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PEOPLES’ FRIENDSHIP UNIVERSITY OF RUSSIA
Institute of Foreign Languages
Department of Foreign Languages in Theory and Practice
APPROVED FOR PRESENTATION
The Head of the Department of Foreign Languages in Theory and Practice
_______________ Ph.D. Prof. N.L.Sokolova
‘______’_________________________2022
COURSE PAPER
“Prepositions of Space and Time in English Based on the novel "The Great Gatsby" by Francis Scott Fitzgerald”
45.03.02 – Linguistics
Submitted by
____________________T. R. Nadzhafov
Student’s ID № 1032201095
Full-time course, group ЯЛНбд-03-20
‘______’_______________2022
Course Paper Advisor
PhD, Professor
_______________________N.L.Sokolova
Scientific Advisor
Senior Lecturer of Social Pedagogy_____________________E.A.Drozdova
Moscow 2022
РОССИЙСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ДРУЖБЫ НАРОДОВ
Институт иностранных языков
Кафедра теории и практики иностранных языков
УТВЕРЖДАЮ
Зав. кафедрой теории и практики иностранных языков
______________к.ф.н., профессор Н.Л.Соколова
«______»_______________2022 г.
КУРСОВАЯ РАБОТА
на тему
Предлоги пространства и времени в английском языке на материале романа Френсиса Скотта Фиджеральда "Великий Гетсби"
45.03.02 – Лингвистика
Разработчик
Студент группы ЯЛНбд-03-20 (2 КУРС)
Студенческий билет № 1032201095
Наджафов Тимур Ровшанович
«______»_______________2022 г.
Руководитель
к.ф.н., профессор, академик МАНПО
_________________Н.Л.Соколова
Научный консультант
старший преподаватель кафедры социальной педагогики
_________________Е.А.Дроздова
Москва 2022
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………….3
CHAPTER 1. THE SEMANTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF ENGLISH REPRESENTATIONS OF SPACE AND TIME……………………………………………….5
1.1 Analysis and functions of English spatial prepositions………………......................................5
1.2 English temporal prepositions………………………………………………………………..10
1.3 Summary of Results…………………………………………………………………………..13
CHAPTER 2. SPACE AND ITS REPRESENTATION IN THE GREAT GATSBY………………………………………………………………………………………...13
2.1 Characteristics of prepositions of space and time based on The Great Gatsby……………………………………………………………………………………………13
2.2 Analysis of prepositions in The Great Gatsby ………………………………………………17
2.3 Summary of Results………………………………………………………………………….22
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………23
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………….25
INTRODUCTION
In English, as well as in Russian, the parts of speech are divided into independent and official. The service parts of speech include particles, prepositions, conjunctions and articles that do not perform the functions of members of sentences, but convey the relationship between them. In the process of studying these classes of words, linguists faced certain difficulties. It is extremely difficult to build a clear classification of the official parts of speech, since the same prepositions, conjunctions and particles can be attributed to different groups depending on their meaning. The question of whether they should be singled out as separate parts of speech was quite acute. Articles, in turn, represent a rather complex topic for assimilation. It is necessary to understand a huge number of subtleties and nuances of the rules of use in order to correctly use articles in speech.Knowledge of the peculiarities of the use of prepositions, conjunctions, particles, articles helps us to translate what we have heard or read with all shades and details, makes it possible to receive and transmit accurate information. The topic of the work is not simple, but in the process of studying it, the vocabulary expands and the ability to analyze develops.
Relevance.This paper investigates the semantic functions of prepositions expressing spatial and temporal relations in English, using a comprehensive approach that combines cognitive and intralinguistic research methods on prepositions, followed by a comparative analysis of the ways in which native speakers of English represent the meaning of prepositions and the spatial and temporal objects of the surrounding world as reflected in the semantics of prepositions. The relevance of this paper is determined by the fact that it is devoted to a little-studied problem in semantics - the problem of the meaning of spatial and temporal prepositions. Space and time are fundamental concepts in human consciousness, which explains the importance of their study. The understanding and description of spatial and temporal relations in different languages is of particular interest from both a cognitive and a linguistic point of view. The study of the prepositions that mediate spatial and temporal relations makes it possible to uncover the regularities in the spatial and temporal perception of the world that are refracted in the meaning of these linguistic units and helps to reveal the conceptual framework by which people perceive the world around them.
The object of this paper is the category of space in F. S. Fitzgerald's novel The Great Gatsby. F.S. Fitzgerald's novel The Great Gatsby.
The subject of research is the diverse means of expressing space.The theme is the various means of expressing space and their role in The Great Gatsby.
The objective of this paper is to analyse the representation of space in F. S. Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby.F. S. Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby and its representation in translation.
Objectives of the study:
1. To analysis the spatial prepositions in English and to investigate their function.
2. Analysis of the function and analysis of temporal prepositions in English
3. Analysis of the characteristics of the novel The Great Gatsby
4. Exploration of the urban space of F.S. Fitzgerald.
The research is based on the problem of space and its representation in the novel "The Great Gatsby".
