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CiviC BRiCS GReen PaPeR:
MeSSaGe foR the BRiCS LeadeRS
81
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B R I C S
UN General Assembly the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism”
stressing “the need to promote cooperation among our countries in preventing ter-
rorism, especially in the context of major events”.
108
Internet Governance
Today the BRICS states constitute one of the most massive and rapidly growing
segments of the global internet community (Table 4). In 2013 total number of internet
users in BRICS states exceeded 900 mln (which accounted for 38% of the world’s
internet audience) while still undergoing a rapid growth ranging from 10% to 41%.
The total contribution of the internet sector to BRICS economies in 2013 topped 500
bln USD, and yet the forecasts show a doubling by 2015. In the nearest future BRICS
will represent the most numerous and active part of the XXI century’s digital society.
BRICS countries overview
After
Brazil’s
President Dilma Rousseff’s Internet communications were tar
-
geted by NSA surveillance, the Brazilian leader called on the United Nations to
oversee a new global legal system to govern the Internet
109
. On April 23-24, 2014
a global meeting called NETmundial was held in Saõ Paulo, Brazil, at which par
-
ticipants collaborated upon a different form of Internet governance — norms, or
non-binding (sometimes called “soft law”) principles, which in turn reflect Brazilian
desire to upgrade its stand in the global internet cooperation scheme.
In the view of Brazil, “telecommunications and information technology cannot
become a new battlefield between states”, conditions should be created “to avoid
that the cyberspace is instrumented as a war of weapon, though espionage, sabo-
tage and attacks towards systems and infrastructure of other countries”. The UN
should play a leading role in the efforts of regulating the behavior of states against
the illicit use of technologies and certain methods so as to promote the importance
of the Internet as a social network for the construction of democracy in the world
110
”,
which is similar to Russia’s position towards Internet governance.
At the same time, one cannot say that Brazil favors an intergovernmental ap
-
proach in Internet governance, on the contrary, NETmundial reflected the principles
of multi-stakeholderism. Nevertheless, the NETmundial Multistakeholder State-
ment that encapsulated these principles was ultimately disappointing and wasn’t
welcomed by the participants of the meeting. For example, Russia refused to adopt
the document as it tries to solve the issue of Internet governance at intergovern-
mental level.
111
108
http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/140715-leaders.html
109
NetMundial: Brazil's Rousseff says Internet should be run 'by all' URL: http://gadgets.ndtv.com/
internet/news/netmundial-brazils-rousseff-says-internet-should-be-run-by-all-513120
110
http://www.itu.int/en/plenipotentiary/2014/statements/file/Pages/brazil.aspx
111
Human Rights Are Not Negotiable: Looking Back at Brazil's NETMundial URL: https://www.eff.
org/deeplinks/2014/04/netmundial
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B R I C S
Russia
believes that states should play a primary role in the governance of
global Internet architecture. As Nikolay Nikiforov, Minister of Communications and
Mass Media, pointed out
112
, “national sovereignty” of the Internet should be assured
and critical Internet resources should be allocated fairly between the states and be
governed on the basis of intergovernmental trust. In Russia’s opinion, international
norms in cyberspace should be based on the principle of non-interference in states’
affairs. According to Russian Foreign Ministry’s ambassador at large, Vadim Lukov,
“Russia calls for internationalization of the Internet management network that is so
far under US control, although ICANN is the operator. The organization is formally
international, but in actual fact its positions reflect the interests of the United States
and other Western governments and operators
113
”, which threatens the interests of
Russia and BRICS countries as well.
Russia was one of the first countries to promote its vision of information security
on international platforms in the end of the 1990-s.
114
In 2001, Russia proposed
the establishment of a special Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) in order to
consider existing and potential threats in the sphere of ICT and possible coopera-
tive measures, and to conduct a study of key security issues in this field. Today the
GGE track become the major multilateral framework for discussions on ICT in the
international security context.
115
.
In contrast to the western multi-stakeholder approach, Russia puts an emphasis
on the special role of states in decision-making regarding global Internet architecture.
It is important to ensure the sovereign right of the Russian state to govern the Internet
in its national segment on the basis of international law. At the same time to avoid
“balkanization” of the Internet, Russia proposes to set up an international mechanism
to standardize national legislations and prevent fragmentation of the cyberspace into
national jurisdictions governed on the basis of different legal principles. The separate
international structure could be created in the UN framework to develop and imple
-
ment norms and standards in the sphere of Internet governance and to coordinate
international structures, institutions, organizations, forums in the domain. The Inter
-
national Telecommunication Union could undertake such functions
116
. At the same
time, according to V. Lukov, Russia is against the use of Internet for military purposes
and organization of cyberattacks of one government against another one
117
.
