ВУЗ: Казахская Национальная Академия Искусств им. Т. Жургенова
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11-2 Section Eleven
In This Section:
Chapter 11.1: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
11-9
Introduction
11-9
Spectral Sub-Regions
11-10
Optical Spectrum
11-10
Visible Light Band
11-10
IR Band
11-11
UV Band
11-12
DC to Light
11-12
Microwave Band
11-12
Radio Frequency (RF) Band
11-13
Power Frequency (PF)/Telephone Band
11-13
Frequency Band Designations
11-13
Light to Gamma Rays
11-16
X Ray Band
11-16
Gamma Ray Band
11-18
Bibliography
11-18
Chapter 11.2: Propagation
11-21
Introduction
11-21
Propagation in Free Space
11-21
Transmission Loss Between Antennas in Free Space
11-23
Propagation Over Plane Earth
11-25
Field Strengths Over Plane Earth
11-25
Transmission Loss Between Antennas Over Plane Earth
11-29
Propagation Over Smooth Spherical Earth
11-30
Propagation Beyond the Line of Sight
11-30
Effects of Hills, Buildings, Vegetation, and the Atmosphere
11-33
Effects of Hills
11-35
Effects of Buildings
11-38
Effects of Trees and Other Vegetation
11-41
Effects of the Lower Atmosphere (Troposphere)
11-41
Stratification and Ducts
11-42
Tropospheric Scatter
11-42
Atmospheric Fading
11-43
Effects of the Upper Atmosphere (Ionosphere)
11-43
References
11-44
Chapter 11.3: Radio Broadcasting
11-47
Introduction
11-47
Standard Broadcasting
11-47
Modulation Techniques
11-47
Modulation of the AM Carrier Wave
11-48
Channel and Station Classifications
11-49
Field Strength
11-49
Propagation
11-50
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Broadcast Transmission Systems
Broadcast Transmission Systems 11-3
Transmitters
11-50
High-Level AM Modulation
11-50
Pulse-Width Modulation
11-51
Solid-State Transmitters
11-53
FM Broadcasting
11-55
Frequency Modulation
11-56
FM Broadcast Modulation Techniques
11-56
Modulation Circuits
11-56
Subsidiary Communications Authorization (SCA)
11-57
Frequency Allocations
11-58
Transmitters
11-59
FM Power Amplifiers
11-59
Tuning the Cavity
11-60
Transmitter Performance and Maintenance
11-60
Key System Measurements
11-61
Synchronous AM in FM Systems
11-61
Incidental Phase Modulation
11-62
Bibliography
11-63
Chapter 11.4: Radio STL Systems
11-65
Introduction
11-65
Radio vs. Landline Links
11-65
STL System Configuration
11-67
Digital STL vs. Analog STL Link
11-69
Digital STL Performance
11-71
Coding System
11-72
Analog Composite STL Transmitter and Receiver Characteristics
11-73
Components of an STL System
11-73
Transmitter and Receiver Requirements
11-74
Transmission Lines
11-77
Antenna System
11-80
Mounting Structures
11-81
Hardware Considerations
11-81
System Planning
11-82
Frequency Selection
11-83
Spectrum Considerations
11-83
Path Layout
11-83
Line of Sight
11-84
STL Site Selection
11-84
Terrain Considerations
11-84
Path Reliability
11-86
Dealing with Problem Paths
11-91
Hot-Standby Redundant Systems
11-91
Pre-Installation Checkout
11-93
Planning Cable Runs
11-97
Installation
11-97
Checking System Operation
11-99
Troubleshooting
11-99
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Broadcast Transmission Systems
11-4 Section Eleven
Operating the System
11-99
References
11-100
Bibliography
11-100
Chapter 11.5: Transmitting Antennas
11-103
Introduction
11-103
Operating Characteristics
11-103
Antenna Bandwidth
11-104
Polarization
11-105
Antenna Beamwidth
11-105
Antenna Gain
11-105
Space Regions
11-106
Impedance Matching
11-107
L Network
11-107
Tee Network
11-107
Pi Network
11-108
Line Stretcher
11-109
Antenna Types
11-111
Quarter-Wave Monopole
11-112
Log-Periodic Antenna
11-112
Yagi-Uda Antenna
11-113
Waveguide Antenna
11-113
Horn Antenna
11-114
Reflector Antenna
11-114
Spiral Antenna
11-115
Array Antenna
11-115
AM Broadcast Antenna Systems
11-116
Directional AM Antenna Design
11-116
Antenna Pattern Design
11-117
Bearing
11-120
Antenna Monitoring System
11-120
Phase/Current Sample Loop
11-120
Sample lines
11-121
The Common Point
11-121
Monitor Points
11-122
Folded Unipole Antenna
11-123
FM Broadcast Antenna Systems
11-123
Antenna Types
11-124
Bibliography
11-126
Chapter 11.6: RF Combiner and Diplexer Systems
11-127
Introduction
11-127
Passive Filters
11-127
Filter Type
11-128
Filter Alignment
11-128
Filter Order
11-129
Four-Port Hybrid Combiner
11-130
Microwave Combiners
11-134
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Broadcast Transmission Systems
Broadcast Transmission Systems 11-5
Hot Switching Combiners
11-136
High-Power Isolators
11-138
Theory of Operation
11-139
Applications
11-140
Hot Switch
11-141
Diplexer
11-141
Multiplexer
11-142
References
11-142
Bibliography
11-143
On the CD-ROM:
•
“Audio Tests and Measurements” by Richard Cabot, an archive chapter from the first edition
of the Audio Engineering Handbook. This chapter provides an extensive overview of audio
test and measurement techniques.
