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6
isolated from the rest of the atmosphere. Scientists often refer to the part of the (
…
)
where ozone is most depleted as the
‘
ozone hole
’
, but it is not really a hole
–
just a
vast region of the upper atmosphere where there is less ozone than elsewhere.
6. Hot verbs. Study these verbs and use them in the sentences of your own.
To pollute
–
to make air, water, soil, etc. dangerously dirty and not suitable for
people to use;
eg Raw sewage, garbage, and oil spills have begun to overwhelm the diluting
capabilities of the oceans, and most coastal waters are now polluted.
З а гряз н ят ь
(
во з д у х
,
во д у
,
о кру ж а ю щ у ю
сред у
)
To contaminate
–
to make a substance or place dirty and dangerous by adding
something to it, for example, chemicals or poison;
eg There were fears that dumped waste might contaminate water supplies.
З а гряз н ят ь
,
з а ра ж а т ь
To poison
–
to make land, rivers, air, etc. dirty and dangerous, especially by the use
of harmful chemicals;
eg The chemical waste poisoned the water supply.
О т ра влят ь
,
з а ра ж а т ь
To despoil
–
to make a place much less attractive by removing or damaging things;
eg The sandy beaches are being despoiled by an oil spill.
О т ра влят ь
;
з а ра ж а т ь
;
лиш а т ь
(
чего
-
либо
)
To foul (up)
–
to make something very dirty, especially with waste;
eg We are fouling the seas with chemicals and oil.
З а гряз н ят ь
,
з а со рят ь
;
о т ра влят ь
To defile
–
to make dirty, foul, filthy or impure; to pollute;
eg Rivers are being defiled with sewage
З а гряз н ят ь
,
по рт ит ь
.
7. Translation.
Technology and Environmentalism
If one were choreographing the dance between technology and environment, it
would be a strange one indeed. Contrary to today
’
s ahistorical postmodernism, it has
existed since early humans began driving megafauna extinct in Australia, or smelting
metal in China, Greece or Rome, or deforestring Europe and North Africa.
Nor are end-of-pipe command-and-control regulations a modern invention: as
early as 1306, London adopted ordinances limiting the burning of coal for air quality
reasons (which did not prevent
“
killer smogs
”
in 1873, 1880, 1891, and 1952, the
latter leading to new clean air legislation in 1956). Another example is the English
Alkali Act of 1863, passed to control emissions of gaseous hydrochloric acid
7
resulting from the LeBlanc method of producing sodium carbonate. This act imposed
a form of
“
best available control technology
”
, or BACT, in the form of acid
absorption towers designed by William Gossage.
Such examples, and their modern analogs, illustrate the continuing dialogue
between environmentalism and technology. Environmentalism is a powerful
movement for addressing simple and easily observed problems, clean air and water,
waste site cleanup, preservation of valued landscapes, protecting endangered species,
and even bans on materials whose problematic environmental impacts can be easily
demonstrated (for example, lead in gasoline). The successes achieved by
environmentalism in these cases are real and important.
Potential dangers arise when the tools and mental models appropriate to simple
solutions are applied to complex ones where they are disfunctional. From a political
perspective, surveys continually demonstrate strong support for environmentalism,
but this primarily extends to easily seen problems
–
one of the reasons that much
activism focuses on manufacturing, where it is perceived environmental issues are
both easily detected and relatively easily fixed.
When issues involve complex systems with time cycles measured in decades or
centuries rather than months, and where scientific uncertainty is relatively high,
public support falls off rapidly. This explains to some extent why Americans strongly
support environmentalism generally but are deeply split over the Kyoto process. This
is an obvious complexity when attempting to craft long-term policies to address these
fundamental environmental perturbations.
A more basic problem arises from the evolution of environmentalism, which
has generally positioned environmental issues as
“
overhead
”
–
that is, something to
be taken care of only after primary missions are accomplished. In firms, this is
represented by end-of pipe technologies such as scrubbers or water treatment plants,
which are relatively independent of product or process design. The mental model
behind this approach, however, encourages simplistic, often ideological approaches
to complex problems and is problematic when applied to complex, real world
systems.
8. Translation practice A.
1. Conservation strategies that would not alter lifestyles but would greatly lessen
environmental impact are essential in the developed world.
2. The grassland is an important habitat for many wild flowers.
3. The leading cause of extinction is habitat destruction, particularly of the world
’
s
richest ecosystems
–
tropical rainforests and coral reefs.
4. As fossil fuels are burnt, chemicals and particulate matter are released into the
atmosphere.
5. Raw sewage, garbage and oil spills have begun to overwhelm the diluting
capabilities of the oceans, and most coastal waters are now polluted.
6. The accident at the Chernobyl
’
s nuclear power plant in 1986 scattered radioactive
contamination over a large part of Europe.
8
7. For the first time, an international pact was signed that set specific targets for
reducing emissions of chemicals responsible for the destruction of the earth
’
s ozone
layer.
8. It is difficult to estimate the rate at which humans are driving species extinct.
9. Environmentalists would like to see fossil fuels replaced by renewable energy
sources.
10. On April 22, 1970, the first Earth Day, approximately 20 million Americans
gathered at various sites across the country to protest corporate and governmental
abuse of the
environment.
9. Translation practice B.
1.
Защ ит ники
окруж аю щ е й
с реды
ве дут
борь бу
за
уме нь ше ние
от рицател ь ного
воздейс т вия
чел овечес кой
де ят е л ь нос т и
на
окруж аю щ ую
с реду
.
