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11
5. Language input.
Study the terms below and give their Russian equivalents
Resource
–
something such as land, minerals, or natural energy that exists in a
country and can be used to increase its wealth;
Eg As the number of people increases, more pollution is generated, more habitats are
destroyed, and more resources are used up.
Natural resources
–
all the land, minerals, natural energy, etc. that exist in a country;
Eg The world
’
s supply of natural resources is finite, and in some regions particular
resources are already scarce.
Fossil fuel
–
a fuel such as coal or oil that is produced by the very gradual decaying
of animals or plants over millions of years;
Eg Environmentalists would like to see fossil fuels replaced by renewable energy
sources;
Reserve
- a supply of something that a country or an organization can use when they
need to;
Eg Germany
’
s coal reserves were concentrated in a few large fields
Deposit
–
a layer of a mineral, metal, etc. that is left in soil or rocks through a natural
process;
Eg Valuable new deposits of tin have been found in Bolivia
Waste
–
unwanted materials or substances that are left after you have used something;
Eg A bill was introduced to clean up toxic wastes from local factories
Refuse (formal)/rubbish (esp BrE)/garbage (espAmE)/trash (AmE)
- waste
material, such as paper, empty containers, and food thrown away
Eg The District Council made a weekly collection of refuse.
6. Hot verbs.
Study these verbs and use them in the sentences of your own.
To dump / to tip
–
to get rid of something unwanted, especially by leaving it in a
place where it is not allowed to be;
Eg Which is better, to incinerate the rubbish from our towns or to tip it into disused
quaries?
Сва лива т ь
(
му со р
,
о т хо д ы
и
т
.
п
.);
вы гру ж а т ь
,
ра з гру ж а т ь
To dispose
–
to get rid of something unwanted, especially something that is difficult
to get rid of;
Eg The Earth like many organisms, can regulate its temperature, dispose of its
wastes, and fight off disease.
Из ба влят ься
;
у д а лят ь
,
у бира т ь
,
у н ичт о ж а т ь
;
вы во з ит ь
To recycle
- to put used objects or materials through a special process, so that they
can be used again;
Eg We take all our bottles and newspapers to be recycled
Ут илиз иро ва т ь
;
перера ба т ы ва т ь
;
по вт о рн о
испо льз о ва т ь
;
во з вра щ а т ь
в
о бо ро т
(
о т хо д ы
про из во д ст ва
)
To clean up
–
to make something completely clean and tidy;
12
Eg. Investment in waste water treatment has helped to clean up rivers and lakes
Убира т ь
,
чист ит ь
;
о чищ а т ь
;
у лу чш а т ь
со ст о ян ие
(
о кру ж а ю щ ей
сред ы
)
To purify
–
to remove dirty or harmful substances from something;
Eg The liquid is purified by passing it through charcoal
О чищ а т ь
7. Translate the text.
Recycling.
Recycling is really just common sense, and until the
“
modern era
”
, it was a common
household activity. Before the 1920s, 70% of US cities ran programs to recycle
certain materials. During World War II, industry recycled and reused about 25 % of
the waste stream. Because of concern for the environment, recycling is again on the
upswing. The nation
’
s composting and recycling rate rose from 7.7% of the waste
stream in 1960 to 17% in 1990. It
’
s currently up to around 30%.
The Garbage Crisis.
The world has changed a lot in the past century. More garbage is generated now than
ever before. The Average American discards seven and a half pounds of garbage
every day. This garbage goes mostly to landfills, where it
’
s compacted and buried. As
the waste stream continues to grow, so will the pressures on our landfills, our
resources, and our environment.
Recycling
–
an important part of the solution.
The more we recycle, the less garbage winds up in our landfills and incineration
plants. By reusing aluminium, paper, glass, plastics, and other materials, we can save
production and energy costs, and reduce the negative impacts that the extraction and
processing of virgin materials has on the environment.
Interesting end products.
What gets recycled into what? Sometimes it
’
s exactly what you
’
d expect. Old
corrugated boxes turn into new corrugated boxes. Newspapers? Some pulp, different
news. Glass bottles into glass bottles. But some of the end products may surprise you.
