ВУЗ: Казахская Национальная Академия Искусств им. Т. Жургенова
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sound. Most times, when you call up a preset in a
reverb unit, someone has already programmed a pre-
delay time. You can adjust this as desired.
The cool thing about longer predelay times
(over 60ms or so) is that they help to separate the
reverb from the dry sound. With shorter predelay
times, reverb will very quickly "mush up" the original
dry sound, making it unclear. With longer predelay
times, a vocal, for example, will remain clean and
clear even with a good amount of reverb.
Diffusion
In most effect units, diffusion is the density of the
echoes that makes up the reverb. Low diffusion has
less echoes.
Visual 101. Low-Diffusion Reverb
You can actually hear the individual echoes in a
low-diffusion setting. It sounds kind of like "wil, il, il,
il, il, bur, bur, bur, bur, bur, bur." A hall reverb setting
is preset with a very low-diffusion setting. High diffu-
sion has more echoes—so many that they meld
together into an extremely smooth wash of reverb.
Plate reverbs often have a very high-diffusion preset.
Visual 102. High-Diffusion Reverb
There are no strict rules for the use of high- or
low-diffusion settings. Some engineers prefer a low-
diffusion setting on a snare drum to make it sound
more raucous for rock 'n' roll. High diffusion is often
used to make vocals sound smoother.
EQ of Reverb
You can equalize reverb at various points in the signal
path. First, you can EQ the reverb after the signal
comes back into the board (if you are using channels
for your reverb returns that have EQ on them). It is
usually better to use the EQ in the reverb unit itself.
Not because it is necessarily a better EQ but because
in some units you can place the EQ before or after
the reverb. Ideally, it is best to EQ the signal going to
the reverb. If your reverb unit does not have this
capability, you can actually patch in an EQ after the
master auxiliary send, on the way to the reverb unit.
High- and Low-Frequency Reverb Time
Even better than using EQ on your reverb is setting
the duration of the highs and lows. Many reverb units
have this setting these days. This is a bit different than
EQ which changes the volume of the frequencies.
High- and low-frequency reverb time changes the
duration of the frequencies. Using these settings will
make the reverb sound more natural than any type of
EQ
Regardless of whether you EQ your reverb or set
the duration, there is a huge difference as to how
much space it takes up in the mix—and the resulting
masking it creates. Reverb with a low-frequency EQ
boost takes up an enormous amount of space in a
mix .
Visual 103. Reverb With Low-Frequency EQ Boost
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The Art of Mixing
. . . compared to reverb with a high-frequency EQ
boost.
Visual 104. Reverb With High-frequency EQ Boost
Reverb Envelope
Another setting of reverb is the "envelope"; that is,
how the reverb changes its volume over time. Normal
reverb has an envelope where the volume fades out
smoothly over time.
Visual 105. Envelope (Change in Volume Over Time) of
Normal Reverb
Engineers thought to put a noise gate on this
natural reverb, which chops it off before the volume
has a chance to fade out. Therefore, volume stays
even then stops abruptly.
Visual 106. Envelope of Gated Reverb
But it's simpler to use the gated reverb setting on
your effects unit. If we turn the envelope of normal re-
verb backward, reverb volume rises then stops abruptly.
Visual 107. Envelope of Reverse Gate Reverb
If you take the tape, play it backward, add normal
reverb, record it on open tracks on the multitrack, and
turn the tape around to run forward, you'd get preverb.
Visual 108. Preverb
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Chapter Four
This effect is the most evil one that can be cre-
ated in the studio; only the devil could put an effect
on something before it happens. Furthermore, it has
been used in every scary movie made, including The
Exorcist and Poltergeist. And, of course, it is Ozzy Os-
bourne's favorite effect.
One of reverb's main functions is to connect sounds
in a mix and fill in the space between the speakers:
Visual 111. Reverb Panned From Left to 1:00
Just as sounds can be moved left and right with
panpots, reverb can be placed left and right between
the speakers. Similarly, reverb can be spread to any
width.
Visual 109. Reverb Filling in Space Between Speakers
(see color Visual 109C)
Like any sound, reverb can be panned in various
ways:
Visual 112. Reverb Panned From 11:00 to 1:00
Visual 110. Reverb Panned to Left
Visual 113. Reverb Panned From 10:00 to 2:00
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The Art of Mixing
Reverb can also be brought out front with volume . . .
Visual 114. Reverb Turned Up in Mix
. . . placed in the background by turning down the
volume . . .
Visual 115. Reverb Turned Down in Mix
. . . or raised or lowered a bit with EQ.
Visual 117. Reverb With Low-Frequency EQ Boost
H A R M O N Y PROCESSORS, PITCH
TRANSPOSERS, OCTAVERS
A harmony processor (harmonizer, pitch transposer,
octaver) raises or lowers the pitch and then puts it
back in time. Usually, when you raise or lower the
pitch of a sound, the duration of the sound is either
shortened or lengthened. A harmonizer takes a
longer, lowered pitch; deletes tiny slivers of sound
(individual samples); and then splices it back
together to keep it in time. (This means you can have
Darth Vader singing a happy song in time.) A harmo-
nizing unit also takes a shorter sound that has been
raised in pitch, makes copies of the sound, and then
splices them back together, putting it back in real
time. Therefore, you can have the Chipmunks
singing the blues in time with the rest of the band.
Often, on cheaper harmony processors, you can even
hear the "glitches" where the sounds have been
spliced back together to put them in time.
When you raise or lower the pitch of a sound, it
directly affects the amount of space it takes up. The
higher the pitch, the less space the sound takes up.
Each and every effect has its own world of feelings
that it brings to a mix. The trick is to get to know the
feeling it gives you.
Visual 116. Reverb With High-Frequency EQ Boost
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Chapter Four
C H A P T E R 5
Traditions and Common
"Musical Dynamics" Created
with Studio Equipment
To make a great mix, we must determine what you
can do in a mix as opposed to what you can do dur-
ing the recording.
Visual 118. Mix as Center of 11 Aspects (see color
Visual 3CI
When mixing, the four types of tools that you
can use to create all the different styles of mixes in
the world are volume faders, panpots, equalization, and
effects.
The art of mixing is the way in which the dynamics we
create with the equipment in the studio interface with
the dynamics apparent in music and songs.
When we speak about dynamics, we are not talk-
ing about the common terminology used for volume
dynamics; we are not talking about changes in loud-
ness. We are talking about changes in intensity.
THE DYNAMICS IN MUSIC AND SONGS
Before we explore the dynamics that can be created
with the technical tools, let's explore the dynamics
found in music and songs. A dynamic in music is any-
thing that you get out of music. Music touches us in
just about every aspect of our lives, and however you
relate to music is, of course, valid. There are millions
of dynamics discernible in music that affect us theo-
retically, emotionally, physically, visually, psychologi-
cally, physiologically, and spiritually.
The most common dynamic that people feel in
music is "up" and "down," whether it be on a physical,
abstract, emotional, or psychic level. Some people
feel very strong emotions when they hear certain
types of music. It can make them happy or sad. It can
crack them up with laughter or bring tears to their
hearts.
Visual 119. Some
People Get Feelings
and Emotions Out
of Music
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The Art of Mixing