(4) 1988 saw the release of NeXTSTEP, the new GUI and opening system for Steve Jobs’ NeXT computer, his first major project after leaving Apple in 1985. NeXTSTEP which introduced a sharp, 3D beveled look to all of its GUI components, was the first to use the “X” symbol to indicate a close window widget, and introduced the idea of vertical menu strip in the upper left-hand corner, which could also be “torn off” at any point so that the user could leave specific menus at any point on the screen. NeXTSTEP also had a Dock that lived on any side of the screen.

(5) Just before the end of the 1980s, new GUIs started appearing on Unix workstations. These ran on top of a networked windowing architecture known as X, which would later be the foundation for GUIs on Linux. These were simple GUIs that attempted to mimic the appearance of Microsoft Windows but still allow access to the power of the Unix shell underneath. X also introduced a new GUI idea where merely moving the mouse cursor over a window would automatically activate it and allow the user to start typing in it.

(6) The initial design goal of the X Window System was merely to provide the framework for displaying multiple command shells and a clock on a single large workstation monitor. The philosophy of X was to “separate policy and mechanism” which meant that it would handle basic graphical and windowing requests, but left the overall look of the interface up to the individual program. To provide a consistent interface, a second layer of code, called a “window manager” was required on top of the X Window server. The window manager handled the creation and manipulation of windows and window widgets, but was not a complete graphical user interface. Another layer was created on top of that, called a “desktop environment” or DE, and varied depending on the Unix vendor. As the 90s began, other personal computing platforms fell off sharply in popularity, leaving only Windows and the Macintosh as the survivors of the GUI wars.

(7) Windows reached an unprecedented level of popularity with the release of version 3.0 in 1990 and 3.1 in 1992. While still lacking many of the features of the Macintosh (such as an icon-based file manager) it was sharp and had good looking icons, and sold millions of copies. The release of Windows 95 cemented Microsoft’s lead in GUI sales, and became one of the most popular programs of all time. Windows 95 introduced the concept of the Start Menu, from which all programs could be launched, and the Tsk Bar where all running programs could be switched between. The next major release of Microsoft is operating system Widows 8 which officially debuted on October 26th, 2012. Windows 8 is a completely redesigned operating system developed with touchscreen use in mind as well as near-instant-on capabilities that enable a Windows 8 PC to load and start up in a matter of seconds rather than in minutes. Windows 8 replaces the more traditional Microsoft Windows OS look and feel with a new design system interface codenamed “Metro” that first debuted in the Windows Phone 7 mobile operating system. The Metro user interface primarily consists of a “Start screen” made up of “Live Tiles”, which are links to applications and features that are dynamic and update in real time. Users can switch between apps in Metro by simply swiping across the screen.

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Exercise 1. Which of the following statements expresses the main idea of the text?

1. 
   The most important changes in GUI began in 1976.
   
2. 
   The GUI advance was the result of efforts of some people.
   
3. 
   It was Bill Gates who made the greatest contribution to the development of GUI.
   

Exercise 2. Give the number of the paragraph which expresses the following ideas.

1. Since then computer users have been able to leave specific menus somewhere on the screen.

2. Microsoft took a leading position on the market of GUI.

3. The first icon-based interface made its appearance in the late 1980s.

4. The preference was given to the tiled windows.

5. A complete graphical interface was not created at that time.

6. Some special button combinations were invented for the most fre quently used menu commands.

7. The company took a risk due to the available finance.

8. The company with the head office in Great Britain developed its own microcomputer.

9. Computer users got the possibility to write in the windows.

10. This GUI gave the possibility to load and start up within seconds.
Exercise 3. Define whether the following statements correspond to the content of the text. (yes; no; not stated)

1. 
   The first significant GUI computer was designed in Xerox PARC.
   
2. 
   In its early days Apple Company had a lot of sponsors.
   
3. 
   Lisa computer was designed as an ordinary computer for that period of time.
   
4. 
   Lisa computer was aimed at doing a scientific research.
   
5. 
   While working with Lisa computer the Apple employees used PARC conventions.
   
6. 
   A one-button mouse provided two functions: selecting and running.
   
7. 
   The so-called “dock” was designed to keep shortcuts of common programs and tools.
   
8. 
   NeXTSTEP GUI gave a user the opportunity to leave specific menus at any point on the screen.
   
9. 
   GUI used in the UK-based company Acorn Computers made it possible to type in a window.
   
10. 
    The window manager handled the creation and manipulation of a complete graphical user interface.
    
11. 
    Before the end of the 1980s, new GUIs were installed on different types of workstations.
    
12. 
    Windows became very popular when version 2.0 appeared.
    
13. 
    Windows 3.1 did not have many features of the Macintosh.
    
14. 
    Microsoft took the leading position in GUI sales after the appearance of Windows 95.
    
15. 
    A new design system interface “Metro” was originally used in in a mobile phone.
    

Exercise 4. Match the terms with their definitions.

1. Smalltalk a. a menu that appears when an item in a GUI is selected, usually below the item (it is also called drop-down menu)

2. Alto b. a powerful multi-tasking, multi- user computer operating system

3. widget c. a style of type

4. checkmark d. a general term for a small gadget or device

5. trash e. something that is reliable or in agreement

6. abandon f. to imitate or copy in action,speech, etc.

7. Unix g. a programming language that was designed expressly to support the concepts of object-oriented program- ming

8. consistent h. being at the disposal

9. vendor i. litter bin

10. survivor j. a person who sells something

11. squeeze k. to hit with a hard blow

12. swipe l. the desktop computer from Xerox that pioneered the use/icon//desktop environment

13. conventions m. ideas or actions intended to deal with a problem or situation

14. approach n. a person or a thing who outlives the other or others

15. font o. absence of something that should be there

16. pull-down menu p. reference designations

17. available q. worthless or discarded material or objects; refuse or rubbish

18. mimic r. to press forcibly together; compress

19. lack s. to give up by leaving or ceasing to operate with e.g.the electronic work sheet

20. trash can t. a mark indicating that something has been noted or completed etc.

Exercise 5. Give your own interpretation of the following words and word combinations used in the text:

flush with money, to take risks, set about, commercial release, influx, eventually, competing product, activate, unprecedented, initial, debut, near-instant-on capabilities, for the sake of clarity

Exercise6. Paraphrase the following statements simplifying its grammar.

1. Apple was a young company that found itself flush with money, and was more willing to take risks.

2. In 1987 Windows was updated to version 2.0, abandoning the tiled window approach in favour of the overlapping method and having maximizing widgets.

3. The philosophy of X was to “separate policy and mechanism” which

meant that it would handle basic graphical and windowing requests, but left the overall look of the interface up to the individual program.

4. Windows 8 is a completely redesigned operating system developed with touchscreen use in mind as well as near-instant-on capabilities that enable a Windows 8 PC to load and start up in a matter of seconds rather than in minutes.
Exercise 7. Answer the following questions.

1. 
   What kind of interface was developed by the Apple for its Lisa computer?
   
2. 
   What innovations did PARC people introduce?
   
3. 
   What was Bill Gates’ contribution to the further development of modern GUIs?
   
4. 
   Who introduced the term “Dock”?
   
5. 
   What is the objective of the “X” symbol?
   
6. 
   What was done by the GUI developers for providing a consistent interface?
   
7. 
   What were the reasons for the popularity of Windows 95?
   
8. 
   What are the main features of Windows 8?
   

Exercise 8. Make up the summary of the text.

UNIT 3 Smartphones and Mobile Operating Systems

Vocabulary

track pad сенсорная панель

stylus перо

Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) протокол мобильной интерак- тивной связи с Интернет

QUERTY keyboard стандартная клавиатура компь- ютера

keypad клавишное поле

single-minded имеющий узкое назначение

digital voice service цифровая передача речевых сигналов

swipe прокрутка

tapping касание

pinch щипок

runtime performance настройки быстродействия

Notification area центр уведомлений

thumbnail «миниатюра», контрольное изображение

parallax видимое угловое смещение объекта

sluggish зависающий

force quit принудительно завершить работу

source code исходный код

reverse pitch растягивание

haptic осязаемый

boot загрузка

toolkit набор инструментальных средств

capacitive емкостный
(1) Like a computer operating system, a mobile operating system is the software platform on top of which other programs run. When a user purchases a mobile device, the manufacturer will have chosen the operating system for that specific device. The operating system is responsible for determining the functions and features available on the device, such as keyboards, Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), synchronization with applications, e-mail, text messaging and more. The mobile operating system will also determine which third-party applications can be used on the device.

(2) The commercial success of smartphones and tablets has opened up a new and untapped market in mobile communications. Smartphone is a cellular telephone with built-in applications and Internet access. In addition to digital voice service, modern smartphones provide text messaging, e-mail, Web browsing, still and video cameras, MP3 player and video playback. In addition to their built-in functions, smartphones run myriad free and paid applications, turning the once single-minded cellphone into a mobile personal computer.

(3) Since 2007, touchscreen phones have come to dominate the mobile device market. Touchscreen display is a type of electronic display that senses physical touch by a person’s hands or fingers, or by a device such as a stylus, and then performs actions based on the location of the touch as well as the number of touches. It is useful for interacting directly with a computer or electronic device, partially or even completely eliminating the need for intermediate input devices such as computer mice, track pads or keyboards.

(4) Smartphones, tablets, laptops and similar electronic devices can be based on one of the two primary types of touchscreen displays. Resistive touch displays distinguish and sense specific touch location when the two electrically charged layers of the touchscreen are pressed together with the physical force at a specific point. Capacitive touch screens distinguish and sense specific touch location based on the electrical impulses in a human body, typically the fingertip. This enables capacitive touchscreens to not require any actual force to be applied to the screen’s surface; at the same time, capacitive screens typically don’t respond to styluses or gloved hands due to the lack of electrical impulses generated.

(5) The presence of touch functionality in smartphones and tablets clearly underlines the popularity of this interface. Touchscreen devices have also changed the whole way we look at mobile OS. Better technology, lower costs and heightened competition have increased the range of features and functionalities found on phones and tablets.

The four major smartphone operating systems are iPhone (iOS), Android, BlackBerry and Windows Phone.

