Task 1. Read and memorize the following words:

1. application- приложение

2. advantage-преимущество

3. to manage- управлять

4. to perform a task-выполнять задание

5. to load-загружать(ся)

6. manual-справочник, руководство

7. spreadsheet - таблица

8. to contain- содержать

9. folder-папка

10. uppercase or lowercase letters

11. to install-устанавливать

12. to create and update files –создавать и улучшать файлы

13. to supply the information-содержать информацию

Task 2. Read and translate the text.

MS-DOS AND ITS MAIN TERMS

What is MS-DOS

The Microsoft MS-DOS operating system is like a translator between you and your computer. The programs in this operating system allow you communicate with your computer, your disk drives and your printer, letting you use these resources to your advantage.

MS-DOS also helps you to manage programs and data. Once you have loaded MS-DOS into your computer's memory, you can compose letters and reports, run programs and languages such as Microsoft GW-BASIC, and use devices such as printers and disk drives.

Terms You Should Know

When you are introduced to a new or different idea, you must often a new set of words to understand the idea. The MS-DOS operating system is no exception. The following pages explain some terms you will know so that you can read and use the manuals.

Program

Programs, often called application programs, applications, or software are series of instructions written in computer languages. These instructions are stored in files and tell your computer to perform a task. For example, a program might tell your computer to alphabetically sort a list of names. Spreadsheets and word processors are other examples of programs.

File

A file is a collection of related information, like the contents of a file folder in a desk drawer. File folders, for instance, might contain business letters, office memos, or monthly sales data. Files on your disks could also contain letters, memos, or data. For example, your MS-DOS master disk contains more than thirty files. Your other disks may contain files that you've created, or that came with the disk.

Filename

Just as each folder in a file cabinet has a label, each file on a disk has a name. This name has two parts: a filename and an extension. A filename can be from one to eight characters in length, and can be typed in uppercase or lowercase letters. MS-DOS automatically converts filenames to uppercase letters.

Filename extensions consist of a period followed by one, two, or three characters. Extensions are optional, but it's good idea to use them, since they are useful for describing the contents of a file to you and to MS-DOS For instance, if you want to be able to quickly identify your report files, you can add the filename extension .rpt to each one. Here's an example of a filename with this extension:

progress .rpt

filename filename extension

Directory

A directory is a table of contents for a disk. It contains the names of your files, their sizes, and the dates they were last modified.

Volume Label

When you use a new disk, you can put a label on the outside of it to help you identify its contents. You can also give each of your disks an internal name, called a volume label.

You can look at the volume label on a disk by displaying its directory, programs may look at the volume label to see if you are using the correct disk. So make sure that you label your disks.

Disk Drive

To use the files or programs that are on a floppy disk, you must first insert the disk into a floppy disk drive Floppy disk drives are commonly referred to as the A drive and the B drive. A hard disk drive, normally installed inside your computer, is usually referred to as the C drive.

Drive Name

A complete drive name consists of a drive letter and a colon. When using a command, you may need to type a drive name before your filename to tell MS-DOS where to find the disk that contains your file. For example, suppose you have a file named finances.doc on the disk in drive B To tell MS-DOS where to find this file you would type the drive name before the filename:

b: finances.doc

drive name filename with extension

Command

Just as you will run programs to create and update files containing your data, you will also need to run some special programs, called MS-DOS commands, that let you work with entire files.

When you type MS-DOS commands, you are asking the computer to perform tasks. For example, when you use the diskcopy command to copy your MS-DOS master disk, you are using a file named diskcopy.exe, whose task is to copy the files on the MS-DOS disk.

Error messages

If you or your computer makes a mistake when using a device or MS-command, MS-DOS displays an appropriate error message. Error messages apply to general errors (such as misspelling a command) or to device errors (such as trying to use a printer that is out of paper) For a complete list and explanation of each MS-DOS error message (device and general), see the MS-DOS User 's Reference, Appendix F.

Memory

Memory is the place in your computer where information is actively used. When you run a program, MS-DOS stores that program and the files it uses in the computer's available memory. Some programs and files use more memory than others, depending on how large and complex they are.

Devices

Whenever you use your computer, you supply the information (input) and expect a result (output). Your computer uses pieces of hardware called devices to receive input and send output.

For example, when you type a command, your computer receives input from your keyboard and disk drive, and usually sends output to your screen. It can also receive input from a mouse, or send output to a printer. Some devices, such as disk drives, perform both input and output.

Device Names

Device names are special names given to each device that your computer "knows" about. An example of a device name is LPT1, which stands for the first parallel lineprinter connected to your computer.

When you add a new device, such as a mouse, to your computer, you sometimes need to tell MS-DOS about it by setting up (configuring) your computer for that device.

