ВУЗ: Казахская Национальная Академия Искусств им. Т. Жургенова
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Some people see structure in music. And often
they relate these structures to common structures
found in the world, such as buildings, bridges, and
pyramids.
Visual 120. Some
People See Structure
and Form in Music
There are those who actually see the workings of
the brain in a song. They see the way in which our
minds work as being similar to the flow of a song.
Other people even think of songs as thought forms.
In fact, there are bands that write their music to rep-
resent the way the brain works. This explains the
common theory that music is just an extension of our
personalities.
Some people relate to music through music the-
ory. They see notes on a scale, the intervals between
notes, and chord structures. There are thousands of
schools that teach the incredibly complex detail
found in the study of music itself.
Visual 122. Some
People See Music
Theory
Most of us also have physical reactions, like toe
tapping, finger snapping, head bopping (or bang-
ing), and dancing. Much of the study of dance is how
movement is related to music. Shake, rattle, and roll.
Physically, music can make us feel good from head to
toe.
Visual 121. Some People See Thought Forms and the
Mind
Visual 123. Some
People Move When
They Hear Music
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Chapter Five
Not only does music move us physically, there is
also a whole world of music therapy based on the
healing vibrations of sound. Just imagine—if you
could place instruments in a mix at different places in
your body—where would you put the kick drum?
How about the guitar or string section? Try a tuba in
your tummy or sitar in your chest. Or how about
reverb in your brain? Quite possibly, certain songs
played inside of different organs in our bodies might
even cure diseases.
Just check out MTV to see a whole other world of
visual imagery. There are also those who see bubbles.
Visual 124. Where in
Body Would You Put
Sounds in Mix?
Some people see visual imagery or abstract col-
ors and images. Walt Disney saw flying elephants.
Visual 125. Some Get
Imagination Out of
Music
Visual 126. Some See
Bubbles
Then there are those who see spiritual connota-
tions. The whole world of religious music is a good
example. Music is often seen as a direct connection to
God. Others go elsewhere.
Visual 127. Some See
Spirituality in Music
So now you see that music can evoke a wide
range of possible dynamics in people. They are as var-
ied as people and life itself, and they are all valid. The
recording engineer should look for and be sensitive
to the dynamics that people see in music. The record-
ing engineer's job is to create musical dynamics with
the equipment that reveals or enhances the magic
people find in music.
THE DYNAMICS CREATED BY THE EQUIPMENT
So, what are the dynamics that we can create with the
equipment in the studio? There are four types of
tools to create all dynamics in the world: volume
faders, panpots, equalization, and effects. To make
the complexities of dynamics created with these four
tools easier to understand, I will break each down
into three levels. These levels increase in intensity,
with Level 3 being the most intense.
78
The Art of Mixing
Level 1—Individual Placement and
Relative Settings
This is the difference between the individual levels or
settings of each piece of equipment. Setting volumes,
EQ, panning, and effects at specific levels creates a
relatively minor emotional effect. For example, plac-
ing a vocal louder or softer or left or right of center,
EQ'ing it to sound natural or unusual, or adding
effects or not will all affect the way that the vocal
comes across in the song.
Level 2—Patterns of Placement
This is the combination of the settings for all the
sounds in the mix. These dynamics make more of a
difference than those in Level 1. For example, if you
set all the volumes "even," little variation between the
loudest and softest sounds in the mix, the mix will
sound quite different than if you set the levels so that
the dynamic range between softest and loudest
sounds is wide. Also, lopsided panning, an overall
bright EQ for the entire mix, and effects that collec-
tively tend towards a certain style of mix will all create
an effective dynamic.
Level 3—Changing Settings
This is the movement created when you change set-
tings during the mix, when you change the volume,
panning, EQ, or effects during the actual recording
of the mix to a stereo deck. It is the most intense of
the three levels and can overwhelm the song, becom-
ing the sole focus of attention at that moment. There-
fore, this level of dynamic is only used when it is
appropriate for the style of music or song (and when
the band will let you).
In certain styles of music, the mix should be invisible,
or transparent. For example, if you can hear the mix
with big band music, acoustic jazz, or bluegrass, it
only gets in the way. The mix should let the music
show through.
However, in other styles of music, the dynamics
created with the mix actually act as a musical compo-
nent of the song. The mix itself becomes part of the
song. Pink Floyd has, of course, taken this to the
extreme with quadraphonic concerts. Rap, hip hop,
and techno music also commonly utilize the mix as if
it is another instrument in the song. Let's look at the
four control room tools—volume, EQ, panning, and
effects—and the three levels of dynamics for each.
