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б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного или
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).
1. Washington is the world's largest industry city.
2. He likes plums and pears very much.
3. Washington is one of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the United States.
4. My grandmother’s house is situated near the forest.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именами существительными (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. His sister is a ten-year old girl.
2. The new Academy building is not far from my house.
3. This laboratory equipment is quite new.
4. The lecturer named cotton yarn production figures in his report.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. No building in the city may be more than 40 meters tall.
2. The longer I stayed in Washington, the more I liked it.
3. This street is as wide as that one.
4. There are not so high buildings as in New York.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. There are some faculties in our Academy.
2. Some 20 students took part in sport competition.
3. Any result in our experiment is of great importance for the whole research.
4. No one knew about this discovery.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский, язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. This student took an active part in the public life of the Academy.
2. The achievements in science will provide for the progress in economy.
3. Our machine-builders use the latest technical achievements in their work.
4. The extra-mural students received paid leaves for their exams.
VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
WASHINGTON, DC
Washington is the capital of the United States of America. It is situated in the District of Columbia and is like no other city of the USA. It's the world's largest industry city. And that industry is government. The White House, where the US President lives and works, the Capitol, the home of the US Congress, and the Supreme Court, are all in Washington.
Washington was named after the first US President George Washington. He selected the place for the capital and Pierre L'Enfant, a French engineer, designed the city.
Washington was first settled in 1790 and since 1800 it has been the Federal capital.
Washington is one of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the United States. In the very centre of it rises the huge dome of the Capitol — a big white dome standing on a circle of pillars. The 535 members of the Congress meet here to discuss the nation's affairs. It's easy to get lost in this huge building, full of paintings and statues.
Not far from the Capitol is the Library of Congress, the largest library in the States. It contains more than 13 million books, more than 19 million manuscripts, including the personal papers of the US presidents.
The White House is the official residence of the US President. He works in the Oval Office.
One can hardly find a park, a square or an open area in Washington without a monument or a memorial. The most impressive and the best-known ones are the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument.
There are some important museums in Washington where you can see all kinds of things: famous paintings and sculptures, the dresses of President’s wives, the original of the Declaration of Independence, the largest blue diamond in the world, etc.
There are 5 universities in Washington.
There are no skyscrapers in Washington, because they would hide the city's many monuments from view. No building in the city may be more than 40 meters tall.
Thousands of tourists visit Washington every day. People from all parts of the United States come to see their capital.
ВАРИАНТ 4.
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного или
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).
1. Everything in St. Petersburg reminds you the time of Peter’s I rule.
2. The historic Second All-Russian Congress of Workers', Soldiers’ and Peasants’ Deputies was in Smolny, in 1917.
3. He always watches TV programme in the evening.
4. Something is wrong with your watches.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определении, выраженных именами существительными (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. Не passes his graduation examinations with excellent marks.
2. St. Petersburg’s plants produce automatic control instruments for underground transport.
3. We have a rapidly developing industry.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. The St. Petersburg metro is as beautiful as the Moscow one.
2. This film is not so interesting as that one.
3. The more you travel, the better you know our country.
4. This problem was much more important than that one.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. Some of these articles are very interesting.
2. Have you any friends in St. Petersburg?
3. There are some 363 bridges in St. Petersburg.
4. No student can translate this article without the help of a dictionary.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский, язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. The legendary cruiser Aurora gave the signal for the assault (штурм) on the Winter Palace.
2. Every monument and every building in St. Petersburg has a history of its own.
3. St. Petersburg will maintain close contacts with other countries.
VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
ST. PETERSBURG
St Petersburg is the second largest city in Russia and one of the most beautiful cities in the world. It was founded in 1703 by Peter the Great as the «Window to the West». St Petersburg, a city of great beauty, with palaces, cathedrals, churches, and government buildings became the capital.
Under later rulers the new capital of the Russian Empire grew rapidly in wealth and beauty. Architects were brought from Western Europe to lay out the city in harmonious squares. Buildings were constructed of grey and rose-colored granite. The Hermitage Palace and the Winter Palace, the homes of the tsars, were equal to any in Europe.
When the First World War began in 1914, the German-sounding name, St Petersburg, was changed to Petrograd. After the Great October Revolution the city was renamed after Lenin.
