Файл: Занятие Тема Знакомство. Внешность. Одежда. Правила поведения и дресскода.docx

poorly of you, and you do not want to feel uncomfortable, so you do not change your behavior and continue giving gifts during the holidays.

Our day-to-day behaviour is influenced strongly by what we understand to be the prevailing social norms or social customs. Social norms become accepted by the majority of a given community of people. Examples of social norms are the following:

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  The changing social stigma of drink driving and driving safely including observing speed limits.
  
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  Observing white lines in car parks.
  
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  Queuing behaviour in shops.
  
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  Social norms about how much effort we put in at work.
  
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  Impact on people’s behaviour of smoking bans in public places.
  
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  Making seat belts compulsory – this appears to have created new habits or conventions, which became self-sustaining.
  
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  Social norms about giving, e.g. for charitable fund-raising.
  
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  Social norms around paying taxes.
  
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  Corruption may become an engrained social norm in different societies.
  

Individuals are not robots. Rather, people are malleable and emotional actors whose decision making is influenced by contextual cues, local social networks and social norms, and shared mental models. It is important to understand that most of the decisions we take are hugely contextual. Social network effects can amplify different types of behaviour (both good and bad). Influencing or nudging people to think socially may prompt significant

behavioural change. Individuals are social animals who are influenced by social preferences, social networks, social identities, and social norms

When you do not conform to the social norms that are accepted by your culture or group, it is considered an abnormal behavior. This is called deviance. There are varying degrees of deviance that are accepted by different groups. However, you face being rejected by the group if your disobedience to social norms is too excessive to be tolerated.

Imagine you enter an elevator full of people and, rather than turning to face the door, you continue to face the other people in the elevator. At best, you will receive some uncomfortable looks from the other people in the elevator. This is because you are showing deviance to the social norm of turning around to face the door in an elevator. Your behavior makes the other members of the group feel uncomfortable. If they feel too uncomfortable, they may avoid getting into an elevator with you in the future.

3. Decide if the following statements about the text are true or false:

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1.A company code of conduct is written for employers of a company. 2.Fundamental British values are shared by other democratic countries. 3.An abnormal behavior is called deviance.

4. 
   Corruption may become an engrained social norm in different societies.
   
5. 
   Individuals are not influenced by social preferences and social norms.
   

3. 1   2   3   4   5

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Answer the following questions:

1. 
   What is a company code of conduct?
   
2. 
   What values are considered to be fundamental in modern Britain? 3.What is a social norm of behavior?
   

4.Why do social norms remain stable? 5.What kind of behavior is called deviant?

3. Complete the sentences using the information from the text.

1.Rules of behavior is a set of rules … 2.Fundamental British values reflect …

3.Social norms are most noticeable when … 4.Our day-to-day behaviour is influenced by … 5.Individuals are social animals who …

3. Summarise the key points of the text and retell it.

4. 
   Translate the text in a written form.
   

3. DRESS CODE

   1. 
      Answer the following questions:
      

1. 
   What is a dress code?
   
2. 
   Why is a dress code important?
   
3. 
   What types of dress code do you know?
   

2. Read the text silently and then out aloud.

A dress code is a set of rules, often written, with regards to clothing. Dress codes are created out of social perceptions and norms, and vary based on purpose, circumstances and occasions. Different societies and cultures are likely to have different dress codes, western dress codes being a prominent example. Dress codes are symbolic indications of different social ideas, including social class, cultural identity, attitude towards comfort, tradition and political or religious affiliations.

Each country has its own set of cultural values and norms. Wherever you go these norms and laws regarding clothing are subject to change depending on the region and culture. For example nudity is something that changes in acceptability depending on where you are. In New Guinea and Vanuatu, there are areas where it is customary for the men to wear nothing but penis sheaths in public. Women wear string skirts in remote areas of Bali, women may go topless. This is uncommon in more Western countries. Although in America and some parts of Europe,

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there are nude beaches.

