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а) обстоятельством времени с предлогом by.
Например:
| He has finished his work by 7 o’clock yesterday evening. | Вчера к 7 часам вечера он закончил свою работу. |
б) другим (более поздним по времени) прошедшим действием, которое выражается глаголом в PastIndefinite.
Например:
| The boy had come home before his mother returned from work. | Мальчик пришел домой до того, как его мать вернулась с работы. |
FuturePerfect обозначает действие, которое будет закончено к определенному моменту в будущем. Этот момент определяется как и для PastPerfect:
а) указанием точного времени;
б) указанием на второе, более позднее действие, к началу которого первое действие будет закончено.
Например:
| The students will have passed all their exams by the end of January. We shall have written this test before the examinations begin. | Студенты сдадут все экзамены к концу января. Мы напишем эту контрольную работу до начала экзаменов. |
2. СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ (PASSIVE VOICE)
Страдательный залог является личной формой глагола и в предложении является сказуемым. В отличие от действительного залога (Active Voice), который показывает, что действие совершает подлежащее (лицо или предмет), страдательный залог означает, что действие совершается над подлежащим.
Сравните:
| Мальчик разбил окно. | Окно разбито. |
| Она напишет письмо завтра. | Письмо будет написано завтра. |
Значение и употребление времен в страдательном и действительном залоге в большинстве случаев совпадает.
Страдательный залог времен группы Simple (Indefinite) образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола tobe в соответствующем времени, числе и лице и 3-й формы смыслового глагола:
| Newspapers are (were, will be) read by us every day. | Газеты читаются (читались, будут читаться) нами каждый день. |
Страдательный залог времен группы Continuous (Progressive) образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола tobe в соответствующем времени, числе и лице, формы
being и 3-й формы смыслового глагола (или у правильного глагола -ed):
| An interesting research in the field of electronics is (was) being done at our Institute. | Интересный эксперимент в области электроники проводится (проводился) в нашем институте. |
Страдательный залог времен группы Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола tohave в соответствующем времени, числе и лице, формы been и 3-й формы смыслового глагола (или у правильного глагола -ed).
| The construction of this plant has (had, will have) been finished by September. | Строительство этого завода завершено (было завершено, будет завершено) к сентябрю. |
Если необходимо указать лицо или предмет, совершающее действие, то употребляются существительные или местоимения с предлогами by или with.
| The plan was changed by the engineer. | План был изменен инженером. |
На русский язык глаголы в страдательном залоге могут переводиться:
а) сочетанием глагола «быть» с краткой формой причастия:
| The company was established 5 years ago. | Компания была создана 5 лет назад. |
б) глаголами, оканчивающимися на –ся (сь):
| Drill rods are made of alloyed steel. | Буровые штанги изготавливаются из легированной стали. |
в) неопределенно-личным предложением:
| We were shown a new laboratory. | Нам показали новую лабораторию. |
г) оборотами, состоящими из местоимения it и глагола в страдательном залоге: issaid, wassaid и т.п., которые переводятся на русский язык глаголом в 3-м лице множественного числа с неопределенно-личным значением: говорят, говорили и т.п.:
| It is known that… | Известно, что… |
Вариант 1
Контрольный текст
Robot History
1. In the past few years, we have seen important advantages in computer science, biomechanics and material science, which have caused great changes in robot engineering. Many of the robots today perform different jobs. Robots are used in various branches of industry. A modern robot is a complex structure with a number of components. Each of them performs a certain task. Scientists have recently developed new models of robots. Such robots are used for various purposes.
2. Although the development of robots seems a very modern idea, the principles behind this new technology were known thousands of years ago. Even ancient Greeks and Romans used mechanical cogs and gears which are now an essential part of robot technology.
3. In the Middle Ages there was a real breakthrough in the development of robot engineering. At that time many types of mechanical devices appeared. At the end of the 17th century most of the mechanical components that make up a modern robot were already known by engineers.
