.TEXT 2

.The Supreme Court

The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is the supreme judicial body for civil, criminal, administrative and other cases under the jurisdiction of courts of general jurisdiction, carries out judicial supervision over their activities according to the federal law-envisaged procedural forms and provides clarifications on the issues of court proceedings (Article 126 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation heads the judicial system of general jurisdiction, representing a supreme tier of this system and oversees the activities of courts, including military and specialized federal courts, as the legal instance directly superior to the supreme courts of republics, krais, oblasts, cities of federal significance, autonomous oblast, autonomous okrug, and military courts.

The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation has the right of the legislative initiative. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation acts as a court of first instance for cases of special importance or special public interest when it accepts them for consideration according to the legislation. The law determines a category of cases which are included in the sphere of activities of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation as a court of first instance.

The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is a cassation instance in relation to the federal courts of general jurisdiction of republics or oblasts.

The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation supervises legality, validity and substantiality of sentences and other decisions of courts of lower level.

The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is composed of its Chairman, first deputy and deputies of the Chairman, the justices of the Court and People’s assessors.

The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation has the following structure:

• 
  the Plenum of the Supreme Court,
  
• 
  the Presidium of the Supreme Court,
  
• 
  Judicial chambers (Chamber on Civil Cases, Chamber on Criminal Cases and Military Chamber).
  

The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is assisted in exercising its powers by several offices, departments and other structural units.

The Constitutional Court

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is the judicial body of constitutional review, autonomously and independently exercising judicial authority by means of constitutional judicial proceedings.

The powers, procedures for the formation and activity of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation are determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and by the Federal Constitutional Law.

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation consists of 19 judges appointed by the Federation Council upon nomination made by the President of the Russian Federation.

The powers of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation are of unlimited duration. The fundamental principles of activity of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation are independence, collegiality, publicity, adversarial nature of proceedings and equality of parties.

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation  resolves disputes over jurisdiction: between the federal state bodies, between state bodies of the Russian Federation and state bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation, between supreme state bodies of subjects of the Russian Federation.

.The Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation

The Supreme Arbitration (Commercial) Court is the highest judiciary body resolving economic disputes and other cases considered by arbitration courts. The activity of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation is regulated by the Federal Constitutional Law “On the Arbitration Courts in the Russian Federation” and the Arbitration Procedural Code, as well as the Federal constitutional law “On the judicial system of the Russian Federation”.

The arbitration courts are specialized courts for settling property and commercial disputes between enterprises. They as well consider claims of businessmen to proclaim acts of state bodies which infringe their rights and violate their lawful interests null and void [неимеющий

---

юридической силы]. These are tax, land and other disputes arising from administrative, financial and other legal relations. The arbitration courts consider cases with foreign parties’ participation.

The Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation acts as court of first instance where specific categories of cases are concerned, including the claims of invalidity of non-normative acts endorsed by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council and the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as economic disputes between the Russian Federation and its constituent parts or between constituent parts of the Russian Federation.

For the purpose of ensuring full and independent administration of justice in compliance with federal laws, the financing of the system of arbitration courts is provided from the resources of the federal budget.

---

.Office of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation

The Prosecutor’s Office of Russian Federation is the single centralized structure for supervision over maintenance of the laws and human rights and for criminal prosecution. The Office of the Prosecutor General forms a single centralized system in which all lower officers are subordinate to those which stand above them and to the Prosecutor General of the Russian federation.

The Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation is appointed to his post and relieved from the post by the Federation Council on nomination by the President of the Russian Federation.

Prosecutors of subjects of the Russian Federation are appointed by the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation after consultations with its subjects. Other prosecutors are appointed by the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation.

The powers, organization and working procedure for the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation are determined by federal law.
7. Scan the text again and make up an abstract of its key information in Russian.
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
1. Learn the following words:

bias	пристрастность, предубеждение, влияние, давление
four-tiered system	четырех-уровневая система
in absentia	заочно
Justices of the Peace	мировые судьи
entrust	вверять, поручать

2. Read the text and make up its plan as a preparation for retelling.

Text 3

.Judicial System of the Russian Federation

The existing judicial system of the Russian Federation was formed and is being developed with the purpose to create and maintain the judicial power in the state mechanism as an independent branch of power, free from political and ideological bias, independent in its activities from the executive and legislative branches of power.

The judiciary system of the Russian Federation is established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the federal constitutional law. Independent, competent law court is an important component of a democratic state based on a rule of law. Judiciary power is exercised to constitutional, civil, administrative and criminal process.

The structure of the judicial system of the Russian Federation and the sphere of activities of its various parts are determined by Article 118 of the Constitution and federal constitutional laws. Judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation are appointed by the Federation Council following nomination by the President of the Russian Federation.

Judges of other federal courts are appointed by the President of the Russian Federation in accordance with procedures established by federal law. The powers, and procedure of the formation and activities of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation and other federal courts are established by federal constitutional law.

The judicial system of the Russian Federation consists of:

- the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and constitutional courts of the republics and other subjects of the Russian Federation,

- four-tiered system of courts of general jurisdiction: the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, supreme courts of the republics, krai and oblast courts, courts of cities of federal significance, military and specialized courts; three-tiered system of the military courts is an integral part of it, three-level system of arbitration courts: the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, federal okrug courts and arbitration courts of federal subjects.

