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B R I C S
Bilateral cooperation
Energy cooperation between BRICS countries is still exercised primary at bilat-
eral level and remains uneven between the countries
88
.
Russia and China
have achieved results in a host of big projects in oil, gas,
coal and power industries. In May 2014, Gazprom signed a contract with China
National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) to export 38 billion cubic meters of Rus
-
sian gas to China annually for a 30-year period via the eastern “Power of Siberia”
pipeline, which crosses Siberia and reaches China’s populous northeast regions.
In addition to that, in November, 2014 a memorandum of understanding on the
so-called “western” gas supplies route to China to deliver up to 30 billion cubic
meters of gas in addition to the 38 billion annually agreed in May and a framework
agreement between CNPC and Gazprom were also signed. Among other priori
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ties in bilateral cooperation is the expanding cooperation in upstream oil projects
and promoting the refinery joint venture in Tianjin as a pilot downstream project
89
.
In July, 2015
Russia and Brazil
signed the MoU between Rosatom and Camar
-
go Correa on building an additional spent fuel storage facility and a nuclear power
station in Brazil. The document envisages an expansion of bilateral cooperation in
nuclear power, in particular, the construction of engineering and technical facilities
at the Brazilian operational Angra nuclear power plant and partnership in the con
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struction of new nuclear power units in Brazil
90
.
Russia-India
energy cooperation has good prospects. During a meeting of thea
heads of state in New Delhi on December 2014, India signaled its interest in a sig
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nificant expansion of its cooperation with Russia in the field of hydrocarbons. Pos
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sible cooperation could include investments in production facilities, cooperation in
the field of liquefied natural gas, medium and large projects. Currently Indian public
and private companies are considering investments in various oil and gas produc-
tion sites in the Tomsk region of Siberia
91
.
In September, 2014
South Africa and Russia
signed an intergovernmental
agreement on strategic partnership and cooperation in the nuclear industry. Rus-
sia’s Rosatom will provide up to eight nuclear reactors to South Africa by 2023, in
a $50-billion strategic partnership between the two countries. The delivery of the
reactors will enable the foundation of the first nuclear power plant based on Russian
technology on the African continent. The agreement also calls for Russia to help build
infrastructure in South Africa and to train African specialists at Russian universities
92
.
Comparatively high rates of energy use in
China and Brazil
have led to the in-
vestment of many forms of energy, including renewables. China has invested a total
88
Рязанова М. Энергетическое взаимодействие в рамках БРИКС
89
China and Russia to expand energy cooperation URL: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/cn_
eu/2015-04/21/content_20498859.htm
90
Russia’s Rosatom, Brazilian Camargo Correa sign nuclear power cooperation deal URL: http://
tass.ru/en/economy/740636
91
India ready to invest more in oil exploration in Siberia URL: http://in.rbth.com/econom
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ics/2015/05/22/india_ready_to_invest_more_in_oil_exploration_in_siberia_43281.html
92
SA, Russia agree to $50-billion nuclear deal URL: http://mg.co.za/article/2014-09-23-sa-russia-
agree-to-50-billion-nuclear-deal
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B R I C S
of $16.5 billion in Brazil’s oil sector from 2010 to 2014. Chinese firms (CNOOC and
CNPC) also maintain a 10% stake in the Petrobras-run consortium in the Libra fields.
Recent activity of China has focused on acquisition of considerable stakes in major oil
firms already operating in Brazil which enables Chinese firms to have better access to
the Brazilian market. As has been the case in Brazil agricultural and mining sectors,
Chinese firms are also looking to insert themselves into local production chains.
93
Energy cooperation is evolving within the IBSA format as well. The
India-Bra-
zil-South Africa
(IBSA) trilateral development initiative began in 2003 to promote
South-South initiatives on development, trade/investment, information exchange
and cooperation in areas including agriculture, energy, health, and climate change.
At the IBSA summit in 2007, the three countries reached agreement to work togeth-
er in the promotion of nuclear energy, clean energy technologies and other renew-
able energies and in the endorsement of climate change mitigation. The countries
agreed to pool resources to ensure a secure supply of safe, sustainable and non-
polluting energy to meet global demand, particularly in developing countries. The
declaration indicated that cooperation would include clean coal technologies and
renewable energies such as biomass and innovative ways to transfer, develop and
commercialise clean energy
94
.