There are just a few examples of the thousands of products that are created using
recycled materials that would otherwise wind up in our landfills. Glass beverage
containers can be recycled over and over again. But they can also be used for other
things you may not expect. Like roads. Marbles. Decorative tiles. Surfboards. And a
host of other products and materials.
In 1995, the recycling of polyethylene bottles reached a new high. 34% of all
the bottles produced were being recycled. These bottles are turned into everything
from rugs to goggles, park benches and fences to fiber for filling ski jackets.
Steel and aluminium cans can be easily recycled for use in other steel and aluminium
products. This not only conserves mineral resources, but the recycling process also
uses about 75% less energy than using virgin materials.
13
8. Translation practice A.
1. Industrial waste has leaked into the water supply.
2. The oil spill threatens an unparalleled ecological catastrophe.
3. There can be little lasting protection against the effects of radioactive fallout.
4. Acid rain is also thought to be responsible for the decline of many forest
ecosystems worldwide.
5. Farming is reducing the rain forest by 1.5% of its area annually.
6. Britain produces 20 million tones of household waste each year.
7. The Japanese recycle more than half of their domestic waste paper.
8. The government has announced a ban on all imports of toxic waste from abroad.
9. Residents have called for a clean-up campaign to keep their streets free from
rubbish.
10. We are gradually developing safer and more effective methods of refuse disposal.
11. Rotting emits carbon dioxide and methane, contributing to the greenhouse effect.
12. The document defines the objectives of the conservation of living resources as:
maintenance of essential ecological processes and life-support systems, preservation
of genetic diversity, and guarantee of the sustainable use of species and ecosystems.
9. Translation practice B
1.
Ес л и
мы
с рочно
не
приме м
необходимые
законы
,
т о
вымираю щ ие
виды
ж ивот ных
очень
с коро
пере с т анут
с ущ ес т вовать
на
зе мл е
.
2.
Н аибол ее
актуал ь ным
вопрос ом
с ейчас
явл яе т с я
с охранение
л ес ов
и
очис т ка
водных
ис т очников
.
3.
Вл ож е ние
значит е л ь ных
с ре дс т в
в
с т роит ел ь с т во
водоочис т ных
с ооруж е ний
помогл о
очис т ит ь
наши
ре ки
и
озера
.
4.
П рактиче с ки
вс е
ре ки
в
эт ой
ме с т нос т и
загрязне ны
от ходами
промышл е нного
производс т ва
.
5.
Х имиче с кие
от ходы
попал и
в
с ис т ему
водос набж ения
.
6.
Н акопл ение
в
атмос фере
угл е кис л ого
газа
с пос обс т вуе т
гл обал ь ному
пот епл ению
на
пл ане т е
.
7.
Ут ил изация
от ходов
производс т ва
,
нес омненно
,
помож е т
с дел ать
окруж аю щ ую
с ре ду
бол е е
чис т ой
.
8.
Э пиде мия
был а
вызвана
ис пол ь зованием
пит ь е вой
воды
,
загрязненной
не обработ анными
с т очными
водами
.
9.
Захоронение
радиоактивных
от ходов
пре дс т авл яе т
с обой
с ерь е зную
угрозу
окруж аю щ е й
с ре де
.
10.
М ы
дол ж ны
с охранит ь
окруж аю щ ую
с ре ду
и
природные
богатс т ва
дл я
пос л едую щ их
покол е ний
л ю дей
.
11.
В
обязаннос т и
ме с т ных
вл ас т ей
входит
с бор
и
вывоз
мус ора
.
12.
Здание
с прое ктировано
т аким
образом
,
чт обы
с пос обс т вовать
максимал ь но
экономному
рас ходу
эл е ктроэне ргии
.
10. Supplementary reading and summarizing.
14
Extension
Text1
Uncertainty, Climate Change, and Adaptive Management
Introduction
Humanity
’
s transformation of the Earth has increased the concentration of
greenhouse gases, thereby altering Earth
’
s climate. The potential consequences of
climate change are interwoven with a huge variety of biogeophysical processes that
complicate the analysis of policies designed to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
In this paper, we explore how adaptive management can be used to grapple with the
regional and global scientific, economic, and political uncertainties of climate
change.
