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Accepted Manuscript
Title: Modeling of the Electrochemical Impedance
Spectroscopic Behavior of Passive Iron Using a Genetic
Algorithm Approach
Author: Samin Sharifi-Asl Matthew L. Taylor Zijie Lu
George R. Engelhardt Bruno Kursten Digby D. Macdonald
PII:
S0013-4686(13)00566-5
DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.143
Reference:
EA 20251
To appear in:
Electrochimica Acta
Received date:
11-9-2012
Revised date:
25-3-2013
Accepted date:
27-3-2013
Please cite this article as: S. Sharifi-Asl, M.L. Taylor, Z. Lu, G.R. Engelhardt, B. Kursten,
D.D. Macdonald, Modeling of the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic Behavior
of Passive Iron Using a Genetic Algorithm Approach,
Electrochimica Acta
(2013),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.143
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Page 1 of 57
Accepted Manuscript
1
Corresponding author. E-mail:
macdonald@berkeley.edu
Telephone:
(814) 360-3858
Modeling of the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic Behavior
of Passive Iron Using a Genetic Algorithm Approach
Samin Sharifi-Asl
1
, Matthew L. Taylor
1
, Zijie Lu
2
, George R. Engelhardt
3
, Bruno Kursten
4
, and
Digby D. Macdonald
5,6,*
1
Center for Electrochemical Science and Technology
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, PA 16802, USA.
2
Ford Motor Company
Dearborn, MI, 48120
3
OLI Systems
108 American Road
Morris Plains, NJ07950-2443, USA
4
SCK
CEN
Boeretang 200 BE-2400 Mol BELGIUM
5
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
University of California at Berkeley
Berkeley, CA 94720
6
Chair Professor
Center for Research Excellence in Corrosion
Research Institute
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
In order to predict the general corrosion damage to metals and alloys, development of
deterministic models and the acquisition of values for various model parameters are of
paramount importance. In the present work, the Point Defect Model (PDM) was further
developed to account for the properties of the passive film on pure iron in deaerated solutions.
Page 2 of 57
Accepted Manuscript
2
The model parameter values were extracted from the electrochemical impedance
spectroscopic (EIS) data collected for iron in borate buffer solution [0.3 M
H
3
BO
3
+ 0.075 M
Na
2
B
4
O
7,
pH = 8.15 at 21
o
C] + 0.001 M
EDTA
[Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid,
EDTA
,
disodium salt] at 21
o
C by optimization of the PDM on the experimental EIS data using an
Genetically-inspired, Differential Evolution Algorithm (GDEA).
EDTA
effectively suppresses
the formation of the outer layer of the passive film, therefore rendering the barrier layer
amenable to direct examination. Comparison of the experimental and calculated data
demonstrates that the impedance model based on the PDM provides a good account of the
growth of the passive film on iron and the extracted model parameters can be used to predict the
corrosion evolution of the sample as a function of time.
Keyword:
Point Defect Model, Genetic Algorithm, Complex optimization, Passivity, EIS
1. Introduction
The growth of the passive film on iron in neutral and alkaline buffer solutions has been
extensively investigated in the past [1-13]. A borate buffer solution with a pH value close to
neutral or slightly alkaline (e.g., pH = 8.4) was usually chosen in these prior studies, partly
because the current density in both the active and passive regions are much less than those
observed in acidic solutions (pH < 7 at 25
o
C), and hence lead to much less roughening of the
electrode surface.
It is commonly accepted that the passive film on iron is an n-type semiconductor [5, 6]
because the formation, ejection, and the transport of metal interstitials through the passive film
are the principal electrochemical phenomena occurring in the passive state. Theory [12-17]
Page 3 of 57
Accepted Manuscript
3
shows that the passive current density should be independent of voltage, provided that no change
in oxidation state occurs in the cations being transmitted through the barrier layer and being
ejected at the barrier layer/solution (bl/s) interface or in those cations resulting from dissolution
of the film.
The formation of the passive film on iron has been explained by a variety of mechanisms,
including the ion-migration mechanism [2] and the later, generalized high field model (HFM)
[12]. More recently, the Point Defect Model (PDM) was developed by Macdonald and his
coworkers to provide an atomic scale description of the interfacial processes that lead to
passivity and passivity breakdown [13-17], and this model has been shown to be consistent with
the steady-state properties of the passive state on iron. In contrast to the other mechanisms, the
PDM predicts the existence of steady states in film thickness and current, and accounts for the
linear dependencies of the steady-state film thickness on potential and pH, all of which are
observed experimentally. The objective of the current work was the development of an
impedance model for the growth of the passive film on iron based upon the PDM and extraction
of values for the model parameters using a Genetically-inspired, Differential Evolution
Algorithm (GDEA) [18] in conjunction with barrier layer thickness data obtained using the
Spectroscopic Ellipsometric (SE) method [19] and with available data in literature.
2. Point Defect Model
The Point Defect Model was developed by Macdonald and coworkers as a
mechanistically-based model that could be tested analytically against experiment [20-22]. The
PDM is now highly developed and to our knowledge, there are no known conflicts with
experiment, where confluence between theory and experiment has been first demonstrated.
Page 4 of 57
Accepted Manuscript
4
Indeed, the model has predicted new phenomena that have subsequently been observed,
including the photo-inhibition of passivity breakdown (PIPB) [13,23-25], and has provided a
theoretical basis for designing new alloys from first principles [26,27]. The PDM has been
previously used to interpret electrochemical impedance data by optimizing the model on the
experimentally-determined real and imaginary components of the interphasial (metal/passive
film/solution) impedance, with considerable success [28-33]. An earlier version of the model
has been extensively used to analyze data obtained in this program for carbon steel in simulated
concrete pore water and these analyses will be discussed at length in a later paper. With the
exception of one recent publication [34], all of the previous work from this laboratory used the
commercial DataFit [35] software for optimization, which employed the Levenberg-Marquardt
[36] method of minimization, in order to optimize the model onto the experimental data. The
optimization work described below was performed using the same model as previous work;
however, the optimization was performed with a newer method of optimization, Differential
Evolution (DE), using custom software [37], which solves many of the issues associated with
parameter optimization of functions of this type. The quality of solution is vastly improved
(several orders of magnitude reduction in the chi-squared error over gradient-based methods).
An overview of Evolutionary Algorithm methods is presented in Ref. [38]. Although gradient-
based methods are computationally much faster than evolutionary methods, such as DE, without
operator experience and the requirement for non-intuitive knowledge about a highly dimensional
system, they are not operationally more efficient. The man-hours saved more than makes up for
any shortcomings in terms of computational speed. Parenthetically, we note that the inclusion of
reversible reactions will allow the PDM to also account for the reduction of the passive films,
albeit at a considerable cost in mathematical complexity.