The
Chinese
position towards global Internet governance is similar to that of
Russia. Its main topic is the acknowledgment of the state right to exert control over
its national segment of the Internet.
112
http://www.itu.int/en/plenipotentiary/2014/statements/file/Pages/russian-federation.aspx
113
BRICS states against use of Internet for military purposes — diplomat URL: http://tass.ru/en/
world/787047
114
Demidov O. US-Russian CBMs in the Use of ICTs: A Breakthrough with an Unclear Future //
Security Index №3-4 (108-109), Summer-Fall 2014.
115
Куликова А.В. GCCS 2015: Киберпространство по правилам и без // The CyberPulse E-
Journal No. 2 (14) March-April 2015 URL: http://pircenter.org/media/content/files/13/14304057820.pdf
116
Стадник И. Дискуссия об управлении глобальной критической инфраструктурой Интернета:
текущие вопросы и значение для России и БРИКС в преддверии саммита в Уфе // PIR Center
117
БРИКС подорвёт «монополию на интернет» США URL: http://www.journal.ib-bank.ru/news/4161
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In November 2014, China hosted the first state sponsored World Internet Con
-
ference in Wuzhen. Organized by the State Internet Information Office (SIIO), the
event gathered around 1000 participants from Chinese and foreign Internet firms
to discuss “An Interconnected World Shared and Governed by All”. The failed “Wu
-
zhen Declaration” reflected the Chinese Communist Party’s perspective on what
a “Communist Party-friendly” Internet might look like. It put emphasis on Internet
sovereignty and the related existence of the Golden Shield Project (the “Great Fire
-
wall of China”).
While no official Chinese national cyber security strategy document exists to this
date, China is more active in pursuing an international cyber engagement strategy.
Cybersecurity has become more prominent in policy making since the launch of
their Internet Security Leading Group in 2014. President Xi Jinping’s announce
-
ment further strengthened China’s commitment to become a “cyber power”.
India
stayed away from expressing its position on this matter until after the
BRICS summit in Fortaleza, In this sphere India has bilateral agreements i with the
UK, the USA, Australia and Japan and it seeks to ensure security of its national
infrastructure to defend its IT market.
India calls for the necessity to put in place “a mechanism for accountability in
respect of crimes committed in cyberspace”. In its perspective, a ‘new cyber juris-
prudence’ needs to be evolved to deal with cyber-crime, without being limited by
political boundaries
118
.
At the same time, India hasn’t yet elaborated a strict government approach for
Internet governance — multi-stakeholder or intergovernmental — and thus can be
characterized as a swing state. As Ilona Stadnik
119
points out, India can be char-
acterized as the weakest link in the elaboration of common approach in Internet
governance for BRICS countries.
South Africa
has not come out with clear position on this matter. Nevertheless,
due to the statements of South African government officials, it presumably favors
the strengthening of the role of international organizations, particularly ITU
120
.
Bilateral Cooperation in Cyberspace
Russian-Chinese cooperation in cyber space appears to be the more elaborate
with a higher degree of convergence . In addition to their activities through the
SCO, parties signed bilateral intergovernmental agreement on cooperation in the
field of international information security. Though in its current state the agreement
provides a general cooperation framework with a broad range of directions for fur-
ther practical cooperation steps and efforts.
118
Government of India’s initial submission to Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of In
-
ternet Governance, Sau Paulo, Brazil, April 23-24, 2014. URL: http://content.netmundial.br/contribution/
government-of-india-s-initial-submission-to-global-multistakeholder-meeting-on-the-future-of-internet-
governance-sau-paulo-brazil-april-23-24-2014/138
119
Стадник И. Дискуссия об управлении глобальной критической инфраструктурой Интернета:
текущие вопросы и значение для России и БРИКС в преддверии саммита в Уфе // PIR Center
120
Ibid.
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Its primary focus is on systemic informational exchange between the two coun-
tries with particular focus on monitoring, infrastructure improvements, prevention
and cyberspace security. A strong focus is made on joining efforts in countering the
unlawful use of ICTs targeted at “undermining of social order, political and social
stability, provoking extremism, hate and social unrest”, and even (and this is some
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thing quite new even for Russian doctrines, let alone intergovernmental agree-
ments) “threatening to the religious/spiritual sphere” of the two nations
121
.
The document identifies the key threats to global information security, , which
include the use of technology “to carry out acts of aggression aimed at the violation
sovereignty, security and territorial integrity of states,” “to interfere in the internal af-
fairs of states,” to cause economic damage, to commit crimes, including data breach,
for terrorist purposes, or to disseminate information that “harms political and socio-
economic systems, or the spiritual, moral and cultural environment of other states.”