Authors studied text from F.S. Fitzgerald's novel The Great Gatsby.Fitzgerald's novel "The Great Gatsby" and the Russian translation by I. N. Mizinina.F. S. Fitzgerald's novel "The Great Gatsby" and the Russian translation by I. N. Misinina.
The material under research includes the text of the novel by F.S. The text of F. S. Fitzgerald's novel "The Great Gatsby", as well as the text of the translation of this novel into Russian. The text of F. S. Fitzgerald's novel "The Great Gatsby" and the text of the translation of this novel into Russian, made by I. N. Misinina.
The study consists of introduction, two chapters, conclusion, list of references.
CHAPTER 1. THE SEMANTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF ENGLISH REPRESENTATIONS OF SPACE AND TIME
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Analysis and Functions of English Spatial Prepositions
A linguistic image of the world is a set of ideas about the world, a way of organising and perceiving the world. A unique linguistic picture of the world corresponds to any natural language. The spatial image of the world is a specific system for the perception and transmission of spatial relations, which in turn is a subsystem of the linguistic image of the world.It is important to note that the spatial conceptual schema of language includes the following important components: the spatial representations of spatial concepts and objects, and the nature of their relations, which are not manifested in the meaning of words but are reflected in the features of the combination of linguistic units with spatial prepositions. Modern approaches to the description of the semantics of prepositions are based on ideas from cognitive linguistics.
The detailed study of the spatial meanings of prepositions began with the emergence of cognitive analytic methods, with the development of a system of views on language as a cognitive faculty of humans, an element of the human mind[1]. The spatial representations in the semantics of prepositions may vary from language to language, due to the specificity of the linguistic image of the world held by speakers of a given language. Of course, there are also general patterns of human spatial perception. L. Talmy has therefore investigated the relationship between the cognitive processes of perceiving and understanding a spatial scene and their linguistic construction. He examines the factors that determine not only the choice of linguistic devices, but also what might be called the "forward movement" of description The obvious differences in the description of spatial relations in Russian and English are illustrated by the following contexts: curtains at the window and curtains at the window. Looking at the window, we objectively (in both English and Russian) see the same arrangement of objects, but in the spatial concepts of Russian this is fixed as a support relation (the curtains are fixed on the window), and in the spatial concepts of English, as a special spatial relation in which one object - the curtains - is in close proximity to and can touch another object - the window - there is a functional relation between the objects. A similar use of the preposition is shown by the combination He sat at the table. As for the use of prepositions, there are two main uses of prepositions:
The preposition and the following word (or phrase) form a separate prepositional phrase. In this case, any kind of elementary or derived preposition can be used, and any kind of prepositional phrase can be used.A prepositional phrase can be used both without and with indentation: as a case, as a predicate, in titles and in other cases:
A preposition is a constituent of a word-composition: it expresses the semantic relationships between the main and dependent components of a word-composition, and at the same time connects them structurally:In the proper term: the roof of the house. In nominative case: some of them. In the adjective: rich in oil[2]. In the verb phrase: consisting of five chapters. In many cases, the use of a preposition depends solely on the word that precedes it - verb, adjective or noun. For example, the verb depend requires the preposition depend: It does not depend on me. The adjective sure- sure requires the preposition sure:He was sure of it - he was sure of it.Some verbs can be used with different prepositions and their meaning varies depending on the preposition: He looks at the child. He was looking for the child. He looked after the child - He looked after the child.
In modern English, prepositions, as distinct from case phrases, complement the case system, since they have a certain grammatical, linking meaning in addition to their lexical meaning. As a consequence of this connective, they have a certain role in control. However, we must do the same for prepositional control as for simple (non-prepositional) control. First of all, we must remember that not all combinations of preposition and verb and noun are control. Just as in ordinary control, there are cases of ordinary use of preposition - use based on the lexical semantics of preposition. In these cases, the choice of preposition is not determined by the verb in question and there is no idiomaticity in its association with the verb. At the other pole are verbs combined with prepositions, such as the above-mentioned to depend on something/somebody, where the use of prepositions in modern English is idiomatic and where the lexical meaning of the preposition itself is weakened. This includes cases such as believe a. In addition to expressing the dependency between the elements of a word combination, prepositions can also affect the shape of the content element they are combined with. In modern English, this is only evident when a personal pronoun is used as a content element: to look at him, to rely on me, to fight with them. But even this is enough to get a clear picture of the syntactic relationships within the preposition + infinitive two-element structure. Here the preposition, despite being a function word, shows the ability to govern. In other words, the element combined with it is in a subordinate position[3]. This structure, when combined with a verb, can be considered either as a prepositional complement or as a condition expressed by a prepositional noun group: to write with a pen, to ask for something, to work enthusiastically, to live in the suburbs. English prepositions are words that not only indicate the existence of known relationships between the 'significant' words in a sentence, but also reveal and clarify the content and nature of those relationships. The role of a preposition is not