Due to competing interest in Central Asia it is difficult to say at this time whether
China-India relations are opportunistic or ground based. As some experts point out,
in future the two consumers’ pursuit for energy security might be a potential source
of competition and conflict
95
.
At the end of 2014
China and South Africa
signed several nuclear accords
including a memorandum of understanding on a nuclear fuel cycle partnership,
a financing framework agreement for the construction of a new nuclear power plant
in South Africa, and an agreement on nuclear personnel training
96
.
BRICS Deliberations on Energy Cooperation
Energy cooperation has always been an important topic in BRICS summits and
it attracts attention and concerns of all the member countries
97
. At the first BRIC
summit in 2009, the idea of strengthening cooperation among member states in the
energy field is evident in the following joint statement: “we stand for strengthening
coordination and cooperation among states in the energy field, including amongst
energy producers and consumers and transit states, in an effort to decrease uncer-
93
A Discussion of China-Brazil Energy Relations URL: http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?
pageID=32&pubID=3612
94
India-Brazil-South Africa Declaration on Clean Energy URL: http://projects.wri.org/sd-pams-data
-
base/brazil/india-brazil-south-africa-declaration-clean-energy
95
Su-yuan Sun / Dilemmas and Obstacles: Multilateral Energy Cooperation Among BRICS Coun
-
tries URL: www.saias.ecnu.edu.cn/idown4875.html
96
China and South Africa sign accords URL: http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NP-China-and-
South-Africa-sign-accords-0512147.html
97
Su-yuan Sun / Dilemmas and Obstacles: Multilateral Energy Cooperation Among BRICS Coun
-
tries URL: www.saias.ecnu.edu.cn/idown4875.html
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tainty and ensure stability and sustainability. We support diversification of energy
resources and supply, including renewable energy, security of energy transit routes
and creation of new energy investments and infrastructure”.
At the 2010 Brasília summit, a consensus was reached in the field of energy
BRIC countries agreed to work together to facilitate the use of renewable energy
through the international cooperation and the sharing of experiences and knowl-
edge on renewable energy, including biofuel technologies and policies.
The third Sanya Summit of BRICS highlighted the significance of enhancing the
cooperation on the development and the use of renewable energy resources. The
leaders also called for strengthening international cooperation to stabilize energy
and commodity prices.
During the Delhi Summit in 2012, BRICS leaders cautioned the risk of energy
price volatility. It is stressed in the Delhi Declaration, that increasing energy pro
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duction capacities and promoting producer-consumer dialogue are crucial means
to help restrict such price volatility. Energy as a new area of cooperation among
BRICS countries was articulated in the Durban Action Plan
98
.
During Fortaleza Summit in 2014, Russia pushed forward several proposals,
among them was BRICS Energy Agency initiative under the BRICS Economic Co-
operation Strategy. A proposal to create the conditions for using BRICS national
currencies for energy deals has also become part of the strategy. Russia also pro-
posed a project of a BRICS reserve fuel bank. According to a Russian expert, “this
will make it possible to match US strategic fuel reserves and stabilize the energy
market. To further reduce US influence, it would be possible to consider the forma
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tion of an independent mechanism of energy price formation within BRICS. This
could be done by launching parallel bidding for oil and gas on the exchanges of
BRICS countries with deals being conducted in their national currencies
99
.”
At the same time, no steps and concrete measures were undertaken to imple-
ment these proposals and BRICS energy cooperation remains largely on paper.
ECONOMICS AND TRADE WORKING GROUP DRAFT RECOMMENDATIONS
Stressing the fact that BRICS countries along with higher and more prominent
role in economics should strive to acquire decisive voice in determining the world’s
political and economic architecture and its future;
Noting that currently common trends in BRICS countries industrial policy lay in
the realm of internationalization, export expansion, attraction of direct foreign invest
-
ments, technological re-equipment of production capacity and present the foundation
for international cooperation, regional labour division and trade cooperation;
98
Su-yuan Sun / Dilemmas and Obstacles: Multilateral Energy Cooperation Among BRICS Coun
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tries URL: www.saias.ecnu.edu.cn/idown4875.html
99
EXPERT: BRICS COUNTRIES WILL ACCOUNT FOR OVER 40 PERCENT OF THE WORLD’S
GDP BY 2050 URL: http://en.brics2015.ru/news/20150416/51261-print.html
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B R I C S
Underscoring the fact that in the modern world countries sovereignty is defined
by national interests ensured by technologies;
Expecting BRICS partnership to promote development of sectors connected
with food security and higher living standards through creation of transnational
complexes and imbedding market instruments that would resolve issues of global
food security and ensure balance between investment risks and interests including
national ones in the sphere of life and health protection;
Acknowledging that success of trade cooperation in BRICS depends on articu-
lation of consistent policy of innovation and competitiveness stimulation.