Employees are sometimes required to wear a uniform or certain standards of dress, such as a business suit or tie. This may depend on particular situations,

for example if they are expected to interact with customers. These policies vary depending on the industry with lawyers, bankers, and executives often wearing a suit and a tie.

Requiring men and women to dress differently at the workplace can be challenged because the gender-specific dress codes would be based on one sex and could be considered stereotypical. Most businesses have authority in determining and establishing what workplace clothes they can require of their workers. Generally, a carefully drafted dress code applied consistently does not violate anti-discrimination laws. So long as the dress code does not favor one gender over the other it is usually acceptable by law for employers to have a private dress code.

In Western countries a formal or white tie dress code typically means tailcoats for men and full-length evening dresses for women. Semi-formal has a much less precise definition but typically means an evening jacket and tie for men (known as black tie) and a dress for women.

Business casual typically means not wearing neckties or suits, but wearing instead collared shirts, and trousers (not black, but more relaxed, including things such as corduroy). Casual typically just means clothing for the torso, legs and shoes. Wedding Casual defines yet another mode of dress, where guests dress respectfully, but not necessarily fancily.

Business casual dress is a popular workplace dress code that emerged in white-collar workplaces in Western countries in the 1990s, especially in the United States and Canada. Many IT businesses in Silicon Valley were early adopters of this dress code. In contrast to formal business wear such as suits and neckties (the international standard business attire), the business casual dress code has no generally accepted definition; its interpretation differs widely among organizations and is often a cause of sartorial confusion among workers.

In general, business casual means dressing professionally, looking relaxed, yet neat and pulled together. Business casual dress is the mid ground between

formal business clothes and street clothes. Generally, neckties are excluded from business casual dress, unless worn in nontraditional ways. The acceptability of blue jeans and denim cloth clothing varies – some businesses consider them to be

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sloppy and informal.

Young in Britain and in the USA, like all young people around the world, wear casual clothes: jeans, sweatshirts and sneakers. In schools, students don’t wear uniform, but in many schools there is a dress code: a student can’t wear a T-shirt with something written on it.

But on special occasions, young people wear formal clothes. At the end of their senior year, when students are in their last year in high school (they are about 17 years old), they go to the school prom. Getting ready for the prom is a big thing! Girls buy or rent evening gowns and boys wear suits and ties and sometimes rent tuxedoes. Teachers also go to the prom. Everyone dances to the music of a DJ or to the school band.

Another big thing for seniors is graduation day, the day when the students receive their diplomas. Boys and girls rent a black cap and a black gown for the ceremony. The principal and the best student give a speech. Then each graduate receives his or her diploma. Parents often film the ceremony, and in American homes you often see graduation pictures on the walls.

In most schools in Britain, public or private, pupils have to wear a uniform: generally a jumper (often a V-neck jumper), a shirt, pants or a skirt, black shoes and sometimes a tie for boys and girls. In some schools, the uniform is more casual: a shirt, a sweatshirt, and black pants or skirts. Pupils have to wear shoes, they can’t wear trainers, hats, caps or hooded sweatshirts. Girls can’t wear long earrings.

3. 
   Decide if the following statements about the text are true or false: 1.Dress codes are usually created out of social perceptions and norms. 2.It is customary for the men to wear nothing in some countries. 3.Employees are always required to wear a uniform.
   

4. 
   Business casual dress is a popular workplace dress code in Vanuatu.
   
5. 
   Most businesses have authority in determining workplace clothes.
   

3. Answer the following questions:

1. 
   What does a dress code symbolize?
   
2. 
   What types of dress code are there in British schools?
   
3. 
   What workplace dress code is popular in Silicon Valley?
   
4. 
   What does a formal dress code typically mean?
   
5. 
   What clothes do young people in Great Britain and the USA wear?
   

3. Complete the sentences using the information from the text.

1.Different societies and cultures are likely to have … 2.The norms and laws regarding clothing are subject …

3.Business casual dress is a popular workplace dress code that …

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