During the Great Patriotic War the city suffered a great deal. The German armies laid siege to it in 1941, and for the next year and a half it was cut off from the rest of the country. No-food could be brought in, and people died of starvation; Daily shelling and air raids destroyed parts of the city, thousands of people were killed. Rebuilding took years.
Now St. Petersburg is an important industrial, cultural and educational centre. The population of the city is over 5 million.
St Petersburg is indeed a wonderful city. At every turn there is something to catch your eye. The Winter Palace, the Hermitage, the Russian Museum, St Isaac's Cathedral, the Peter-and-Paul Fortress, the Admiralty building attract thousands of tourists from every comer of the world.
Petersburg's many museums house some of the world's famous art collections. The Hermitage, for example, contains the richest collection of pictures in the world. The city is called Northern Venice because there are 65 rivers and canals there with artistically decorated bridges. It's also famous for its beautiful white nights.
ВАРИАНТ 5.
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного или
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).
1. This teacher lectures on Physics.
2. His lectures are of great help to us.
3. This city’s art museums enjoy great popularity.
4. The first permanent white settlers came to New York from Holland in 1626.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определении, выраженных именами существительными (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. There are many new machine building factories in the country.
2. It is on Manhattan Island that most of the skyscrapers are located.
3. Many people work in light and food industry enterprises.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. Today there are more people living in the New York City than in Australia, Peru or Sweden.
2. The subway train can go as fast as railroad trains.
3. The Volga is much longer than the Thames.
4. New York moves vertically as well as horizontally.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. Today some of this land costs a million dollars an acre.
2. One may find little shops where imitation diamonds and cheap souvenirs are sold.
3. Do you go anywhere in the morning?
4. Any student translated this text without a dictionary.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский, язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. People live on the ground, travel under the ground and work in the sky in New York.
2. These Dutch settlers bought all of Manhattan Island from the Indians.
3. Neither my friend nor I translated this text.
4. Train 348 will return in two days.
VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
NEW YORK
New York is a city where all the languages of the world are spoken and where people live on the ground, travel under the ground and work in the sky.
New York makes a great impression on all visitors because of its many high buildings, its theatres, museums and hotels, its beautiful bridges, and its expensive shops with their fabulous prices.
The first permanent white settlers came to New York from Holland in 1626. These Dutch settlers bought all of Manhattan Island from the Indians for the equivalent of twenty-five dollars, while today some of this land costs a million dollars an acre. This island is the heart of the city.
It is on Manhattan Island that most of the skyscrapers are located. This island is connected by six long bridges, as well as by tunnels and ferries, with the other four districts that constitute New York City.
New York is the largest city in the United States. Today there are more people living in the New York City than in Australia, Peru or Sweden.
For transportation New York depends mainly on buses, the subway, taxis and ferries. The buses are slow because of the crowded streets, whereas the subway train can go as fast as railroad trains, sometimes stopping only at the most important stations. We may go all day by the subway for the same fare, if we only change trains but do not go out of the stations.
New York moves vertically as well as horizontally, taking its people by elevator to their offices on the fortieth, sixtieth, and eightieth floor.
New York is the richest and the poorest, the most modern and the most old-fashioned of cities. It is the home of expensive hotels and cheap boarding houses, the home of symphonies and popular jazz, of cathedrals and night clubs; the home of the famous Metropolitan Opera and the Metropolitan Museum of Art; the home of most of the largest publishing houses of the United States and the biggest newspapers. On the Fifth Avenue there are many expensive stores of international fame, but around the comer one may find little shops where imitation diamonds and cheap souvenirs are sold.
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ 2.
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание 2, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса:
1. Видовременные формы глагола: а) активный залог – формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future); формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future); формы Perfect (Present, Past, Future); б) пассивный залог – формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future).
Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык.
2. Модальные глаголы: а) выражающие возможность: can(could), may и эквивалент глагола can – to be able; б) выражающие долженствование: must, его эквиваленты to have to и to be to; should.
3. Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I (Present Participle), Participle II (Past Participle) в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Gerund – герундий, простые формы.
4. Определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения (союзные); придаточные обстоятельственные предложения времени и условия.
5. Интернациональные слова.
Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упражнений.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 1 (К УПР. I).
а) Lobachevsky's geometry had revolutionized mathematics and the philosophy of science.
Геометрия Лобачевского произвела коренное изменение в математике и философии науки.
Had revolutionized – Past Perfect Active от глагола to revolutionize.