Underlining that land, water and air are already found in the category of non-
renewable resources. Continued exponential growth can lead human civilization
to the neighborhood of absolute limits to growth when the human impact on the
environment will lead to irreversible damage to human civilization itself. Similar
scenarios of local ecosystem destruction have occurred in the past and led to the
disappearance of entire nations and civilizations.
It is proposed to encourage the leaders of the BRICS countries to work together
to reflect and contribute actively to their own future and define contours of the
global system.
Global vision and BRICS role
1.
Development of the economic and technological sectors cannot fully elimi
-
nate the risk of environmental catastrophes but rather pushes the limits of
possible growth.
2.
Economic policy of BRICS countries should search for a feasible path of
sustainable development for non-renewable resources
3.
There is a need to discuss the creation of economic levers to control the
burden on the environment and to organize extensive contacts between
member states in this area, to initiate consultations on the development of
industrial, residential and transportation infrastructure in order to harmonize
the economy and environment.
4.
We urge BRICS countries to play an active role in facilitating free move-
ment of investments and harmonization of conditions of financing between
the countries. Multilateral development banks (MDBs), including the BRICS
NDB, could play the unique catalytic role in mobilizing long-term investment
financing through syndicated loans and other investments.
5.
BRICS governments should actively involve and stimulate contacts between
scientific institutions, expert groups, scientists and consultants.
Economic growth and trade
6.
BRICS should promote high-tech sectors development amid global decline
in commodity production.
7.
There must strengthen its IP protection system and promote innovations. In
-
novations for civil society entail a cleaner environment, reduced dependence
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B R I C S
on import, higher living standards, creation of socially oriented programs,
trade development, greater employment. Discrepancies in legal regulation of
national intellectual property laws of the five should be eliminated
8.
Prospects of cooperation between BRICS countries to define key sectors of
interests for large international projects based on international division of
labor should be analyzed in detail
9.
Possibilities for more ambitious initiatives and cooperation agreements
based on BRICS markets analysis should be determined
10.
Advantages of social and trade relations development within Free Trade Ar-
eas should be used. To this end, it is important to ensure regulation, define
principles, criteria and tools for this format of cooperation and especially so-
cial control mechanisms of its functioning (in pricing and interaction between
sellers and suppliers)
11.
BRICS joint work in the WTO and other international organizations on key
issues such as technical trade barriers elimination, IP protection, dispute
resolution system reformation and trade promotion should be strengthened
12.
The five countries need to initiate development of new principles, rules and
standards of behavior in international trade and economic relations in order
to protect domestic markets.
13.
BRICS experts could advise their government on the introduction of inter-
national legal frameworks of cooperation (coordinated Code of Competition
Practice), providing for joint actions in the sphere of competition policy, in
-
cluding anti-cartel enforcement and unfair competition.
Industrial sphere:
14.
BRICS governments could seek to coordinate industrial and trade policy on
crucial development product groups while maintaining balance between pro-
duction and consumption
15.
Dialogue is required on industrial and trade policy between commodity-pro
-
ducing countries in extractive industries in order to ensure transparancy of
businesses and production. This basis would form a strong tool for market
protection against illegal methods and forced low-pay labor.
16.
BRICS should form a multilatetal cooperation system for resolving common
issues common in the industrial production sectors of each country through
the interchange of experts, data, and vlaue chain frameworks.
17.
Public-private partnerships could be formed to minimize investment risk
present in BRICS countries’ economy and optimize costs on joint investment
projects and R&D.
E-commerce
18.
BRICS should promote higher standards of e-commerce. To this end, a con-
sistent dialogue is needed to harmonize legislation, elaborate model agree
-
ments, adopt rules to ensure information transparency, openness and se-