2.
М ы
дол ж ны
с паст и
от
вымирания
ж ивущ ие
у
нас
виды
ж ивот ных
и
защ ит ит ь
их
е с т е с т венную
с ре ду
обит ания
.
3.
Ученые
ус т ановил и
,
чт о
вс е
биол огиче с кие
виды
в
рамках
от дел ь но
взят ой
экос ис т е мы
прямо
ил и
опос редованно
взаимодейс т вую т
друг
с
другом
.
4.
М ногие
биол огиче с кие
виды
,
находящ ие с я
под
угрозой
ис че зновения
,
обре че ны
на
вымирание
.
5.
Л егковые
и
грузовые
авт омобил и
вызываю т
загрязнение
воздуха
пос редс т вом
выхл опных
газов
.
6.
Запасы
природного
(
ис копаемого
)
т опл ива
ограничены
;
кроме
т ого
,
е го
с ж игание
приводит
к
гл обал ь ному
пот е пл ению
,
загрязне нию
воздуха
и
кис л от ным
дож дям
.
7.
К ис л от ные
дож ди
предс т авл яю т
с обой
с е рь езную
пробл ему
,
пот ому
чт о
л ишь
не многие
биол огиче с кие
виды
могут
выж ит ь
в
т аких
не бл агоприят ных
ус л овиях
.
8.
Разл ив
нефт и
окол о
бере гов
А л яс ки
грозит
экол огиче с кой
катас т рофой
.
10. Supplementary reading and summarizing.
Making a presentation on hot environmental issues.
9
UNIT 2
1. Brainstorming.
In what ways ecological problems are being sorted out?
2. Reading and discussion.
Read the text and speak about the outlined problems and solutions.
Why We Must Fight the Destruction?
When rainforests are cleared and burned millions of tones of carbon dioxide
are released into the atmosphere affecting climatic conditions and threatening us all
with severe flooding, drought and crop failure.
The rainforests contain at least half of the Earth
’
s species. At the current rate of
devastation an estimated 50 species worldwide become extinct every day.
One in four purchases from your chemist is derived from the rainforests.
Scientists are currently caught in a race against time to find rainforest treatments for
cancer, AIDS and heart disease
–
before they are lost forever.
Tribal people in the rainforests have been shot, poisoned and infected with
disease to which they have no resistance
–
to make room for logging, mining and
dams.
If this destruction continues only nine of the 33 countries currently exporting
rainforest timber will have any left by the end of the decade.
Almost everyone will have part of the rainforests in their home, as DIY stores
still supply and the construction industry still uses tropical hardwoods for doors,
window frames and even toilet seats.
What Friends of the Earth Has Done?
Friends of the Earth
’
s Tropical Rainforest Campaign has been fighting to save the
rainforests for ten years. In that time, we
’
ve achieved a great deal.
-
We
’
ve forced the British Government
–
and even timber trade organizations
themselves
–
to acknowledge just how short-sighted the devastation is.
-
We have persuaded major international companies to stop industrial activities
that harm the rainforests.
-
And by mobilizing consumer pressure, we have helped reduce imports of
tropical timber into the UK by nearly a third.
Please help us save the tropical rainforests now, before it
’
s too late. There
’
s still a lot
more to do. With your help, we can build on our success.
3. Matching.
Match these words to their definitions and give their Russian equivalents.
1. rainforests
2. deforestration
3. flood
10
4. drought
5. devastation
6. extinction
7. logging
8. dam
9. timber
10. hardwoods
a. a situation in which a particular kind of animal, plant, etc. no longer exists;
b. a tropical forest of tall trees that are very close together, growing in an area where
it rains a lot;
c. a special wall built across a river, stream, etc. to stop the water flowing, especially
to make a lake or produce electricity;
d. the cutting or burning down of all the trees in the area;
e. a continuous period of dry weather during which no rain falls;
f. work of cutting down forest trees for timber;
g. ruining, making or being made desolate;
h. great quantity of water in a place that is usually dry;
i. very strong and hard like oak, mahogany, teak;
j. wood that is used for building houses and making furniture;
4. Gap filling.
Fill in the gaps and translate the text.
The Industrial revolution; degradation; non-forest; resource; grassland; destruction;
regeneration; agriculture; wildlife habitat; forest; removal; climate and geography;
biodiversity;
Deforestration is the conversion of forested areas to (
…
). Historically, this
meant conversion to (
…
) or to its artificial counterpart, grainfields; however, the (
…
)
added urbanization and technological uses. Generally this removal or (
…
) of
significant areas of forest cover has resulted in a simplified (or degraded)
environment with reduced (
…
). In developing countries, massive deforestration is a
leading cause of environmental (
…
). The forest is an enormously valuable (
…
) and
the loss, or degradation of the forest can cause severe damage to (
…
), and to other
economic and ecological services the forest provides. Historically deforestration has
accompanied mankind
’
s progress since the Neolithic, and has shaped (
…
).
Deforestration (whether deliberate or unintended) is the result of (
…
) of trees
without sufficient reforestration. There are many causes, ranging from extremely
slow (
…
) degradation to sudden and catastrophic wildfires. Deforestration can be the
result of the deliberate removal of forest cover for (
…
) or urban development, or it
can be an unintentional consequence of uncontrolled grazing (which can prevent the
natural (
…
) of young trees).