---

Judges are independent and are obeyed only to the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the federal law. All trials in all law courts are opened. The hearing of a case can be in camera in cases provided by the federal law. Hearing of criminal cases in law courts in absentia are not allowed except the cases provided for by the federal law.

Law courts are financed only out of the federal budget and are ensured full and independent administration of justice in accordance with federal law.

Justices of the Peace are judges of the subjects of the Russian Federation and form an integral part of the system of courts of general jurisdiction. The re-establishment of the institute of Justices of the Peace in Russia in 2000 is an important step in the course of development of the judicial and legal reform and provides for more operative and accessible judicial protection for the citizens
of the country.

The law entrusts the Justices of the Peace with functions and duties equal for all the judges of Russia. The Justices of the Peace are included into the structure of general jurisdiction courts and participate in the work
of its bodies.
3. Give a summary of the text.
CONVERSATION & WRITING PRACTICE
1. Study the information below and summarize it in Russian.

How To Write a Business Letter in English

1. Use block style - do not indent paragraphs. Generally speaking, personal letters are indented in English to indicate a more informal style. Indent refers to a space before the first word of the first sentence in each new paragraph.

2. Include address of the person you are writing to at the top of the letter, below your company address. For example: Buyers Inc.Alan Smith, Director28376 Red Ave.New York, NY 25009

3. After the address, double space and include date Buyers Inc.Alan Smith, Director28376 Red Ave.New York, NY 25009


June 24, 2012

4. Double space (or as much as you need to put the body of the letter in the center) and include the salutation. Include Mr. for men or Ms. for women, unless the recipient has a title such as Dr. 

June 24, 2012


Dear Mr. Anders:

5. State a reference reason for your letter (i.e. “With reference to our telephone conversation...”)

6. Give the reason for writing (i.e. “I am writing to you to confirm our order...”) For example: I enjoyed our conversation earlier today. I am writing to follow-up with a few questions about your products.

7. Make any request you may have (i.e. “I would be grateful if you could include a brochure...”) For example: Could we meet next week to discuss the proposal in person? I am available any time between 9 and 2 Monday through Thursday.

8. If there is to be further contact, refer to this contact (i.e. “I look forward to meeting you at...”) For example: I look forward to seeing you again next week.

9. Close the letter with a thank you (i.e. “Thank you for your prompt help...”)

10. Finish the letter with a salutation (i.e. “Yours sincerely,”)

11. Include 4 spaces and type your full name and title For example: Yours sincerely,


Kenneth Beare

12. Sign the letter between the salutation and the typed name and title

13. Do not include your address if you are using company letterhead. Company letterhead refers to paper used by the company that includes the company address.

Tips:

- Keep the letter brief and to the point

- Do not use shortened verb forms - write them out (i.e. don’t instead of do not)

- Always keep a copy of correspondence for future reference

- Use company letterhead if possible to make a more professional impact.
5421 Dominion Road


Apt. 21


Ashton, NC 27523


January 11, 2014

Brown, Inc.


694 Rockstar Lane


Durham, NC 27708

Dear Ms. Lindt:

I am seeking a position in your engineering department where I may use my training in computer sciences to solve Brown’s engineering problems. I would like to be a part of the department that developed the Internet Selection System but am unsure whether you have a current opening.

I expect to receive a Bachelor of Science degree in Engineering from North Carolina State University in June and by that time will have completed the Computer Systems Engineering Program. Since September 2009, I have been participating, through the University, in the Professional Training Program at Computer Systems International in Raleigh. In the program I was assigned to several staff sections as an apprentice. Most recently, I have been a programmer trainee in the Engineering Department and have gained a great deal of experience in computer applications. Details of the academic courses I have taken are included in the enclosed resume.

---

If there is a position open at Brown Inc., please let me know whom I should contact for further information. I look forward to hearing from you soon. I may be reached at my office (919-848-3904 ext.432) or via email (hunter@aol.com).

Sincerely,

Jane Hunter
2. Write a sample application letter in English.

APPENDIX 1

ENGLISH TENSES

ACTIVE VOICE

PRESENT

PAST

FUTURE

I N D E F I N I T E

I	write	wrote	will write
you	write	wrote	will write
he	writes	wrote	will write
she	writes	wrote	will write
it	writes	wrote	will write
we	write	wrote	will write
you	write	wrote	will write
they	write	wrote	will write

C O N T I N U O U S = be + Present Participle (P I = -ing-form)

I	am writing	was writing	will be writing
you	are writing	were writing	will be writing
he	is writing	was writing	will be writing
she	is writing	was writing	will be writing
it	is writing	were writing	will be writing
we	are writing	were writing	will be writing
you	are writing	were writing	will be writing
they	are writing	were writing	will be writing

P E R F E C T = have + Past Participle (P II)

I	have written	had written	will have written
you	have written	had written	will have written
he	has written	had written	will have written
she	has written	had written	will have written
it	has written	had written	will have written
we	have written	had written	will have written
you	have written	had written	will have written
they	have written	had written	will have written

---

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