ВУЗ: Казахская Национальная Академия Искусств им. Т. Жургенова
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13-2 Section Thirteen
manner. Only the strongest companies could be expected to survive in an atmosphere where stan-
dards are lacking. A successful standard promises a stable period of income to manufacturers
while giving users assurance of multiple sources during the active life of the product.
Standardization usually starts within a company as a way to reduce costs associated with parts
stocking, design drawings, training, and retraining of personnel. The next level might be a coop-
erative agreement between firms making similar equipment to use standardized dimensions,
parts, and components. Competition, trade secrets, and the NIH factor (not invented here) often
generate an atmosphere that prevents such an understanding. Enter the professional engineering
society, which promises a forum for discussion between users and engineers while down playing
the commercial and business aspects.
Of the many standards-setting organizations in the professional video field, the most promi-
nent are:
•
Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
•
Audio Engineering Society
•
National Association of Broadcasters
•
Electronic Industries Association
•
Advanced Television Systems Committee
•
Society of Cable and Telecommunications Engineers
Standards, whether for a new radio broadcast system or recorder connection pin assignments,
are vital for the continued growth of the audio industry.
In This Section:
Chapter 13.1: Systems Engineering
13-7
Introduction
13-7
Systems Theory
13-7
Systems Engineering
13-8
Functional Analysis
13-9
Synthesis
13-11
Modeling
13-11
Dynamics
13-11
Optimization
13-11
Evaluation and Decision
13-11
Trade Studies
13-12
Description of System Elements
13-14
Phases of a Typical System Design Project
13-15
Design Development
13-15
Electronic System Design
13-16
Detailed Design
13-17
Customer Support
13-19
Budget Requirements Analysis
13-19
Feasibility Study and Technology Assessment
13-20
Planning and Control of Scheduling and Resources
13-20
Project Tracking and Control
13-21
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Standards and Practices
Standards and Practices 13-3
Executive Management
13-22
Project Manager
13-23
Systems Engineer
13-26
References
13-27
Bibliography
13-27
Chapter 13.2: Engineering Documentation
13-29
Introduction
13-29
Basic Concepts
13-29
The Manuals
13-30
Documentation Conventions
13-30
Self Documentation
13-31
Database Documentation
13-32
Graphic Documentation
13-32
Update Procedures
13-33
Equipment Documentation
13-33
Operator/User Documentation
13-34
The True Cost of Documentation
13-35
Bibliography
13-35
Chapter 13.3: Safety Issues
13-37
Introduction
13-37
Electric Shock
13-37
Effects on the Human Body
13-37
Circuit Protection Hardware
13-39
Working with High Voltage
13-39
RF Considerations
13-42
First Aid Procedures
13-42
Operating Hazards
13-42
OSHA Safety Considerations
13-44
Protective Covers
13-44
Identification and Marking
13-44
Grounding
13-45
Beryllium Oxide Ceramics
13-46
Corrosive and Poisonous Compounds
13-48
FC-75 Toxic Vapor
13-48
Nonionizing Radiation
13-49
NEPA Mandate
13-49
Revised Guidelines
13-50
Multiple-user Sites
13-51
Operator Safety Considerations
13-52
X-Ray Radiation Hazard
13-52
Implosion Hazard
13-52
Hot Coolant and Surfaces
13-52
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
13-53
Governmental Action
13-54
PCB Components
13-54
PCB Liability Management
13-56
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Standards and Practices
13-4 Section Thirteen
References
13-56
Bibliography
13-57
Chapter 13.4: Audio/Video Standards
13-59
Standards Relating to Digital Video
13-59
Video
13-59
Audio
13-59
ATSC DTV Standard
13-60
Service Multiplex and Transport Systems
13-60
System Information Standard
13-60
Receiver Systems
13-61
Program Guide
13-61
Program/Episode/Version Identification
13-61
DVB
13-61
General
13-61
Multipoint Distribution Systems
13-62
Interactive Television
13-62
Conditional Access
13-62
Interfaces
13-62
SMPTE Documents Relating to Digital Video and Audio
13-62
General Topics
13-63
Ancillary
13-63
Digital Control Interfaces
13-63
Edit Decision Lists
13-64
Image Areas
13-64
Interfaces and Signals
13-64
Bit-Parallel Interfaces
13-65
Bit-Serial Interfaces
13-65
Scanning Formats
13-66
Monitors
13-66
MPEG-2
13-66
Test Patterns
13-66
Video Recording and Reproduction
13-67
Time and Control Code
13-67
Tape Recording Formats
13-68
SMPTE Documents by Number
13-68
CEA Standards
13-82
Home Networks
13-82
Reference Documents for this Section:
Baumgartner, Fred, and Terrence Baun: “Broadcast Engineering Documentation,” in NAB Engi-
neering Handbook, 9
th
ed., Jerry C. Whitaker (ed.), National Association of Broadcasters,
Washington, D.C., 1999.
