ВУЗ: Казахская Национальная Академия Искусств им. Т. Жургенова
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1-1
Section
1
Principles of Sound and Hearing
Sound would be of little interest if we could not hear. It is through the production and perception
of sounds that it is possible to communicate and monitor events in our surroundings. Some
sounds are functional, others are created for aesthetic pleasure, and still others yield only annoy-
ance. Obviously a comprehensive examination of sound must embrace not only the physical
properties of the phenomenon but also the consequences of interaction with listeners.
This section deals with sound in its various forms, beginning with a description of what it is
and how it is generated, how it propagates in various environments, and, finally, what happens
when sound impinges on the ears and is transformed into a perception. Part of this examination is
a discussion of the factors that influence the opinions about sound and spatial qualities that so
readily form when listening to music, whether live or reproduced.
Audio engineering, in virtually all its facets, benefits from an understanding of these basic
principles. A foundation of technical knowledge is a useful instrument, and, fortunately, most of
the important ideas can be understood without recourse to complex mathematics. It is the intui-
tive interpretation of the principles that is stressed in this section; more detailed information can
be found in the reference material.
In This Section:
Chapter 1.1: The Physical Nature of Sound
1-7
Introduction
1-7
Sound Waves
1-7
Complex Sounds
1-11
Phase
1-11
Spectra
1-11
Dimensions of Sound
1-16
References
1-19
Chapter 1.2: Sound Propagation
1-21
Introduction
1-21
Inverse-Square and Other Laws
1-21
Sound Reflection and Absorption
1-22
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Source: Standard Handbook of Audio and Radio Engineering
1-2 Section One
Interference: The Sum of Multiple Sound Sources
1-24
Diffraction
1-28
Refraction
1-30
References
1-31
Chapter 1.3: Resonance
1-33
Introduction
1-33
Fundamental Properties
1-33
Resonance in Pipes
1-36
Resonance in Rooms and Large Enclosures
1-39
Resonance in Small Enclosures: Helmholtz Resonators
1-40
Horns
1-41
References
1-41
Chapter 1.4: The Physical Nature of Hearing
1-43
Introduction
1-43
Anatomy of the Ear
1-43
Psychoacoustics and the Dimensions of Hearing
1-45
Loudness
1-45
Loudness as a Function of Frequency and Amplitude
1-45
Loudness as a Function of Bandwidth
1-47
Loudness as a Function of Duration
1-47
Measuring the Loudness of Complex Sounds
1-47
Masking
1-49
Simultaneous Masking
1-49
Temporal Masking
1-50
Acoustic Reflex
1-51
Pitch
1-51
Timbre, Sound Quality, and Perceptual Dimensions
1-52
Audibility of Variations in Amplitude and Phase
1-56
Perception of Direction and Space
1-57
Monaural Transfer Functions of the Ear
1-58
Interaural Differences
1-60
Localization Blur
1-61
Lateralization versus Localization
1-61
Spatial Impression
1-63
Distance Hearing
1-63
Stereophonic Imaging
1-64
Summing Localization with Interchannel Time/Amplitude Differences 1-66
Effect of Listener Position
1-66
Stereo Image Quality and Spaciousness
1-70
Special Role of the Loudspeakers
1-70
Sound in Rooms: The General Case
1-71
Precedence Effect and the Law of the First Wavefront
1-71
Binaural Discrimination
1-72
References
1-72
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Principles of Sound and Hearing
Principles of Sound and Hearing 1-3
Reference Documents for this Section:
Backus, John: The Acoustical Foundations of Music, Norton, New York, N.Y., 1969.
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35th convention of the Audio Engineering Society, preprint 622, 1962.
Buchlein, R.: “The Audibility of Frequency Response Irregularities” (1962), reprinted in English
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1963.
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Principles of Sound and Hearing
1-4 Section One
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Principles of Sound and Hearing
Principles of Sound and Hearing 1-5
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Principles of Sound and Hearing