limited to the formal syntactic function of indicating which word is grammatically subordinate to another. The semantic role of prepositions is very important, since they convey the meaning of each word combination, which concretises and enriches the relationship of 'significant' words to each other. English prepositions have a lexical content of their own, consisting of native and developmental meanings of prepositions, spatial, temporal and other meanings, which some linguists dispute but are undoubted. Prepositions were formed from nouns, adverbs, participles and whole word compounds that were merged into a word, and it is natural that the meaning of prepositions could not have differed greatly from that of nouns. It is essential that, originally, there were only the meanings of place and movement, to which the meanings of time were added afterwards, because the concepts of time always arose after the concepts of place in human collectives and were generally fixed in relation to the latter. The first work on the semantics of spatial prepositions was based on a geometric model of meaning interpretation. Researchers such as G. Guggenheim, H. Clarke, J. Leach, D. Bennett, etc., believed that the appearance of a preposition in a given context is entirely determined by the geometric shape of the object and the spatial location of objects. Teaching the correct use of inflectional units (in particular prepositions and postpositions) is one of the linguistic and methodological difficulties of teaching English as a foreign language grammar. This is probably largely due to the fact that the teacher is usually directed to describing situations (of which there can be a myriad) in which the use of prepositions is legitimate[4]. Meanwhile, these linguistic units, as many cognitively oriented studies have convincingly shown, capture certain cognitive processes, the person's knowledge of the indicated object of reality. Taking this element into account and, accordingly, relying on pragmatic factors in the construction of the semantics of these linguistic units can provide a methodological basis for the effective teaching of one of the most complex aspects of English grammar.The about preposition in a verb phrase expresses a general meaning. The about preposition is mainly combined with verbs of speech, thinking, mental, intellectual, emotional activity.
1. The specific meaning is divided into two parts: near and around. While the other prepositions (at, beside, near, by) show that we are on one side (at the window, on the side, beside, next to, next to each other, next to the board, etc.), about means that we are around.
Jack tried to put his arm around her neck - Jack tried to hug her.
They were lying around the fire.
2. This preposition is used with words that express different feelings: worry, love for someone, concern for someone, or irritation.
«Nobody cares about me now»
3.The most commonly used prepositions besides about are the verbs talk and information: 'to talk, argue, ask questions'; 'to think, question something' and 'to boast, gossip about something', etc.
«I told him about Cooper's money»
4. Thinking verbs, including knowledge verbs, are most often represented by think and know. «By that me I didn't think about them any more»
Across
From the 16th century onwards, the preposition was common in speech and literature and came to mean the passage. From there, a few other, smaller meanings emerged. To move is understood to be through an area, not across that area without overcoming obstacles.
«The white clouds in the sky were running across»
1) The preposition after is used in the sense of movement (behind, behind, after). After, unlike behind, refers to the movement, the purpose of the action. It is used in two cases:
a) the presence of two consecutive objects
b) the movement of a person, animal, aircraft, tank, etc. for the purpose of following, searching, etc. «After this moment the she-wolf began to grow restless»
At
Many prepositional meanings are derived from spatial meanings and have evolved from each other. They can be classified consistently from the notions of spatial point and temporal point.1) As a locative preposition, at indicates a "point of action", whether real or imagined. «The rain, drizzled by a full gale from the sea, slapped and slapped my face»
Into
The preposition was formed in the 10th century from the conjunctions in and to. In terms of semantics, into seems to be one of the purest English prepositions: it indicates that movement consists of crossing the outer boundary of an enclosed space and entering it. This space may be real or imaginary. The main meaning of into refers to the inward movement involved in crossing the outer boundary of an explicitly enclosed room or space: house, room, pocket, forest, earth, etc.Note that going out into the cold, rain, gloom of night, etc. is also conveyed by into, because we think of it as going into another environment, outwards.
«He stuck his head out in the rain»
Out of
The compound preposition out of , means inside when moving from a confined space and outside the confined space. In the compound preposition, the component of has lost the sense of separation and has only the function of a conjunction, so that the meaning of the whole combination is conveyed by an out[5].
1.2 English temporal prepositions
After taking the spatial prepositions apart, we need to look at the temporal prepositions. Unlike spatial prepositions, there are not many temporal prepositions. In general, defining the semantics of a verb in a sentence in the function of the primary predicate, we can say that the verb speaks about the form of being of a thing. In this sense, verb-nominative complexes determine the form of coexistence of things. In verb-nominative prepositional complexes, the prepositions tell us about different features of the form of being of things:
(a) the characteristics of the form of being of things in terms of the logical relation between them
b) the different temporal characteristics of the form of being
c) different spatial characteristics of the existential form of things
In terms of the temporal characterisation of the relations of things, the system is also mobile: the same prepositions form slightly different groupings, and the relations expressed by the prepositions give rise to slightly different schemata. What appears in a sentence, and thus in the verb phrase we are examining, can correspond to, precede, or follow a moment, a period. These three types of time orientation are set by different prepositions. Accordingly, the English temporal prepositions are grouped into categories: