Файл: 1. Stylistics as a branch of linguistic science. Subject, methods, related research and the differences between them.docx

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  line
  
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  rhyme
  
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  meter
  
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  rhythm
  
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  stanza
  

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  Enjambment is a run-on line:
  

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  Hypometric line (-1 syllable)
  
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  Hyperbenthic line (+1 syllable)
  

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  Heroic couplet: 2 iambic pentameters, rhyming pattern aabb
  
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  Ballad stanza: an alternation of iambic tetrameters with iambic dimeters / trimeter, and the rhyming scheme abcb (trimeter/dimeter are rhymed)
  
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  Spenserian stanza: 8 iambic pentameters plus 1 iambic hexameter: ababbcbcc
  
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  Sonnet: 14 iambic pentameters:
  

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  Italian: abba abba and then such variants as cdecde / cdcdcd / cdedce
  
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  English: ababcdcdefefgg
  

29. Poetic conventions: rhyme, metre and rhythm. Rules and deviations.

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  The full rhyme
  

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  requires the identity of the vowel sound and the following consonant in the stressed syllable
  

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  The incomplete rhyme
  

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  Vowel rhyme (identical vowels, different consonants)
  

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  Consonant rhyme (different vowels, identical consonants)
  

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  Compound rhyme
  

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  Eye rhyme (words are spelled identically, but pronounced differently)
  

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  Couplet (two successive lines) – aa
  
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  Triplet (three successive lines) – aaa
  
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  Cross rhyme – abab
  
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  Framing /ring rhyme – abba
  
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  Internal rhyme – occurs within the same line; simultaneously divides the line into two halves and unites it (the dissevering and the consolidating functions).
  

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  Quantitative (based on the alternation of long and short syllables);
  
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  Syllabic (every line in a poem contains the same number of syllables, irrespective of the number of stresses);
  
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  Tonic, or accentual (each line in a poem contains the same number of stresses per line, irrespective of the number of syllables);
  

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  Tonic-accentual, or syllabo-tonic (when both the number of stresses and syllables per line are taken into account).
  

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  Trochee /ˈtrəʊkiː/ (adj. trochaic /trəʊˈkeɪɪk/) = stressed + unstressed ⫠ _
  
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  Iambus /aɪˈæmbəs/ (adj. iambic /aɪˈæmbɪk/) = unstressed + stressed _ ⫠
  
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  Dactyl /ˈdæktɪl/ (adj. dactylic) = stressed + unstressed + unstressed ⫠ _ _
  
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  Amphibrach /ˈæmfɪˌbræk/ (adj. amphibrachic /ˌamphiˈbrachic/) = unstressed + stressed + unstressed _ ⫠ _
  
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  Anapest /ˈænəpiːst/ (adj. anapaestic /ˌænəˈpiːstɪk/) = unstressed + unstressed + stressed _ _ ⫠
  

1. 
   monOmeter
   
2. 
   dImeter
   
3. 
   trImeter
   
4. 
   tetrAmeter
   
5. 
   pentAmeter
   
6. 
   hexAmeter
   
7. 
   heptAmeter
   
8. 
   octAmeter
   

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  iambic tetrameter means that there are 4 feet in each line, and the meter is iambus;
  
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  dactylic hexameter means 6 feet, each foot consists of 3 syllables, the distribution of stresses in the foot is stressed + unstressed + unstressed.
  

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  Loss of stress in a foot – pyrrhic foot (⫠ _ => _ _)
  
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  An extra stress in a foot – spondee (⫠ _ => ⫠ ⫠)
  
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  The reversed order of stressed and unstressed syllables – rhythmical inversion (⫠ _ => _ ⫠)
  

30. Lexical and syntactical features of poetry.

1. 
   Vers libre (free verse):
   

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  Combination of various metrical feet in a line
  
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  Absence of equilinearity
  
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  Stanzas of varying length
  

2. 
   Accented, or stressed, verse
   

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  Tonic, not syllabo-tonic
  

3. 
   ‘Poetic prose’
   

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  As a method of thinking
  

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  Potebnya, Vesselovsky, Humboldt, Steinthal (19th century)
  
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  Vinogradov, Ginsburg, Kozhina (20th century)
  
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  Poetry (a way of creative cognition of the world) and prose (a synonym for scientific research) were opposed to each other
  
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  Poetry as a specific way of understanding the essence of things in their unique aspects
  
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  Poetry = belle-letters style (Vinogradov)
  

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  As a system of expression
  

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  Russian Formal method (Шкловский, Якобсон, Тынянов и др.)
  