Reference Documents for this Section
Bean, B. R., and E. J. Dutton: “Radio Meteorology,” National Bureau of Standards Monograph
92, March 1, 1966.
Benson, B., and Whitaker, J.: Television and Audio Handbook for Technicians and Engineers,
McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y., 1989.
Bingeman, Grant: “AM Tower Impedance Matching,” Broadcast Engineering, Intertec Publish-
ing, Overland Park, Kan., July 1985.
Bixby, Jeffrey: “AM DAs—Doing it Right," Broadcast Engineering, Intertec Publishing, Over-
land Park, Kan., February 1984.
Bordonaro, Dominic: “Reducing IPM in AM Transmitters,” Broadcast Engineering, Intertec
Publishing, Overland Park, Kan. May 1988.
Bullington, K.: “Radio Propagation at Frequencies above 30 Mc,” Proc. IRE, pg. 1122, October
1947.
Bullington, K.: “Radio Propagation Variations at VHF and UHF,” Proc. IRE, pg. 27, January
1950.
Burrows, C. R., and M. C. Gray: “The Effect of the Earth’s Curvature on Groundwave Propaga-
tion,” Proc. IRE, pg. 16, January 1941.
Chick, Elton B.: “Monitoring Directional Antennas,” Broadcast Engineering, Intertec Publish-
ing, Overland Park, Kan., July 1985.
Collocott, T. C., A. B. Dobson, and W. R. Chambers (eds.): Dictionary of Science & Technology.
Crutchfield, E. B. (ed): NAB Engineering Handbook, 8th ed., National Association of Broadcast-
ers, Washington, D.C., 1992.
DeComier, Bill: “Inside FM Multiplexer Systems,” Broadcast Engineering, Intertec Publishing,
Overland Park, Kan., May 1988.
de Lisle, E. W.: “Computations of VHF and UHF Propagation for Radio Relay Applications,”
RCA, Report by International Division, New York, N.Y.
Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)
Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website.
Broadcast Transmission Systems
11-6 Section Eleven
Dickson, F. H., J. J. Egli, J. W. Herbstreit, and G. S. Wickizer: “Large Reductions of VHF Trans-
mission Loss and Fading by the Presence of a Mountain Obstacle in Beyond-Line-of-Sight
Paths,” Proc. IRE, vol. 41, no. 8, pg. 96, August 1953.
“Documents of the XVth Plenary Assembly,” CCIR Report 238, vol. 5, Geneva, 1982.
“Documents of the XVth Plenary Assembly,” CCIR Report 563, vol. 5, Geneva, 1982.
“Documents of the XVth Plenary Assembly,” CCIR Report 881, vol. 5, Geneva, 1982.
Dougherty, H. T., and E. J. Dutton: “The Role of Elevated Ducting for Radio Service and Inter-
ference Fields,” NTIA Report 81–69, March 1981.
Eckersley, T. L.: “Ultra-Short-Wave Refraction and Diffraction,” J. Inst. Elec. Engrs., pg. 286,
March 1937.
Epstein, J., and D. Peterson: “An Experimental Study of Wave Propagation at 850 Mc,” Proc.
IRE, pg. 595, May 1953.
Fink, D. G., (ed.): Television Engineering Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y., 1957.
Fink, D., and D. Christiansen (eds.): Electronics Engineer's Handbook, 3
rd
ed., McGraw-Hill,
New York, N.Y., 1989.
Handbook of Physics, McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y., 1958.
Harrison, Cecil: “Passive Filters,” in The Electronics Handbook, Jerry C. Whitaker (ed.), CRC
Press, Boca Raton, Fla., pp. 279–290, 1996.
Hauptstuek, Jim: “Interconnecting the Digital Chain,” NAB 1996 Broadcast Engineering Confer-
ence Proceedings, National Association of Broadcasters, Washington, D.C., pp. 360–358,
1996.
Heymans, Dennis: “Hot Switches and Combiners,” Broadcast Engineering, Overland Park,
Kan., December 1987.
Jordan, Edward C. (ed.): “Reference Data for Engineers—Radio, Electronics, Computer and
Communications, 7
th
ed., Howard W. Sams, Indianapolis, Ind., 1985.
Judd, D. B., and G. Wyszecki: Color in Business, Science and Industry, 3rd ed., John Wiley and
Sons, New York, N.Y.
Kaufman, Ed: IES Illumination Handbook, Illumination Engineering Society.
Lapedes, D. N. (ed.): The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, 2nd ed.,
McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y.
Longley, A. G., and P. L. Rice: “Prediction of Tropospheric Radio Transmission over Irregular
Terrain—A Computer Method,” ESSA (Environmental Science Services Administration),
U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Report ERL (Environment Research Laboratories) 79-ITS 67,
July 1968.
McClanahan, M. E.: “Aural Broadcast Auxiliary Links,” in NAB Engineering Handbook, 8th ed.,
E. B. Cructhfield (ed.), National Association of Broadcasters, Washington, D.C, pp. 671–
678, 1992.
Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)
Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website.
Broadcast Transmission Systems