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www.fh-joanneum.at
MANAGEMENT
•
The EU first systematically took up the removal of technical barriers in 1969
with its ‘General Programme’
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This launched what came to be called the ‘traditional’ or ‘old’ approach to TBT
liberalisation.
•
Although the practice was far from the principle, the old approach strived for
total harmonisation of national standards and regulations. As such, the old
approach relied on detailed technical regulations for single products or groups
of products implemented by unanimously agreed directives of the European
Council
•
Once adopted, such directives supplanted national laws, regulations and
standards.
•
The resulting liberalisation was disappointing. The main failing was that
harmonisation proceeded much more slowly than the development of new
national TBTs.
Failure of Deeper Trade Integration (2)
www.fh-joanneum.at
MANAGEMENT
•
In 1985, EU firms enjoyed duty-free access to each
other's markets, however they certainly did not enjoy
free trade.
•
Intra-EC trade was shackled by a long list of trade-
inhibiting barriers such as differing technical standards
and industrial regulations, capital controls, preferential
public procurement, administrative and frontier
formalities, VAT and excise tax rate differences and
differing transport regulations, to mention just a few
barriers.
Deeper Circles: The Single Market Programme and EEA
www.fh-joanneum.at
MANAGEMENT
•
1985 White Paper that listed 300 measures necessary to transform the
Common Market into the Single Market; a deadline of the end of 1992 was
specified.
Main economic policy changes are:
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Goods Trade Liberalisation
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Streamlining or eliminating border formalities,
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Liberalisation of government procurement
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Harmonisation and mutual recognition of technical standards in production, packaging
and marketing
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Harmonisation of Value Added Tax rates
–
Factor Trade Liberalization
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Increased capital market integration,
–
Liberalisation of cross-border market-entry policies, including mutual recognition of
approval by national regulatory agencies
EC 92