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  Studied rhythm, rhyme, stanza structure, grammatical, syntactic, intonation peculiarities of poetry
  

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  The study of the external, or formal, characteristics of poetry without semantics ignores its communicative function – to convey the author's perception of the world
  

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  As a functional (sub)style
  

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  Kovtunova (poetic syntax): poetic message has two different addresses: first of all, the reader, but secondly, the speaker himself / herself.
  
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  Yu. Levin: there are three addresses in poetic communication: the author, the explicit reader (the real reader) and the implicit reader (or the author's idea of who the reader might be)
  

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  Potebnya: "words do not serve to convey meaning, but to evoke in the reader feelings and images similar to those experienced by the writer"
  

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  the embellishment of the word form
  

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  On the phonetic level we talk of various shortenings of words as well as adding sounds to it, or altering sounds in them:
  

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  On the morphological level we can see various obsolete forms
  

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  2nd person singular: whilst, art, comes
  
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  3rd person singular: maketh, cometh, doth, hath
  
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  2nd person singular pronoun: thou (thee, thy, thine). !the sound is voiced!
  
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  Plural forms: Eye – eyen, cow – kine
  
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  Past tenses: Spake (=spoke), sware (=swore)
  

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  embellishment of the meaning
  

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  Includes changes in the semantics of the word, when one of its meanings becomes typical of poetic diction only.
  

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  General vs. particular
  Gale (n.) 'mild winding poetry
  Font 'source, fountain' in poetry; купель (церк)
  Faint 'lose courage' in poetry
  Ore (n.) 'precious metal' in poetry; руда
  Sap (n.) 'blood', сок растений
  

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  Abstract vs. concrete
  Scene = 'life'
  

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  Part vs. whole
  Welkin -'sky' (from 'cloud')
  Brine - 'tears' (from 'salt water')
  Sod - 'land' (from 'turf')
  Furrow - пашня (from борозда)
  Prow - челн (from нос лодки)
  Keel - челн (from киль)
  

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  Archaisms (words that fell into disuse before the text is written):
  

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  Klima климат
  
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  Doubt подозревать
  
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  Sooth истина
  
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  Boon мольба
  
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  Quethen сказать
  
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  Enow
  
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  Fain охотно, с радостью
  
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  Certes конечно, наверное
  
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  Diverse различный
  
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  Lo! смотри!
  
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  Fable рассказать. выдумать
  
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  Largess щедрость
  
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  Perchance возможно
  
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  Truth истина
  
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  Ruth жалость, сострадание
  
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  Forlorn несчастный
  
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  Wondrous чудесный
  
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  Yore во время оно
  

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  Archaic meanings (a meaning in a polysemantic words that has become obsolete)
  

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  Forbear воздержаться; (уст.) быть терпеливым
  
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  Fain принужденный; (уст.) склонный
  
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  Hence с этих пор; (уст.) отсюда
  
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  Mete назначать (награду); (уст.) отмерять
  
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  Staff посох; (уст.) столп
  
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  To trip путешествовать; (уст.) отправиться в путь
  
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  Token знак, символ; (уст.) знамение
  

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  Rarely used words, usually borrowed
  

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  Ravin добыча, грабеж
  
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  Caitiff трус, негодяй
  
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  Joyance радость
  
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  Mantin утренная песнь
  

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  Allusive words (first of all, allusions to mythology)
  

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  Wraith
  
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  Thyrsus
  
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  Faun
  
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  Naiad
  
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  Palladium
  

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  Religious words
  

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  Alms
  
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  Chrism
  
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  Creed символ веры
  
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  Enshrine
  
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  Font купель
  
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  Oblation пожертвование
  
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  Rapt взятый живым на небо
  
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  Unblest лишенный благословения