P E R F E C T C O N T I N U O U S = have been + Present Participle (P I)

I	have been writing	had been writing	will have been writing
you	have been writing	had been writing	will have been writing
he	has been writing	had been writing	will have been writing
she	has been writing	had been writing	will have been writing
it	has been writing	had been writing	will have been writing
we	have been writing	had been writing	will have been writing
you	have been writing	had been writing	will have been writing
they	have been writing	had been writing	will have been writing

PASSIVE VOICE

be + Past Participle (P2)

PRESENT

PAST

FUTURE

I N D E F I N I T E

I	am seen	was seen	will be seen
you	are seen	were seen	will be seen
he	is seen	was seen	will be seen
she	is seen	was seen	will be seen
it	is seen	was seen	will be seen
we	are seen	were seen	will be seen
you	are seen	were seen	will be seen
they	are seen	were seen	will be seen

C O N T I N U O U S

I	am being seen	was being seen	‑
you	are being seen	were being seen	‑
he	is being seen	was being seen	‑
she	is being seen	was being seen	‑
it	is being seen	was being seen	‑
we	are being seen	were being seen	‑
you	are being seen	were being seen	‑
they	are being seen	were being seen	‑

---

P E R F E C T

I	have been seen	had been seen	will have been seen
you	have been seen	had been seen	will have been seen
he	has been seen	had been seen	will have been seen
she	has been seen	had been seen	will have been seen
it	has been seen	had been seen	will have been seen
we	have been seen	had been seen	will have been seen
you	have been seen	had been seen	will have been seen
they	have been seen	had been seen	will have been seen

---

APPENDIX 2

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

СПИСОК НЕПРАВИЛЬНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ

INFINITIVE	PAST TENSE	PARTICIPLE II	TRANSLATION
ИНФИНИТИВ	ПРОШЕДШЕЕ ВРЕМЯ	ПРИЧАСТИЕ II	ПЕРЕВОД
be	was were	been	быть
beat	beat	beaten	бить
become	became	become	становиться
begin	began	begun	начинать
bend	bent	bent	сгибать
bet	bet	bet	держать пари
bind	bound	bound	связывать
bite	bit	bitten	кусать
blow	blew	blown	дуть
break	broke	broken	разбивать, нарушать
bring	brought	brought	приносить
build	built	built	строить
buy	bought	bought	покупать
catch	caught	caught	ловить
choose	chose	chosen	выбирать
come	came	come	приходить
cost	cost	cost	стоить
cut	cut	cut	резать
dig	dug	dug	копать
do	did	done	делать
draw	drew	drawn	тащить, рисовать
drink	drank	drunk	пить
drive	drove	driven	водить
eat	ate	eaten	есть
fall	fell	fallen	падать
feed	fed	fed	кормить
feel	felt	felt	чувствовать
fight	fought	fought	бороться, драться
find	found	found	находить
fit	fit	fit (fitted)	подходить
fly	flew	flown	летать
forget	forgot	forgotten	забывать
freeze	froze	frozen	замерзать
get	got	got (gotten)	получать
give	gave	given	давать
go	went	gone	идти
hang	hung	hung	вешать, висеть
have	had	had	иметь
hear	heard	heard	слышать
hide	hid	hidden	прятать
hit	hit	hit	ударять
hold	held	held	держать
hurt	hurt	hurt	причинять боль
keep	kept	kept	держать, хранить
know	knew	known	знать
lay	laid	laid	положить
lead	led	led	вести
leave	left	left	покидать
lend	lent	lent	одолжить
let	let	let	разрешить
lie	lay	lain	лежать
light	lit (lighted)	lit (lighted)	осветить
lose	lost	lost	терять
make	made	made	делать
mean	meant	meant	означать, подразумевать
meet	met	met	встречать
pay	paid	paid	платить
put	put	put	класть
quit	quit	quit	покидать
read	read	read	читать
ride	rode	ridden	ехать
ring	rang	rung	звонить
rise	rose	risen	подниматься
run	ran	run	бежать, течь
say	said	said	говорить, сказать
see	saw	seen	видеть
sell	sold	sold	продавать
send	sent	sent	посылать
set	set	set	устанавливать
shake	shook	shaken	трясти
shine	shone (shined)	shone (shined)	светить
shoot	shot	shot	стрелять
shut	shut	shut	закрывать
sing	sang	sung	петь
sink	sank	sunk	опускаться, погружаться
sit	sat	sat	сидеть
sleep	slept	slept	спать
slide	slid	slid	скользить
speak	spoke	spoken	говорить
spend	spent	spent	проводить, тратить
stand	stood	stood	стоять
steal	stole	stolen	красть
stick	stuck	stuck	уколоть, приклеить
strike	struck	struck	ударить
swear	swore	sworn	клясться, присягать
sweep	swept	swept	мести
swim	swam	swum	плавать
take	took	taken	брать
teach	taught	taught	учить
tear	tore	torn	рвать
tell	told	told	рассказывать, сказать
think	thought	thought	думать
throw	threw	thrown	бросить
understand	understood	understood	понимать
wake	woke	woke (woken)	будить
wear	wore	worn	носить
win	won	won	выиграть
withdraw	withdrew	withdrawn	отозвать, взять назад
write	wrote	written	писать

---

---

APPENDIX 3

WORD-BUILDING

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ

1. Префиксация

А. Префиксы с отрицательным значением

un-	usual (обычный)		unusual (необычный)
	happy (счастливый)		unhappy (несчастный)
dis-	like (нравиться)		dislike (не нравиться)
	honest (честный)		dishonest (нечестный)
in-	direct (прямой)		indirect (косвенный)
	attentive (внимательный)		inattentive (невнимательный)
il-	logical (логичный)		illogical (нелогичный)
	legal (законный)		illegal (незаконный)
ir-	rational (рациональный)		irrational (нерациональный)
	regular (регулярный)		irregular (нерегулярный)
im-	possible (возможный)		impossible (невозможный)
mis-	understand (понимать)		misunderstand (неправильно понимать)
	lead (вести)		mislead (вводить в заблуждение)
de-	centralize (централизовать)		decentralize (децентрализовать)
non-	aggressive (агрессивный)		non-aggressive (неагрессивный)
under-	ground (земля)		underground (подземный)
	pay (платить)		underpay (недоплачивать)

---

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