Glossary:

MS-DOS trademark, abbreviation for Microsoft disk operating system / the operating system that was used in the first PCs

Task 2. Find the definitions of the following terms:

Program, file, filename, directory, volume label, disk drive, drive name, command, error messages, memory, devices, device names

Task 3. Tell about MS-DOS.

Task 4. Read and translate the text.

WINDOWS

Microsoft Windows (or simply Windows) is a software program that makes your IBM PC (or compatible) easy to use. It does this by simplifying the computer's user interface.

The word interface refers to the way you give your computer commands, the way you interact with it.

Usually the interface between you and the computer consists of the screen and the keyboard: you interact with the computer by responding to what's on the screen, typing in commands at the DOS command line to do your work.

DOS often isn't very intelligent at interpreting your commands and most people consider it awkward or intimidating as a user interface. These commands can be confusing and difficult to remember Who wants to learn lots of computer commands just to see what's on your disk, copy a file, or format a disk?

Windows changes much of this. What's been missing from the PC is a program that makes the computer easy to use. Windows is just such a program. With Windows, you can run programs, enter and move data around, and perform DOS-related tasks simply by using the mouse to point at objects on the screen. Of course, you also use the keyboard to type in letters and numbers.

Windows interprets your actions and tells DOS and your computer what to do.

In addition to making DOS housekeeping tasks such as creating directories, copying files, deleting files, formatting disks, and so forth, easier, Windows makes running your favorite applications easier, too. (An application is a software package that you use for a specific task, such as word processing. WordPerfect is an example of an application. In this book, I'll use the words program and application interchangeably.)

Windows owes its name to the fact that it runs each program or document in its own separate window. (A window is a box or frame on the screen.) You can have numerous windows on the screen at a time, each containing its own program and/or document. You can then easily switch between programs without having to close one down and open the next.

Another feature is that Windows has a facility - called the Clipboard -that lets you copy material between dissimilar document types, making it easy to cut and paste information from, say, a spreadsheet into a company report or put a scanned photograph of a house into a real estate brochure. In essence, Windows provides the means for seamlessly joining the capabilities of very different application programs. Not only can you paste portions of one document into another, but by utilizing more advanced document-linking features those pasted elements remain "live". That is, if the source document (such as some spreadsheet data) changes, the results will also be reflected in the secondary document containing the pasted data.

As more and more application programs are written to run with Windows, it'll be easier for anyone to learn how to use new programs. This is because all application programs that run in Windows use similar commands and procedures.

Windows comes supplied with a few of its own handy programs, and we will discuss them in this book. There's a word-processing program called write, a drawing program called Paintbrush, a communications program called Terminal for connecting to outside information services over phonelines, small utility programs that are helpful for keeping track _Of appointments and notes, a couple of games to help you escape from your work, and a few others.

Years of research went into developing the prototype of today's popular graphical user interfaces. It was shown in the early 1980s that the graphical user interface, in conjunction with a hand-held pointing device (now called the mouse), was much easier to operate and understand than the older-style keyboard-command approach to controlling a computer A little-known feet is that this research was conducted by the Xerox Corporation and first resulted in the Xerox Star computer before IBM PCs or Macintoshes existed It wasn't until later that the technology was adapted by Apple Computer for its Macintosh prototype, the Lisa.

Glossary:

PC personal computer

DOS disk operating system

Windows the common name for Microsoft Windows, a popular graphical user interface developed by the Microsoft Corporation

IBM abbreviation for the computer company called International Business Machines Corporation

General understanding:

1. What are the advantages of Windows?

2. What is Windows?

3. Why do we call it Windows?

4. What is another feature of Windows?

5. What firm was the first to have some results developing the prototype of Windows?

Task 5. Render the text.

CD-ROM DRIVE UNIT E2850

Important Safeguards

1. Read Instructions - All the safety and operating instructions should be read before the product is operated.

2. Retain Instructions - The safety and operation instructions should be retained for future reference.

3. Heed Warnings - AH warnings on the product and in the operating instructions should be adhered to

4. Follow Instructions - All operating and use instructions should be followed.

5. Water and Moisture - The product should not be used near water, for example, near a bathtub, washbowl, kitchen sink, laundry tub, in a wet basement, or near a swimming pool, etc.

6. Carts and Stands - The product should be used only with a cart or stand that is recommended by the manufacturer.

A product and cart combination should be moved with care. Quick stops, excessive force, and uneven surfaces may cause the product and cart combination to overturn.

7. Mounting - The product should be mounted into a computer or a product only as recommended by the manufacturer.

8. Ventilation - The product should be situated so that its location or position does not interfere with its proper ventilation. For example, the product should not be situated on a bed, sofa, rug, or similar surface that nay block the ventilation openings; or, placed in a built-in installation, such as a bookcase or cabinet that may impede the flow of air through the ventilation openings.

9. Heat - The product should be situated away from heat sources such as radiators, heat resisters, stoves, or other appliances (including amplifiers) that produce heat.

10 Power Source - The product should be connected to a power supply of the type described in the operating instructions or as marked on the product.

11. Power-Cord Protection - Power-supply cords should be routed so that they are not likely to be pinched by items placed upon or against them, Paying particular attention to cords at plugs convenience socket and/or jacks, and the point where they exit from the product.

12. Cleaning - The product should be cleaned only as recommended by the manufacturer.

13. Object and Liquid Entry - Care should be taken so that objects do not enter and liquids are not spilled into the enclosure through openings

14. Damage Requiring Service which is NOT covered under warranty The product should be serviced by qualified service personnel when:

a) The power supply cord or the jack/plug has been damaged; or

b) Objects have entered, or liquid has spilled into the product; or

c) The product has been exposed to rain; or

d) The product does not appear to operate normally or exhibits a marked change in performance; or

e) The product has been dropped, or the enclosure damaged.

15. Servicing - The user should not attempt to service the product beyond that described in the operating instructions. All other servicing should be referred to qualified service personnel.

Task 6. Natasha, an experienced computer user, has recently bought CD-ROM drive unit. She enjoys using it. But she regularly makes three mistakes. Read the safeguards in English, the girl's description of her work in the letter to her pen-friend in Russian and find these mistakes.

Не так давно я купила замечательное восьмискоростное устройство для работы с компакт-дисками. Мне часто приходится работать с компьютером. Мой друг, который хорошо разбирается в компьютерах и знает английский язык, помог мне правильно подсоединить его к компьютеру, строго следуя инструкциям. Он меня предупредил, что нужно строго следовать инструкции. Ему пришлось установить специальную розетку для устройств. Он рассказал мне, что нельзя ставить устройство и компьютер вблизи источников тепла, и я это строго выполняю, Мне приходится очень много работать, и , чтобы снизить вредное излучение от монитора, я ставлю на компьютер кактусы. Кроме того, это создает уютную обстановку и удобно, так как их не надо часто поливать. Иногда для работы мне нужно много книг, журналов, справочников. Компьютер часто завален книгами. Мне не хватает места. Мне приходится ставить компьютер и все устройства на пол. Но это не страшно, так как на полу лежит толстый мягкий ковер. Я слежу за тем, чтобы шнур не попадал ни под какие предметы. Я знаю, что, если произойдут какие-то сбои в работе техники, лучше обратиться за помощью к профессионалу. Но пока все в порядке. И я получаю удовольствие от работы. Особенно, когда работаешь, и рядом стоит чашечка горячего крепкого кофе.

GRAMMAR: Future Simple (Indefinite) Tense

Task 7. Make up the sentences negative.

1. He will have dinner at 5 o’clock.

2. You will listen to the news in the morning.

3. She will go home at 6 o’clock.

4. The meeting will take place on Monday.

5. They will go to the library before classes.

6. You will take examinations in June.

7. I shall watch TV in the morning.

8. My parents will go to Moscow next week.

9. I shall read the book tomorrow.

10. He will stay in town in summer.

Task 8. Make up questions beginning with the word in the brackets .

1. I shall get up at 6 o’clock tomorrow.(when?)

2. I shall work at school.(where?)

3. I shall study Informatics at the University.(what?)

4. Nina will become a teacher.(who?)

5. Peter will make a report on Monday.(when?)

Task 9. Translate into English.

1. Когда вы пойдете в кино?

2. Мы встанем завтра в 7 часов.

3. Она будет жить в Москве.

4. Я увижу его завтра и отдам книгу.

5. Когда вы придете?

6. После обеда я пойду гулять.

7. Я не пойду в библиотеку завтра.

8. Ты придешь ко мне завтра?

9. Мы не будем переводить этот текст.

10. У них будет перерыв в 12 часов.

Predicting consequences

Task 10. Link each action (1-10) with a suitable consequence (a-j)

Example: If you place a floppy disk near the magnet, you will destroy the data.

Task 11. Complete these statements with the suitable action or consequence.

1. If you select the No button on the Shut Down Windows dialog box,…

2. … , you will close down Windows programs.

3. if you input the wrong password, … .

4. … , your printer will not print.

5. If your monitor is too bright, … .

PROBLEM-SOLVING

Task 12. Tell about Windows.

Task 13. Write a summary about MS-DOS

UNIT 9 NETWORKS

Abbreviation

1. ACPI (Advanced Configuration Power Interface) – интерфейс расширенной конфигурации по питанию.

2. DMA (Direct Memory Access) – прямой доступ к памяти

3. CPU (Central Processor (=Processing) Unit) – центральный процессор (центральное обрабатывающее устройство (блок)

4. RAM (Random Access Memory) – устройство с произвольным доступом; оперативная память

5. ROM (Read Only Memory) – постоянное запоминающее устройство

6. DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) – динамическое RAM

7. SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) – статическое RAM

8. RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) – компьютер с сокращенным набором команд

9. CISC (Complex (=Complete) Instruction Set Computer) – компьютер со сложным (полным) набором команд

10. EPIC ( Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computer) – компьютер с истинно-параллельным выполнением команд

Task 1. Read and memorize the words

1. to link-соединять

2. to allow-позволять

3. to share-разделять(совместно использовать)

4. feature-свойство

5. to own-владеть

6. to exist-существовать

7. to span-быть на коротком расстоянии

8. to increase-увеличивать

Task 2 Read and translate the text.

What is a network?

A network is simply two or more computers linked together. It allows users to share not only data files and software applications, but also hardware like printers and other computer resources such as fax.

Most networks link computers within a limited area – within a department, an office, or a building. These are called Local Area Networks, or LANs. A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance. A networked office building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes one building will contain a few small LANs, and occasionally a LAN will span a group of nearby buildings. In IP networking, one can conceive of a LAN as a single IP subnet (though this is not necessarily true in practice).

Besides operating in a limited space, LANs include several other distinctive features. LANs are typically owned, controlled, and managed by a single person or organization. They also use certain specific connectivity technologies, primarily Ethernet and Token Ring.

But networks can link computers across the world, so you can share information with someone on the other side of the world as easily as sharing with a person at the next desk. When networks are linked together in this way, they are called Wide AREA Networks, or WANs.

A wide-area network spans a large physical distance. A WAN like the Internet spans most of the world!

A WAN is a geographically-dispered collection of LANs. A network device called a router connects LANs to a WAN. In IP networking, the router maintains both a LAN address and a WAN address.

WANs differ from LANs in several important ways. Like the Internet, most WANs are not owned by any one organization but rather exist under collective or distributed ownership and management.

Networks increase productivity by allowing workers to share information easily without printing, copying, telephoning, or posting. They also have money by sharing peripherals such as printers.

Glossary

Local Area Network- computers connected together over a small distance

Wide Area Network- computers connected together over a large distance

Task 3. Study this diagram.

Task 4. General understanding.

1. What is a network?

2. What are its hardware components?

3. What is the difference between the Local Area Networks and Wide Area Networks?

4. What advantages do you think networks have?

Task 5. With the help of the diagram and the text, identify these hardware components of the network.

1. ___________ Most networks have at least one central computer which all the desktop computers connect to. This is the most important computer on your network. It stores the data files and application software programs that the users need to access or share with others.

2. ___________ This is the desktop computer or notebook computer on your desk. It is linked to the server, and can access files and applications on it. Each computer on the network has a device called a network interface card which connects the computer to the network. Many computers come with these cards fitted as standard.

3. ___________ Once you have a network you can share any number of these including printers, scanners, CD-ROM drives, and backup devices.

4. ___________ Desktops typically connect via telephone-type cabling to this intermediary device, which enables communication between servers and desktops.

Task 6. Read the text and match each diagram with the correct name.

Network Topologies

Computers in a network can be connected in different ways, in different topologies. Topology is a geometric arrangement of the network. The three basic ways of connecting computers are: a bus, a ring, and a star topology.

A bus topology has all the computers connected to a common cable. The data travels in both directions along the cable. If a computer fails, or we remove one from the network, it won’t affect the other computers. But if the main cable (a backbone) fails, the entire network fails too.

In a ring topology each computer is connected to its neighbor in a circle. The data flows in one direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) round the ring. If a cable breaks or one of the computers fails, the whole network will be affected.

A star topology has a server computer and a separate cable connecting the server to each of the other computers in the network. This server is also called a hub. The central server controls the flow of data in the network. If any computer fails, it won’t affect the network. But if the central server fails, the whole network will fail.

A mesh topology includes the concept of routes. A message in the network can take any possible path from source to destination. It is the most reliable network topology, because if any computer or a cable fails, it won’t affect the entire network. But at the same time it’s the most expensive one.

Most networks are usually a combination of star, ring and bus topologies to overcome some of these problems.

Task 7. Which topologies do these statements refer to?

1. If one of the computers fails, the whole network will be affected.

2. If we remove a computer from the network, it won’t affect the other computers.

3. If the main cable fails, the whole network will fail.

4. If the central server fails, the whole network will fail.

5. If a cable breaks, the whole network will be affected.

6. If a computer fails, it won’t affect the other computers.