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CiviC BRiCS GReen PaPeR:
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B R I C S
Maritime Security
BRICS countries have invested enormous capital to build maritime infrastructure
with some of its members keen on supporting global projects, such as the Maritime
Silk Route proposed by China or the development of the Northern Sea Route (NSR)
through the Arctic proposed by Russia. Since all of the BRICS members happen to
be coastal powers, these steps were deemed necessary to govern their respective
waters. In essence, the BRICS countries are highly dependent on the seas and are
connected with each other through the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and the Arctic Oceans
over which more than 90 per cent of global trade by volume is transported.
Maritime security has enjoyed modest attention from the BRICS. All five coun
-
tries support cooperative maritime security structures and base them on a strictly
unbiased global benefit perspective. . The biggest problem that exists today with
regards to maritime security is piracy.
Despite various difficulties in combating piracy with the most efficient means,
BRICS nations counter-piracy operations are well noted. In the Gulf of Aden in
2009 China for the first time in history sent 13 naval ships to patrol the Somali
coast. Indian ships also participate in counter-piracy activities on a regular basis,
while Russia is a member of the Contact Group on Piracy and allocates its ships
for patrolling the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.
151
Although BRICS does not yet have
a concrete fully fledged joint program in the area of defense and security, security
discussions are under way and they may be relevant specifically to the South
Atlantic. For instance in January 2013 a meeting of high-level security representa-
tives covered terrorism, piracy and cyber security dimensions in regards to mari-
time security. Such efforts may signal the growing geostrategic importance of the
South Atlantic in regional, transregional and other multilateral platforms.
152
Illegal migration
Economic growth of developing countries stimulates migration flows. A great
chunk of the labor force inside BRICS countries are migrantsIn Brazil the annual
growth rate of migrant workers is around 20%, in Russia — about 35% in China and
India — 5% and in South Africa — 50%.
153
While migration as it is could be a posi-
tive process, illegal migration poses a considerable threat to the national security
of every country. This phenomena leads to the appearance of national enclaves
which can harbor criminals and extremists. Such developments can in turn lead to
151
http://www.saiia.org.za/occasional-papers/blue-helmets-for-africa-indias-peacekeeping-in-africa
152
Brazil’s growing relevance to peace and security in Africa. Retrieved from: http://www.peacebuild
-
ing.no/var/ezflow_site/storage/original/application/7e78a1fefaa8965c9ec67201f8c42126.pdf
153
http://iorj.hse.ru/data/2014/12/24/1104128423/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD
%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B%20%D0%B8%D0%B7%20%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%
BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_2014_04_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B
E%D0%B3%D1%80-11.pdf
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B R I C S
xenophobia among the population and spur a rise in ethnic conflicts. The relation
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ship of illegal migrants is often times connected with the traffic of weapons, drugs
and people. These issues have a direct toll on the state whose problems worsen
through tax loss and welfare.
Migration dynamics in BRICS states is such that they play all three potentially
possible roles in the world migration chain, being the countries of emigration and
immigration as well as serving as jumping pads for those migrants who are trying to
move to their territory in order to go from there to the third countries.
According to some estimates, the number of illegal migrants in
Brazil
— a coun-
try with a population of
206 484 269
million people (2015)
154
— currently varies
from 600 thousand to 2 mln people
155
.
In
Russia
, the number of illegal migrants var-
ies from 4 to 10 million people (population
146 313 900
mln people (2015))
156
while
official statistics from last year suggested that number to be 3.7 mln.
India
hosts 20
million illegal migrants
157
with a population a bit more than of 1.2 billion people
158
. In
China
there are 50 million illegal workers with a population more than 1.3 billion.
159
Approximately 5-8 million illegal immigrants work in
South Africa
whose popula-
tion is 51,5 mln
160
.
There is a strong correlation between illegal migrants and neighboring countries
from which these illegals migrate from. In Brazil’s case Haiti, Bolivia and Peru
comprise the bulk of migrants; In Russia — the CIS countries produce the largest
influx of such migrants; in India — it is Bangladesh, Burma, Nepal; in China — it
is neighboring North Korea, Mongolia, India, Southeast Asia and, finally, for South
Africa — it is neighboring Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Swaziland, Lesotho and Bo
-
tswana.
The situation is aggravated by the fact that all the BRICS countries have long
borders which are in most cases poorly guarded and protected. Illegal migration is
a common problem for each of the BRICS country. The issue concerning migration
is also connected with a problem of “brain-drain”, regulation of international money
transaction), etc.