6) The new laboratory equipment was sent for yesterday. Вчера послали за новым оборудованием лаборатории.
Was sent for – Past Indefinite Passive от глагола to send.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 2 (К УПР. II).
1. The changes affecting the composition of materials are called the chemical changes.
Изменения, влияющие на состав материалов, называются химическими изменениями.
Affecting – Participle I, определение.
2. When heated to the boiling point water evaporates.
Когда воду нагревают до точки кипения, она испаряется. (When) heated – Participle II, обстоятельство.
3. Heat is radiated by the Sun to the Earth.
Тепло излучается Солнцем на Землю.
Radiated – Participle II, составная часть видо-временной формы Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to radiate.
ВАРИАНТ 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
а) 1.Russian chemical science is successfully solving many complex problems.
2. What is the name of the book you have read?
б) 1. When much material had been looked through and some problems had been solved, the article was published.
2. His scientific work is much spoken about.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Countries wishing to cooperate with us will always find the necessary understanding.
2. When reconstructed, this building looked more beautiful than before.
3. The explanation given was not complete.
4. A simple laboratory experiment demonstrating this principle is shown in Fig. 5.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. One object may be larger than another one, but it may weigh less.
2. Every engineer must know at least one foreign language.
3. As he received a bad mark, he had to go over the material again.
4. Your brother should consult a dictionary or ask advice.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
WHEAT
Wheat-growing was extensively practiced throughout Europe in prehistoric times and this cereal was of great importance in the ancient civilizations of Persia, Greece and Egypt. It spread to all the temperate countries where it now plays a major part in the food supply of many nations and it is also widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas.
Cultivation. It is often said that winter wheat does best on a well-formed seed-bed. Ploughing should be done as early as possible and the normal depth would be in the region of 6 inches. The type of seed-bed required for winter wheat can be described as one with a reasonable tilth in the top 2-3 inches, with a surface containing a high proportion of clods, the largest of these being about the size of a man's hand. This is to prevent capping, a condition which can easily arise with heavy rain, when the soil surface runs together forming a crust.
Manuring. With all crops it is essential to ensure that adequate supplies of phosphate and potash are available during the first few weeks of growth. Once observed it is not possible to correct properly any deficiency and both of these major elements are required either in advance of drilling or they may be combine-drilled with the seed. Combine-drilling is the most economical way of applying these fertilizers, but with winter wheat time of sowing being of prime importance, the faster method of application using fertilizer spinners is more often preferred.
Harvest. Winter wheat is normally harvested from August to October (in Britain), depending on the type of summer experienced and also the geographical location. Spring wheat matures much later than winter wheat and later than the other cereals.
Following a hot, dry summer grain may be combine-harvested under very good conditions; and if the moisture does not exceed 14% then it can be stored without drying. Moisture tests can be carried out at harvest and these are often used to indicate the stage of ripeness or readiness for combining.
ВАРИАНТ 2
1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
а) 1. Today scientists are still looking for the substance as a source of energy.
2. I have known this fact since our meeting.
б) 1. This lecturer is listened to with great interest.
2. The intensity of this process is influenced by many factors.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Molecular crystals are solids constructed of molecules held together by relatively weak forces.
2. The new materials recommended for soil construction were described in the article written by our professor.
3. Having been shown the way I found the office easily.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Energy can exist in many forms and each form can be transformed into the other.
2. The computers should become an integral part of the organization of industrial processes of all types.
3. Students are not allowed to smoke in the classrooms.
4. One should agree that the experiment was of great importance for our research.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
MAIZE
Types of Maize. Several thousand varieties of maize are now grown throughout the world and most of these can be allocated to one of the seven most important groups: dent maize, flint maize, sweet corn, soft maize, popcorn, waxy maize, pod maize.
Soil Requirements. Successful maize cultivation is more frequently and more easily achieved on soils which are of medium texture.
The maize land should be free draining in order that as much of the heat as possible is employed in raising soil temperatures and not removing excess of soil moisture. The soil should be naturally free draining to enable a full rooting system to develop in a plentiful supply of oxygen.
Cultivation. Maize will require deeper ploughing, cultivations and seed-beds to obtain maximum growth. Autumn ploughing is advisable on stronger soils and it may be left until the early spring when textures are light. Cultivations which follow should be to a depth of 4-5 inches. They kill the weeds after germination; inter-row cultivation can follow crop emergence to obtain further weed control.