4. Throughout history inventors have produced a variety of seemingly magical mechanical devices capable of quite life-like actions. These devices were not programmable, they were simply performing a set of operations. Different scientists and engineers have applied many advances in this field of science at that time.
5. Today's robot is a very complex structure. A metal or plastic frame serves for a skeleton, and a variety of actuators provide muscle power. But the new humanoids are not just bodies, they are also sophisticated sensing machines with cameras, microphones, even specific sensors that imitate the sense of touch. And then there are the brains.
6. Nowadays scientists haven't yet created such a robot that can think. Engineers and scientists have written a lot of complicated programmes for robots but it is still very difficult to make a thinking machine. And who knows, maybe in the future it will not only resemble a human being in appearance but will also have the capacity to think and feel. So you see that in order to have human-like machines that will work in real-world situations scientists still have a lot of work to do.
Задание первое. Выполните анализ лексического состава текста.
I. Переведите следующие слова:
development, ancient, cog, gear, essential, breakthrough, device, to appear, capable, to apply, advances, frame, sophisticated, brain, to create.
II. Переведитеследующиесловосочетания:
a very modern idea, thousands of years ago, an essential part, mechanical devices, throughout history, life-like actions, a set of operations, a complex structure, to resemble a human being, to have the capacity.
Задание второе. Выполните грамматический анализ предложений.
I. Раскройте скобки и поставьте глагол в нужную форму Simple.
1. Now people (to use) robots in many spheres of life.
2. At that time we (to know) little about computers.
3. Robot (to do) its work more efficiently than human beings.
4. It’s difficult to predict what the robots of the future (look) like.
5. The young scientist (to work) in the field of mechanics.
II. Раскройте скобки и поставьте глагол в нужную форму Progressive.
1. Now he (to work) at his scientific report.
2. When the teacher came into the laboratory students (to carry out) a new experiment with robots.
3. I (to check) the battery at 5 o’clock on Thursday.
4. They (not to study) any electrical instruments next month.
5. We (to study) the properties of alloys the whole lesson tomorrow.
III. Раскройте скобки и поставьте глагол в нужную форму Perfect.
1. Today the Professor (to describe) achievements in robots to his students.
2. I never (to be) to the Museum of Technology.
3. He already (to study) robot history.
4. Paul (to prepare) the necessary measuring devices before the classes began.
5. You (to finish) your work by 5 o’clock tomorrow?
IV. Поставьте глагол в соответствующем времени Simple, Progressive или Perfect.
1. He (to return) home at 9 o’clock yesterday.
2. My friend (to write) a scientific article now.
3. She just (to call) me.
4. I (to finish) this work by Monday.
5. Good student always (to do) the home assignment in time.
V. Выберите предложения, содержащие конструкции в PassiveVoice.
1. Students are always shown some tables and diagrams at the lecture.
2. We told them the news yesterday.
3. You will be given an answer tomorrow.
4. I was helped by my friend in this work.
5. He was a real friend of mine.
6. We were shown a good film.
7. He has been sent abroad to study chemistry.
VI. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, содержащие PassiveVoice.
1. She was seen in the workshop.
2. The problem will be solved tomorrow.
3. The climate control system has been inspected by the engineer.
4. The rule hasn’t been explained yet.
5. New devices are being examined now.
VII. Из третьего и четвертого абзацев выпишите по одному предложению, содержащему глагол в Simple, Progressive и Perfect.
VIII. Из первого и второго абзацев выпишите предложения, содержащие PassiveVoice. Предложения переведите.
Задание третье. Проверьте точность понимания прочитанного.
I. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. When did people learn the main principles of robot technology?
2. Did ancient Greeks and Romans know anything about robots?
3. When did engineers learn about most of the mechanical components of a robot?
4. Is today's robot a simple structure?
5. Is there already a thinking machine?
II. Спишите и письменно переведите 4 и 5 абзацы контрольного текста «RobotHistory»
III. Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения:
1. В средние века появились многие виды механических приборов.
2. Эти приборы выполняли ряд операций.
3. Современные роботы – это очень сложная структура.
