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www.fh-joanneum.at
MANAGEMENT
•
It is instructive to follow the behaviour of the few OEEC
members that joined neither the EEC nor EFTA.
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In 1961 Finland essentially joined EFTA by signing an Association
Agreement.
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Iceland applied for EFTA membership in 1968, acceding in 1970.
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Thus by the end of the 1970s, all West European nations have
forsaken bilateralism except Spain and Greece (who were under
dictatorships) and Ireland (which was neutral and did most of its
trade with the UK).
–
Greece and Turkey both applied for associate EEC membership
almost as soon as the Treaty of Rome was signed.
Two Non-Overlapping Circles (2)
www.fh-joanneum.at
MANAGEMENT
•
Spain signed a preferential trade agreement with
the EEC in 1970 and one with EFTA in 1979.
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The 1960s saw the trade liberalisation promised
by the Treaty of Rome and the Stockholm
Convention (EFTA's founding document) come to
fruition.
•
By the late 1960s trade arrangements in West
Europe could be described as two non-
overlapping circles.
Two Non-Overlapping Circles (3)
www.fh-joanneum.at
MANAGEMENT
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In the early 1960s, EFTA-based and EEC-based firms had
roughly equal access to each other's markets (the
preferential liberalisation had only just begun).
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However, as the barriers began to fall within the EEC
and within EFTA (but not between the groups),
discriminatory effects appeared. This discrimination
meant lost profit opportunities for exporters in both
groups.
•
Accordingly, the progressive reduction of within-group
barriers generated new political economy forces for
lowering between-group barriers.
Evolution to Two Concentric Circles (1)
www.fh-joanneum.at
MANAGEMENT
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In 1961, Great Britain applied for EC membership.
•
While this move was unilateral, Ireland, Denmark and Norway
quickly followed suit.
•
The other EFTAns did not apply for political reasons such as
neutrality (Austria, Finland, Sweden and Switzerland) or because
they were not heavily dependent on the EEC market (Portugal and
Iceland).
•
After much discussion, France vetoed this first enlargement
attempt in 1963, but the same four EFTAns reapplied in 1967.
•
After many delays, membership for the four was granted in 1973.
Norway's population (which is profoundly jealous of sovereignty
that they won only in 1905) refused EEC membership in a
referendum.
Evolution to Two Concentric Circles (2)
www.fh-joanneum.at
MANAGEMENT
•
The upshot of all this was that by the mid-1970s trade
arrangements in West Europe had evolved from non-overlapping
circles into two concentric circles.
•
The outer circle, which encompassed both EFTA and EEC nations,
represents a unified free trade area for industrial products.
•
The inner circle was the EEC. These countries were much more
thoroughly integrated, even in the mid-1970s.
•
Again a parallel with the 1990s appears. The EFTAns that chose
not to apply for EEC membership - A, SF, ISL, S, CH and P - were
again faced with the prospect of increased discrimination. Just as
the CEECs did in the 1990s, the EFTAns of the 1970s reacted by
signing bilateral FTAs with the EEC.
Evolution to Two Concentric Circles (3)