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www.fh-joanneum.at
MANAGEMENT
•
For the first time since WW II, the US began to run an
irresponsible monetary policy in the late 1960s, essentially
printing money to pay for the Vietnam War.
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Since all major currencies were linked to the dollar at the time (via
the Bretton Woods exchange rate system), US inflation was more
or less automatically translated into rising inflation in Europe and
elsewhere.
•
The political pressures arising from this irresponsible US action
lead to the gradual break down, between 1971 and 1973, of the
global fixed exchange rate system.
Euro-pessimism
www.fh-joanneum.at
MANAGEMENT
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Exchange rate stability was widely viewed as a critical factor
supporting the rapid post-war growth trade and international
investment and the rising prosperity these brought.
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Consequently, the EEC searched for ways of restoring exchange
rate stability among members.
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The first step was the creation of the so-called “snake in the
tunnel” in 1972. This limited exchange rate movements of EEC
member currencies to a band of
2.25% (i.e. the snake).
•
The name came from the fact that this band was narrower than
the
4.5% band (i.e. the tunnel) permitted under the weakened
Bretton Woods arrangement.
Failure of Monetary Integration (1)
www.fh-joanneum.at
MANAGEMENT
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The economic environment for this new European
monetary arrangement could not have been worse.
Months after it was launched, the Yom Kippur war in
the Middle East triggered an Arab oil boycott of
Western powers.
•
Most European nations adopted expansionary
monetary and fiscal policies to compensate for the
economic downturn and these further fuelled inflation.
The resulting falling income levels and rising inflation
rates came to be known as ‘stagflation’.
Failure of Monetary Integration (2)
www.fh-joanneum.at
MANAGEMENT
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Between 1972 and 1978, the UK, Ireland, Denmark, Italy
and France were all forced from the snake.
•
In the end, this brave attempt to integrate EEC members
more deeply end up as a symbol of European’s inability to
co-operate.
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At the heart of this failure were the deep set differences
over how to manage economic shocks.
•
Germany and like minded nations such as the Netherlands,
Belgium and Luxembourg refrained from softening
economic downturns by printing money. These nations,
which came to be known as the DEM bloc, did manage to
limit exchange rate fluctuations among themselves.
Failure of Monetary Integration (3)
www.fh-joanneum.at
MANAGEMENT
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At the same time, European nations began to erect new
trade barriers among themselves.
•
These new barriers consisted of detailed technical
regulations and standards, called technical barriers to
trade (TBTs), which had the effect of fragmenting the
European markets.
•
While these policies undoubtedly inhibited intra
European trade, their announced goal was to protect
consumers.
Failure of Deeper Trade Integration (1)