Visual 128. Pyramid of Tools and Dynamics
(and Outline of This Chapter)
(see color Visual 128C)
I'll begin with volume.
SECTION A
Volume Control Dynamics
You can create musical and emotional dynamics by
placing each instrument at different volume levels in
a mix. Simply making a sound louder or softer affects
how it is perceived. However, you create a much more
intense dynamic when all of the volume controls cre-
ate a pattern based on their collective placement. For
example, if all of the volumes are set evenly, so that
there is very little variation between the loudest and
softest sounds, the mix will be quite different from
one with a wide variation in volume levels. When you
79
Chapter Five
change the volume levels during a mix, it creates a
level of dynamic that is often so strong it draws the lis-
tener's attention away from the song, which could be
cool if it's appropriate for the style of music and song.
Now, I'll go into more detail about each of the
three levels of dynamics that can be created with vol-
ume settings.
FADER VOLUME LEVELS
Level 1 Dynamics: Individual Volume
Placement and Relative Settings
You can create a wide range of emotional and musical
dynamics depending on how you set the faders on the
console. The first and most basic level of dynamics is
based on where you place the volume of each sound
in relation to the other sounds in the mix. For exam-
ple, if you place a vocal loud and out front in the mix,
it will sound completely different than if it is placed
back in the mix and softer.
The musical dynamics that can be created with
volume placement are much more complex than
most people imagine. Many people think of balanc-
ing the volume of sounds as making them even in vol-
ume. However, normally, we don't want all of the
instruments to be the same volume. We usually want
one instrument to be a bit louder than another, some
in the foreground, some in the background, some in
between.
Every instrument has its own traditional volume
level based on the style of music and the details of the
song. In many types of music, these levels have be-
come strictly set. For example, the volume levels for
where each level should be).
Let's explore these traditional levels in volume
placement for each instrument. We'll begin by setting
up a scale for the volume levels that different instru-
ments are placed at in a mix.
If we think of volume in decibels, based on
sound pressure level, then a sound could be set at
over 140 different volume levels in a mix. But in
order to make this wide range of levels more man-
ageable, I'll divide them into six different levels,
where 1 is the loudest and 6 is the softest.
Visual 129. 6 Apparent Volume Levels (see color Visual
129C)
Remember that we are discussing relative appar-
ent volumes. The apparent volume of a sound is also
dependent on the waveform of a sound. For example,
a chainsaw sounds louder to our ear than a flute, even
if they are both at the exact same volume. The appar-
ent volume is the level that sounds seem to be to our
ear.
big band, jazz, and even country have very little lee-
way. On the other hand, the set levels in rap and hip
hop are much looser (although certainly some rap
and hip hop artists have their own strict ideas as to
Chart 11. 6 Ranges of Apparent Volume Levels With
Typical Instruments in Each Level
80
The Art of Mixing
RANGES OF APPARENT V O L U M E LEVELS
Apparent Volume Level 1
Sounds at this volume are shockingly loud. In fact, it
is quite rare and unusual to place sounds at this level.
Commonly, only sounds that are very short in dura-
tion are this loud. If a normal instrument is placed at
this level, it is usually thought of as either being
wrong or extremely creative. The alarm clocks in
"Time" from Dark Side of the Moon by Pink Floyd are an
example of interesting Level 1 sounds. Explosions,
primal screams, and other special effects might also
be this loud.
Visual 130. Apparent Volume Level 1 Highlighted
Apparent Volume Level 2
The primary sounds at this volume are vocals and
lead instruments used for music in which the vocals
or lyrics are the main focus of attention, such as big
band, middle-of-the-road, or for vocals, like those of
Bob Dylan, Janis Joplin, Mariah Carey, etc. In many
types of rock 'n' roll, the vocals are placed much
lower in the mix.
If a song has a great lead instrument player, that
instrument is often placed at this level in the mix. You
might also find the boom in rap music or the kick
drums or toms in heavy metal at this level. Horn
blasts in big band music and symphony blasts in clas-
sical music are often set at this level.
Visual 132. Apparent Volume Level 3 Highlighted
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Chapter Five
Visual 131. Apparent Volume Level 2 Highlighted
Apparent Volume Level 3
Sounds at this level consist of primary rhythm parts,
such as drums, bass, guitar, and keyboards. Lead
vocals in a lot of rock 'n' roll are also at this level
when set back in the music. Other examples include
kick drums in most heavy metal, snare drums in most
dance music, and toms and cymbals in almost all
styles of music. Hi-hat is only occasionally at this level,
although jazz and dance music often place it here.
Phil Collins was probably the first person to place
reverb on the drums this loud.