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Ф едерал ь ное
агент с т во
по
образованию
Е
.
А
.
К няж е ва
П е ре вод
т е кст ов
экол огиче с кой
направл е ннос т и
Учебное
пос обие
дл я
вузов
Вороне ж
2006
2
Ут ве рж дено
Н аучно
-
ме т одиче с ким
с овет ом
факул ь т е т а
РГФ
,
прот окол
№
6
от
27.06.2006
Н аучный
редактор
доцент
С
.
В
.
Н икит ина
Ре цензе нт
канд
.
фил ол
.
наук
Н
.
М
.
Ш ишкина
Учебное
пос обие
подгот овл ено
на
кафедре
т еории
пере вода
и
ме ж кул ь т урной
коммуникации
факул ь т е т а
романо
-
германс кой
фил ол огии
Вороне ж с кого
гос ударс т ве нного
универс ит ет а
.
Ре коме ндовано
дл я
практиче с ких
занят ий
с о
с т уде нт ами
IV
курс а
д
/
о
и
М
курс а
в
/
о
факул ь т е т а
романо
-
германс кой
фил ол огии
по
курс у
пис ь ме нного
пере вода
.
Д л я
с пециал ь нос т и
: 031202 (022900) -
П е ре вод
и
пере водоведе ние
3
UNIT 1
1. Brainstorming.
What do you know about environmental pollution? Make a list of ecological
problems and name them both in English and in Russian.
2. Reading and discussion.
Read the text and discuss the ecological problems outlined by the author. Which
of them are NOT on your list?
Environmental Impacts of Urbanization
The growth of cities can have significant impact on the environment.
Temperature
. Due to several factors, including the paving over of formerly
vegetated land and the high concentration of heat sources, cities tend to be warmer
than surrounding countryside, sometimes by a difference as large as 10 Celsius.
Large cities become
‘
regional heat islands
’
, which can alter local weather patterns.
Air pollution.
One of the most obvious differences between an urban and a
rural area is the air quality. Due to heavy motor vehicle traffic, and also to energy
production, clouds of smog hang over many cities causing threat to public health.
Water issues.
When an area is urbanized, the water cycle changes dramatically.
First of all, cities have more precipitation than surrounding areas, with pollutants and
convection currents serving as magnets for raindrop formation. Once the water falls,
instead of being absorbed by the soil, it is channeled into run-off systems, picking up
ground pollutants along the way. Water pollution is aggravated by industrial waste
and sewage disposal, which is often untreated.
Destruction of habitat.
The conversion of a natural area to an urban area means
the destruction of whatever was there previously. When wetlands, for example, are
paved over, an ecosystem is lost, and species dependent on that ecosystem die out in
the area. A less drastic example is that of erosion: fertile topsoil tends to get washed
away if the valley is urbanized.
Urban sprawl
. Urban sprawl is a later stage of urbanization. After a city has
grown vertically and filled to a certain density, it begins to grow horizontally, spilling
out of its previous borders in typically low density, low efficiency developments
which can eventually extend over a sizeable area around the original city. Since urban
sprawl is low-density, it quickly occupies a lot of space that previously might have
been used for agriculture, or has just been some natural habitat.
The future.
There is no question that urbanization is here to stay. In 1985, 43%
of the world population lived in urban areas. Population experts estimate that by the
year 2025, over 60% of humans will be city-dwellers. Will these billions of people
live in clean, efficient, modern cities, or will they inhabit endless slums?
4
3. Matching.
Match these lexical units to their definitions and give their Russian equivalents.
1. urbanization
2. convection currents
3. sewage
4. disposal
5. urban sprawl
6. pollutant
7. recycling
8. slum(s)
9. pollution
10. habitat
11. species
12. precipitation
a. the process of making an area more like a town, with more buildings, industries,
businesses;
b. currents by which heat travels through air, water and other gases and liquids;
c. an irregular spreading of city buildings in an unpleasant and unattractive way;
d. a city area of poor living conditions and old unrepaired buildings, especially in the
centre;
e. the act of getting rid of something;
f. the process of treating things so that they can be used again;
g. damage caused to water, air, etc. by harmful substances or waste;
h. the natural home of a plant or animal;
i. a group of animals or plants which are all similar and can breed together to produce
young animals or plants of the same kind as them;
j. contaminated liquid carried off in an underground channel for treatment or to a
natural waterway;
k. a substance that makes air, water, soil, etc. dangerously dirty, and is caused by
cars, factories, etc.
l. rain, snow, etc. that falls on the ground, or the amount of rain, snow, etc. that falls
4. Vocabulary input.
Study the terms below and give their Russian equivalents. Translate the
sentences.
Nature
We have upset the balance of nature, destroyed plant life, banished wild creatures
from their habitats, disrupted normal growth cycles, all the while forgetting that every
intricate part of nature depends on all the other parts for continuance and growth.
The environment
The reason why urbanization is likely to harm the local environment is simply that
people are much more densely crowded together.
Environmental
It moved people to a new level of environmental awareness and activism.
5
Environmentalist
Environmentalists are struggling to lessen the impact of human activity on the natural
world.
Environmentalism
Environmentalism is the study of the environment in order to protect it from damage
by human activities.
Ecology
The science of ecology is the study of the interactions that determine the abundance
and distribution of organisms.
Ecologist
Ecologists have discovered that all species in an ecosystem interact with one another,
either directly or indirectly.
To conserve
We must conserve our woodlands for future generations.
The building is expressly designed to conserve energy.
Conservation/conservancy
Over the years conservation has acquired many connotations: to some it has meant
the protection of wild nature, to others the sustained production of useful materials
from the resources of the Earth.
Conservation strategies have to become more widely accepted, and people must learn
that energy use can be dramatically diminished without sacrificing comfort.
To preserve
These traditions should be preserved for coming generations.
Preservation
The police are responsible for the preservation of law and order.
To protect
The document requires countries to develop plans to protect endangered species and
habitats
Protection
This includes such activities as the protection and restoration of endangered species,
the careful use or recycling of scarce mineral resources.
5
.
Gap-filling.
Fill in the gaps and translate the text.
Natural balance, substances, reactions, at the same rate, polar regions, affected area,
oxygen, atmosphere, natural processes
Up in the stratosphere, small amounts of ozone are constantly being made by
the action of sunlight on (
…
). At the same time, ozone is being broken down by (
…
).
The total amount of ozone usually stays constant because its formation and
destruction occur at about (
…
). Human activity has recently changed that (
…
).
Certain manufactured (
…
) (such as chlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons) can
destroy stratospheric ozone much faster than it is formed.
The ozone-destroying (
…
) take place most rapidly only under certain
conditions in the stratosphere. These conditions
–
extreme cold, darkness and spring
sun appears. Antarctica is the worst (
…
), probably because the air above it is most