All five BRICS states are facing serious problems related to human traffick
-
ing—a phenomenon that results in the expansion of a number of people located
outside the legal space, the proliferation of organized crime, the growing corrup
-
tion, child abuse, and sexual and other types of exploitation of human beings. In
addition, human trafficking is increasingly associated with drugs’ and weapons’
smuggling and creates serious security breaches, offering new potential channels
for the movement of the terrorist and organized crime groups and the illegal finan
-
154
http://countrymeters.info/ru/Brazil
155
Люлько Л. Бразилия манит гастарбайтеров из Европы // Pravda.ru. 2011. 28 ноября. Режим
доступа: http://www.pravda.ru/world/restofworld/southamerica/28-11-2011/1099212-brazilemprego-0/
156
http://countrymeters.info/ru/Russian_Federation
157
http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/india-has-20-million-irregular-migrants-govt-338629.html
158
http://countrymeters.info/ru/India
159
http://countrymeters.info/ru/China
160
http://countrymeters.info/en/South_Africa
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cial transfers aimed, in particular, at financing various illegal activities, including
terrorism.
161
In 2012 alone, the Chinese authorities have expelled about 200 thousand ille-
gals from the PRC. In Brazil, the number of illegal migrants is estimated at between
600 thousand and two million.
162
South Africa has deported more than a million
illegal migrants in the 1990s and the first half of the 2000s
163
;
Immigration is often times a controversial issue with serious underlying connota-
tions for society. Among the most contentious issues in regard to immigration— is
the public’s fear of cultural erosion which clashes on religious and ethnic tones.
Other issues relating to this include welfare programs, crime and job market pres-
sures.
164
In regard to emigration, attention is usually given to the demographic loss-
es associated with intellectual loss of well qualified professionals who create a gap
for future generations reliant on their governments investment into human capital.
A solution for this problem is among the top tasks for BRICS, however, none of the
member states have developed an effective mechanism of migration regulation.
165
PEACE AND SECURITY WORKING GROUP DRAFT RECOMMENDATIONS
Being increasingly concerned, as representatives of BRICS’s civil society, with the
rising level of tension in international relations in the second decade of 21
st
century.
Accentuating the significance of the 70
th
Anniversary of the Second World War
and UN’s establishment thereafter, as an opportunity to look back at the lessons
learned by formulating future conflict evasive actions and highlight the need to ob
-
jectively and jointly counter any attempts to re-writing history and/or its reinterpreta
-
161
It should be noted that the phenomena of illegal migration and human trafficking, encountered
currently by the BRICS countries, have long become the realities of the modern world. At least one
in two people entering the US and Western Europe is doing so in violation of the existing laws and
regulations. Crime groups involved in human trafficking make between $10 and $12 billion annually
(Bimal Ghosh. “Managing Migration: Towards the Missing Regime?” In Antoine Pecoud and Paul de
Guchteneire, eds. Migration without Borders: Essays on the Free Movement of People. Paris: UNESCO
Publishing, 2007, 98).
162
Among them, Bolivians comprise 40%; the Chinese, 13%; Peruvians, 11%; and the citizens of
Paraguay, 10% (Lyubov’ Lyul’ko. “Braziliia manit gastarbaiterov iz Evropy.” Pravda.ru //http:www.pravda.
ru.restofworld/southamerica/28-11-2011/1099212-brazilimprego-0/; Janet Tappin Coelho. “Chasing the
“Brazilian dream,” migrants strain the country’s immigration laws.” http://www.csmonitor.com/World/
Americas/2013/0820/Chasing-the-Brazilian-dream-migrants-strain-the-country-s-immigration-laws).
163
Sally Peberdy and Jonathan Crash. “Histories, realities and negotiating free movement in southern
Africa.” Antoine Pecoud and Paul de Guchteneire, eds. Migration without Borders: Essays on the Free
Movement of People (New York and Paris: UNESCO Publishing House and Bergham Books, 2007, 181.
164
In South Africa, for instance, the share of foreign workers in the country’s mining industry has
increased from 40% in the late 1980s to 60% in the mid-2000s (Sally Peberdy and Jonathan Crush.
“Histories, realities and negotiating free movement in southern Africa.” Antoine Pecoud and Paul de
Guchteneire, eds. Migration without Borders: Essays on the Free Movement of People (New York and
Paris: UNESCO Publishing House and Bergham Books, 2007, 179).
165
Issues of legal migration would be dealt with in the next chapter, covering interethnic affairs
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tion. We firmly oppose any attempts to rehabilitate Nazi ideology and oppose any
steps taken by certain powers to try to delegitimize the United Nations Organization
as the institution created as a result of the World War II.