Baumgartner, Fred, and Terrence Baun: “Engineering Documentation,” in The Electronics Hand-
book, Jerry C. Whitaker (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1996.
Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)
Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website.
Standards and Practices
Standards and Practices 13-5
“Current Intelligence Bulletin #45,” National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Divi-
sion of Standards Development and Technology Transfer, February 24, 1986.
Code of Federal Regulations, 40, Part 761.
Delatore, J. P., E. M. Prell, and M. K. Vora: “Translating Customer Needs Into Product Specifi-
cations”, Quality Progress, January 1989.
DeSantis, Gene: “Systems Engineering Concepts,” in NAB Engineering Handbook, 9th ed.,
Jerry C. Whitaker (ed.), National Association of Broadcasters, Washington, D.C., 1999.
DeSantis, Gene: “Systems Engineering,” in The Electronics Handbook, Jerry C. Whitaker (ed.),
CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1996.
“Electrical Standards Reference Manual,” U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C.
Finkelstein, L.: “Systems Theory”, IEE Proceedings, vol. 135, Part A, no. 6, July 1988.
Hammett, William F.: “Meeting IEEE C95.1-1991 Requirements,” NAB 1993 Broadcast Engi-
neering Conference Proceedings, National Association of Broadcasters, Washington, D.C.,
pp. 471–476, April 1993.
Hammar, Willie: Occupational Safety Management and Engineering, Prentice Hall, New York,
N.Y.
Hoban, F. T., and W. M. Lawbaugh: Readings In Systems Engineering, NASA, Washington, D.C.,
1993.
Markley, Donald: “Complying with RF Emission Standards,” Broadcast Engineering, Intertec
Publishing, Overland Park, Kan., May 1986.
“Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States by Industry,” OSHA Bulletin 2278,
U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C, 1985.
OSHA, “Electrical Hazard Fact Sheets,” U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C, January
1987.
OSHA, “Handbook for Small Business,” U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C.
Pfrimmer, Jack, “Identifying and Managing PCBs in Broadcast Facilities,” 1987 NAB Engineer-
ing Conference Proceedings, National Association of Broadcasters, Washington, D.C,
1987.
“Safety Precautions,” Publication no. 3386A, Varian Associates, Palo Alto, Calif., March 1985.
Shinners, S. M.: A Guide to Systems Engineering and Management, Lexington, 1976.
Smith, Milford K., Jr., “RF Radiation Compliance,” Proceedings of the Broadcast Engineering
Conference, Society of Broadcast Engineers, Indianapolis, IN, 1989.
System Engineering Management Guide, Defense Systems Management College, Virginia,
1983.
“Toxics Information Series,” Office of Toxic Substances, July 1983.
Tuxal, J. G.: Introductory System Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y., 1972.
Whitaker, Jerry C.: AC Power Systems, 2nd Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1998.
Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)
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Standards and Practices
13-6 Section Thirteen
Whitaker, Jerry C.: G. DeSantis, and C. Paulson: Interconnecting Electronic Systems, CRC
Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1993.
Whitaker, Jerry C.: Maintaining Electronic Systems, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. 1991.
Whitaker, Jerry C.: Power Vacuum Tubes Handbook, 2nd Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.,
1999.
Whitaker, Jerry C.: Radio Frequency Transmission Systems: Design and Operation, McGraw-
Hill, New York, N.Y., 1990.
Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)
Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website.
Standards and Practices