Climate change and its impacts
Atmospheric change
Climate change policy has focused upon the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
However, reorganizing society to reduce greenhouse gas emissions quickly will be
difficult. Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases will probably continue to
increase in the near future. Existing concentrations of greenhouse gases are likely to
alter climate, and future emissions will only add to that alteration. Although the
extent of this alteration in uncertain, it could prove significant. Extreme impacts are
likely in some regions.
Resilience
Walker and Steffen (1997) point out that global changes, such as biodiversity loss,
hydrological modification, and the alteration of global biogeochemical cycles, will
interact with climate change to alter ecosystems in complex ways across a broad
range of scales. Ecological resilience, the ability of an ecosystem to persist despite
disruption and change, depends upon the continuity of ecological processes. The
impacts of global change threaten to reduce ecological resilience, producing
ecosystems that are increasingly brittle and sensitive to disruption.
Ecological reorganization
Climate change affects species individually (Root 1993, Pitelka et al. 1997). Different
species and populations migrate, establish, and become extinct at different rates.
Climate change, therefore, will cause the dissolution of existing ecosystems and the
formation of new ecosystems. Ecological collapses will probably eliminate some
species entirely, and these species losses may cause the elimination of entire
ecosystems. The Earth may lose cold-adapted systems such as arctic and alpine
communities to warming, and low elevation islands to sea level rise. New ecosystems
will form as a consequence of climate change, but the membership of these new
systems will be drawn from the subset of existing species that can survive under the
new conditions. Although climate change has occurred many times throughout
15
Earth
’
s history, the ecological impacts of current climate alterations are amplified by
other anthropogenically-driven global changes.
Walker and Steffen (1997) also note that the rate at which existing ecosystems
dissolve will exceed that at which new assemblages form. Mortality of existing
vegetation through processes such as insect outbreak, flooding, or fire
–
all processes
projected to increases under climate change
–
will occur rapidly compared to the
accumulation of vegetative structure in new ecosystems.
Climate and people
Humanity is threatened by both direct and indirect consequences of climate change.
Unlike other species, humans have the ability to plan for the future and to invest in
technology and learning to mitigate and adapt to future changes. Wealth,
infrastructure, and political stability all contribute to a nation
’
s capacity to anticipate
and respond to change. A poorly educated populace, limited physical infrastructure,
degraded natural capital, or ineffective governance can all contribute to the
vulnerability of a region to climate change. Unfortunately, some areas that are
already vulnerable due to social and economic circumstances, such as small island
states and arid tropics, are also predicted to experience larger than average impacts
from climate change.
Text 2
A barrage of criticism
For the past century or so, governments and development agencies alike have
been keen on dams. Built to store water and generate electricity, they are often
emblems of national pride. And surely driving turbines from flowing rivers is a
greener way to generate than burning coal, oil or gas? But now serious doubts are
emerging. For the first time a comprehensive effort has been made to analyse the
environmental, economic and social impacts of the world
’
s 45,000 large dams. The
World Commission on Dams has spent two years gathering data on 1,000 of them,
soliciting the views of governments and non-governmental groups. This week the
result has been unveiled. The conclusion is bleak.
Dams make valuable economic contributions, of course: a third of countries
depend on hydropower for over half of their electricity, and over a third of irrigated
land depends on dams. Farmers benefit from cheap irrigation water which, in turn,
subsidises much of the world
’
s food. But the overall costs of dams, to both man and
nature, have never before been considered. The report concludes that dams
’
impacts
on ecosystems are
“
mostly negative
”
.
The building of dams is often destructive. It usually means clearing forests or
other habitats in areas to be flooded. Water in reservoirs, especially in water-storage
dams, becomes silted with vegetation washed off land upstream. As that rots, it emits
carbon dioxide and methane, contributing to the greenhouse effect. How much is
emitted is not known, but some estimates say reservoirs could account for more than
a quarter of the
“
global-warming potential
”
of gases in the atmosphere. It was
assumed that hydropower, by substituting for burning fossil fuels, would reduce