BRICS civil society should support the efforts to promote security, develop-
ment, and equality by addressing social problems, reforming the global financial
architecture, developing inter-civilizational dialogue and cooperation. We should
particularly pay attention to BRICS policies to create global representative system
of governance reflecting the diversity of varying interests and cultures, by striving
for peaceful conflict resolution (existing or emerging) and exclude one-sided ap
-
proaches grounded in a single societal model.
1.
BRICS has an important part to play in forming the civilized world order,
which would provide security for all and preserve the legitimate interests of
nations. We reiterate that peace, understood as both the absence of danger
and the absence of fear, is the ultimate and universal value of all nations.
Thus, there is no viable reason, which could justify intimidation by force or
use thereof in resolution of international conflicts. We, BRICS Civil Society
representatives, oppose any attempts of a state or group of states and/or
institution to justify the use of force in international relations under any pre-
text supplementing diplomatic resolution and/or under the guise of a coun
-
try’s perceived exceptional standing; urge all governments to strengthen and
develop mechanisms of peaceful conflict resolution in respective regions with
global outreach in mind.
2.
There are no other more relevant tasks for both government (mandated by
the people) and civil societies, to sustain stable, safe and fair world order
through peaceful diplomacy and multilateralism. There is ample evidence to
suggest that forging fruitful partnerships between both developed and devel-
oping countries promotes a stronger global governance paradigm. BRICS
has one of the most important roles to play in this regard.
3.
Befittingly, analysis of main trends in conflict formation indicate that since the
cessation of the bipolar world order in the 1990’s, the quantity of conflicts in
-
volving state and non-state actors has inexorably increased. Peaceful global
development seems no longer guaranteed. The arc of instability now stretches
from North Africa, Middle East via Europe to East Asia, Africa and other ter-
ritories ravaged with regional and local conflicts. Additionally, possible global
hostility concerning Russia, NATO and inter alia BRICS countries is emerging.
An all-out war of global proportions can once again become a reality.
4.
A globalized world requires nations to take extra precautions in regards to
activities perceived to undermine global, regional and/or local stability. It is
important to remember that use of force in one region may affect peace and
stability in another distant region. Growing global interdependence requires
all countries with hard power potential to act responsibly and consider both
outcomes and consequences. with highest responsibility and awareness of
its consequences.
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B R I C S
5.
We support the above mentioned ideas and ask our partners to start dis-
cussions on a declaration and further possible conclusion of a multilateral
non-aggression and peaceful coexistence treaty between our countries, thus
establishing trans-continental zone of peace and security with global reach.
Such arrangements should be available for other non-party countries on the
basis of reciprocal adherent principles of: peace, promotion of non-violent
security means, international law compliance, and backing a commonality
of interests as opposed to geopolitical rivalry aimed at global ascendency.
6.
We are genuinely concerned with emerging types of weapons and tech-
nologies and/or including missile defense, prompt global strike, militarized
drones, militarized robots, militarization of the cosmos, cyber warfare etc.,
which jeopardize global stability, disrupt the established balance of power
and in cases of usage, lead to direct conflict . Sought after next generation
weapons developed through states seeking innovative advantages over oth-
ers could trigger an escalation in arms parity attainment and another arms
race. Civil organizations should strive to limit development of such technolo
-
gies and assert their will on setting specific legal regimes to monitor already
existing military complexes.
7.
BRICS should strive to assemble new mechanisms for “fair global order” con-
struction, where power is more diffused and responsibilities are appropriately
shared. Rule-based global governance architecture is the best guarantor of
stability. Such structure provides an effective framework for asserting common
values and interests whilst upholding the principle of nation’s sovereignty. The
former is achievable only through active civil society’s participation.
8.
To these ends, we urge BRICS countries to increase cooperation for part-
nership building around existing national, regional, international peace and
security initiatives. These new strategies and mechanisms should not be
based on confrontation, competition and rivalry. BRICS should become an
agenda-setter on the issues of global security and exercise strong will to de-
fend stability. New institutions may be needed if existing ones fail to deliver.
Civil society should be a major part of these efforts creating an atmosphere
of mutual understanding and pacifism conducive to these goals.
Regional Conflicts and Civil Society
9.
We are extremely concerned with current military and political circumstances
on various borders of BRICS countries, fraught with large-scale armed con-
flicts that directly endanger the security of the respective country. Certain
conflicts do not only reflect historic contradictions between regional pow
-
erhouses and interest groups, but rather manifest ongoing systemic differ-
ences of varying global security systems. That said, the system of security
architecture in Europe needs a new initialization.
10.
Precedence has shown that external interventions appeared to be inef
-
fective in solving ethnic and political conflicts, especially those of trans-