BRICS deliberations on Internet governance
For a long time there was a void of a a consistent and concrete BRICS position
on internet governance issues.
122
Nevertheless, the BRICS Fortaleza summit could
be seen as a milestone directly related to the ICT agenda in the BRICS framework.
Unlike previous summits, this time the ICT issues relating to information security
rather than to internet governance — became the major talking point. For the first
time BRICS leaders addressed the Snowden case in a concerted effort by “strongly
condemning acts of mass electronic surveillance and data collection of individuals
all over the world, as well as violation of the sovereignty of States and of human
rights, in particular the right to privacy”. The other instance of concern was the
increasing use of global society’s capabilities by terrorist and their supporters, par
-
ticularly the internet and reiterated “that such technologies can be powerful tools in
countering the spread of terrorism, including by promoting tolerance and dialogue
among peoples”.
The Fortaleza document also stressed the importance of universally accepted
norms and principles upheld by international law. It proposed the elaboration of
legally binding instruments for combating trans-border cybercrime. The Declara
-
tion stressed the need “to preserve ICTs, particularly the Internet, as an instrument
of peace and development and to prevent its use as a weapon”. Another crucial
aspect was BRICS’s common security challenges in the use of ICTs which was
elaborated upon under the Russian initiative. .
Russian Minister of Communications and Mass Media, N. Nikiforov made the
following announcement March of this year; “
This year in Ufa, Russia is plan-
ning on announcing an initiative which would bring together annually BRICS
officials in order to address internet governance issues.”.
After a series of
121
Российско-китайская информационная безопасность URL: http://pircenter.org/blog/view/id/205
122
Demidov O. ICT in the Brics Agenda Before The 2015 Summit: Installing the Missing Pillar?//
Security Index №2 (107), Spring 2014.
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meetings with BRICS counterparts, this idea was further discussed and supported.
Despite any particular steps to meet the outlined Fortaleza declarations, all parties
are planning to start the elaboration of practical steps to create a mutually accept-
able international legal regime, which would secure the right of all states to equal
participation in the process of Internet governance
123
. As Russian Foreign Ministry’s
ambassador at large, Vadim Lukov, pointed out “Russia and its BRICS partners
call for the development of an international information security agreement” striving
“for making ICANN activity more democratic, for the transparency of its decisions,
a radical change in the decision making process” and pointed out that the fact that
“the bulk of the users are the ‘third world’ countries and BRICS states, not the West
-
ern countries” should be taken in to account
124
.
Space
Countries’ profiles
The
Brazilian
space program dates back to 1960. Brazilian Space Agency
has existed since 1994. Brazil has two launch sites, Alcântara Barreira do Inferno
Launch Centers, which makes, assembles and tests Brazilianrockets, satellites
and rocket engines
125
. Brazil has some experience with satellites a more promi
-
nent example is a 2,000 kg observation satellite build in cooperation with the Chi-
nese. It has a long-term space development program, called PNAE, with a detailed
roadmap for satellite development. Industry leader Visiona Tecnologia Espacial
SA, partnering with Embraer and telecommunications operator, Telebras, created
in 2013 a GeostationaryDefense and Strategic Communications Satellite (SGDC)
which provides civil and military applicability.
126
.
Brazil now cooperates in its space program with Canada, the European Space
Agency (ESA), Russia, France, and China. Reports have surfaced which show Bra
-
zilian President Dilma Rousseff deciding to abandon the Cyclone-4 project ,conduct
-
ed in partnership with Ukraine for the past 12 years. . The decision was reportedly
made in January 2015, after experts declared the $329-million project unfeasible
127
.
Russian
interest in space rekindled only in the early 2000’s after necessary
funding for the space station was allocated and a new Federal Space Plan was
introduced for 2006-2015.
This programs stipulates d the completion of the International Space Station,
as well as the development of the Angara rocket complex introduction of a new
manned spacecraft and the completion of the GLONASS constellation.. Cata
-
123
БРИКС подорвёт «монополию на интернет» США URL: http://www.journal.ib-bank.ru/news/4161
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BRICS states against use of Internet for military purposes — diplomat URL: http://tass.ru/en/
world/787047
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SGAC Brazil URL: http://spacegeneration.org/sgac-regions/south-america/brazil.html
126
Visiona Emerges as Brazilian Space Sector’s Industrial Champion URL: http://spacenews.com/
visiona-emerges-as-brazilian-space-sectors-industrial-champion/
127
Russia Ready to Help Brazil Develop Space Centers, Rockets — Deputy PM URL: http://sput
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niknews.com/science/20150424/1021326429.html