Freeman.
Seligman, M. E. P., Abramson, L Y., Semmel, A. & von Baeyer, C. (1979). Depressive attributional
style.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87,
165-179.
Telch, M. J., Agras, W. S., Taylor, C. B., Roth, W. T. & Gallen, C. C. (1985). Combined
pharmacological and behavioral treatment for agoraphobia.
Behavior Research and Therapy, 23,
325-335.
Ullrich de Muynck, R. & Forster, T. (1974). Selbstsicherheitstraining. In Ch. Kraiker (Hrsg.),
Handbuch
der Verhaltenstherapie
(S. 351-368). München: Kindler.
Vaitl, D. (1993). Autogenes Training. In D. Vaitl, & F. Petermann (Hrsg.),
Handbuch der
Entspannungsverfahren
(Band I: Grundlagen und Methoden, S. 169-206). Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags
Union.
van Blakom, A. J., van Oppen, P., Vermeulen, A. W. & van Dyck, R. (1994). A meta-analysis on the
treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: a comparison of antidepressants, behavior, and cognitive therapy.
Clinical Psychology Review, 14,
359-381.
van Hout, W. J., Emmelkamp, P. M. & Scholing, A. (1994). The role of negative self-statements during
exposure in vivo.
Behavior Modification, 18,
389-410.
Walen, R. S., DiGuiseppe, R. & Wessler, R. L (1980).
A practioner's guide to Rational-Emotive
Therapy.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilson, P. H., Goldin, J. C. & Charbonneau-Powis, M. (1983). Comparative efficacy of behavioral and
cognitive treatments of depression.
Cognitive Therapy and Research, 7,
111-124.
Wolpe, J. (1959).
Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition.
Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Zajonc, R. B. (1984). On the primacy of affect.
American Psychologist, 39,
117-123.
Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences.
American Psychologist, 35,
151-175.
31.
31.1.
1.
«
»,
,
(Heckhausen, 1989).
.
,
,
(Gollwitzer, 1996; Pekrun,
1988).
,
(
,
,
;
. Norman & Shallice, 1986; Sokolowski, 1996).
(
,
)
(
).
,
,
,
,
,
» (Volition) (
. Kuhl & Heckhausen, 1996).
.
,
: )
,
,
,
,
,
. .); )
(
,
,
,
); )
; )
,
(
,
,
,