4. Функции скелета выполняет металлическая или пластиковая рама.
5. Сегодня ученые еще не создали робота, который может думать.
Вариант 2
Контрольный текст
Robot Work
1. When engineers devised a steam engine in the 18th century, some people said that everything possible had already been invented. However, our mankind has produced a great number of other inventions since that time. Robots are one of them. Nowadays people use 90% of robots for heavy, repetitive manufacturing work. Difficult, dangerous or boring to Human beings tasks are handled by these robots.
2. The most common manufacturing robot is the robotic arm. It typically consists of seven metal segments. Tiny motors or actuators put them into operation when a special computer gives them certain instructions. Robotic arm is working for hours and doesn’t get tired. An industrial robotic arm with six joints closely resembles a human arm – it has the equivalent of a shoulder, an elbow and a wrist.
3. This type of robot has six degrees of freedom, i.e. it can turn in six different ways. A human arm by comparison, has seven degrees of freedom. Your arm moves your hand from place to place.
4. Similarly, the robotic arm moves an end effector from place to place. You can supply robotic arms with all sorts of end effectors, which will perform a certain task, for example it will grasp and carry different objects.
5. Robotic hands often have built-in pressure sensors that tell the computer how hard the robot is gripping a particular object. That's why the robot doesn't drop or break whatever it's carrying. Robots do their work more efficiently than human beings because they are so precise. They always drill in exactly the same place, and they always tighten bolts with the same amount of force, no matter how many hours they've been in operation.
6. Today there’s an endless variety of robots in the size, shape and jobs they perform. Scientists and engineers devise robots both for industry and homes. Some of the robots are experimental and look more like living creatures. Many people are working today in the field of robotics and they are trying to find new applications for robots in the future.
Задание первое. Выполните анализ лексического состава текста.
I. Переведитеследующиеслова:
mankind, repetitive, boring, to consist of, shoulders, elbow, wrist, to move, to grasp, to supply, to drop, to tighten, to devise, to resemble, amount.
II. Переведитеследующиесловосочетания:
a steam engine, everything possible, since that time, repetitive manufacturing work, to put into operation, resembles a human arm, built in pressure sensors, repetitive manufacturing work, to perform a certain task, the same amount of force.
Задание второе. Выполните грамматический анализ предложений.
I. Раскройте скобки и поставьте глагол в нужную форму Simple.
1. Every computer (to consist of) software and hardware.
2. In future this new device (to find) wide application in many branches of industry.
3. A modern robot (to be) a complex engineering structure.
4. During the 17th and 18th centuries, many people (to try) to find easy ways of calculating.
5. My father (to like) to play chess very much.
II. Раскройте скобки и поставьте глагол в нужную форму Progressive.
1. Paul (to test) a new device from 11 till 12 yesterday.
2. What you (to do) at 2 o’clock tomorrow?
3. Michael (to study) how to draw graphs now.
4. He (to repair) his car when we returned home.
5. I (to work) probably in the lab next week.
III. Раскройте скобки и поставьте глагол в нужную форму Perfect.
1. He (to finish) everything in time.
2. What you (to do) before Alex came?
3. I (to finish) to write the article by tomorrow.
4. My friend never (to be) to England.
5. She just (to come) in.
IV. Поставьте глагол в соответствующем времени Simple, Progressive или Perfect.
1. A boy (to go) home now.
2. They (to work) at a plant last year.
3. My sister (to write) her course paper by next month.
4. We never (to be) to the USA.
5. My friend (to combine) work and study.
V. Выберите предложения, содержащие конструкции в PassiveVoice.
1. He delivered a lecture yesterday.
2. A new school will be built in our town.
3. You will be given an answer tomorrow.
4. We were told the news yesterday.
5. Where is our town situated?
6. The tickets must be brought beforehand.
7. It was very hot in our region last summer.
VI. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, содержащие PassiveVoice.
1. The tubes are made of elastic material.
2. The experiment had been finished before the lesson was over.
3. The article will have been published by the beginning of the conference.