(6) Symbian mobile OS was used by many major mobile phone brands, like Samsung Motorola, Sony Ericsson, and above all by Nokia. Symbian had a native graphics toolkit. It was designed to be manipulated by a keyboard-like interface metaphor, such as the

15-key augmented telephone keypad, or the mini - QWERTY keyboards. It was the most popular smartphone OS on a worldwide average until the end of 2010, when it was overtaken by Android. Although more Symbian smartphones have been sold worldwide than any other, in 2011, Nokia switched from its native Symbian to the Microsoft phone platform.

---

(7) Android is a Linux-based operating system designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Initially developed by Android, Inc., it was financially backed by Google which later bought it in 2005. Android is an open-source code and its licensing allows the software to be freely modified and distributed by device manufactures and enthusiast developers. Additionally, Android has a large community of developers writing applications that augment the functionality of devices, written primarily in a customized version of the Java programming language. In October 2012, there were approximately 700,000 apps available for Android, and the estimated number of applications downloaded from Google Play was 25 billion.

(8) Android’s user interface is based on direct manipulation, using touch inputs that correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping, pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects. The response to user input is designed to be immediate, often using the vibration capabilities of the device to provide haptic feedback to the user. Android devices boot to the home screen which is similar to the desktop found on PCs. Android home screens are typically made up of app icons and widgets; app icons launch the associated app, whereas widgets display live, auto-updating content such as the weather forecast and the user’s email inbox.

(9) IOS is a mobile operating system for Apple-manufactured devices. IOS runs on the iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch and Apple TV. IOS is best known for serving as the underlying software that allows iPhone users to interact with their phones using gestures such as swiping, tapping and pinching. These finger actions are typically performed on multi-touch capacitive touch screen displays, which provide fast response and accept inputs from multiple fingers.

(10) IOS comes with a lot of default apps, including an email client, a Safari Web browser, a portable media player (iPod) and the phone app. Developers can use the IOS software development kit (SDK) to create applications for Apple mobile devices. The SDK includes tools and interfaces for developing, installing, running and testing apps. Native apps can be written using the ISO system frameworks and the Objective-C programming language. Included in the iOS SDK are Xcode Tools, which include an integrated development environment (IDE) for managing application projects, a graphical tool for creating the user interface and a debugging tool for analyzing runtime performance. IOS 7 for iPhone 5 has recently appeared on the smartphone market. Its GUI has undergone some noticeable changes. First of all, IOS 7 gets rid of the black bars at top and bottom of the screen; you have the “slide to unlock” words highlighted by a helpful animated glow.

(11) A file sharing feature Airdrop is also available on mobile devices running the ISO 7. It’s very simple: a “sharing” icon in an app lets you send a file, link or other piece of data to those willing to receive it. You choose Airdrop and you get a list of people in the vicinity. Press their icon and it’s done. The receiver gets a message popping up on their screen where they can accept or reject the data – photo, file, link. Double-tapping the Home button brings up the list of apps used before. In ISO 6 and earlier, it was a row on the bottom of the screen; now it’s a flat carousel in the screen centre. It has the style of thumbnails. If an app is sluggish, force quit the application by double tapping the Home button and flicking the app’s window up. The home screen gets some goodies too. It and the lock screen can use dynamic or static wallpapers, and they can use panoramas too. Wallpapers also benefit from a subtle parallax effect, so if you move the phone the wallpapers appear to move. The rest of IOS 7 emphasizes simplicity, so for example, the stitched leather is gone from Calendar and Notes don’t pretend that they’ve been written on yellow legal pads. Simplifying IOS makes it feel much more modern and efficient.

Exercise 1. Which of the following statements expresses the main idea of the text?

1. 
   IOS 7 is the latest state-of-the-art gadget.
   
2. 
   Touchscreen phones are dominating on the mobile device market.
   
3. 
   Modern smartphones are based on the advanced mobile operating systems.
   

Exercise 2. Change the order of the following items according to the content of the text.

---

1. 
   Two primary types of touchscreen displays
   
2. 
   A Linux-based operating system designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices
   
3. 
   The responsibility of operating systems for the functions and features of a mobile phone
   
4. 
   The most popular smartphone OS until the end of 2010
   
5. 
   The abilities provided by Airdrop
   
6. 
   Touchscreen displays and their functions
   
7. 
   The principle of Android’s user interface operation?
   
8. 
   Internetworking Operating System
   
9. 
   Smartphone as a mobile personal computer
   
10. 
    The IOS software development kit
    

Exercise 3. Define whether the following statements correspond to the content of the text. (true- T; false-F; not stated-NS)

1. 
   It makes no difference what operating system is used in some particular device.
   
2. 
   Smartphones became popular due to the application of new technologies.
   
3. 
   Touchscreen displays provide the direct interaction with a computer.
   
4. 
   The number of services provided by a smartphone is unlimited.
   
5. 
   Resistive touch displays do not require any actual force to be applied to the screen’s surface.
   
6. 
   A capacitive touch screen is activated by the electrical impulses in a human body.
   
7. 
   The change from one phone platform to another happened in 2011.
   
8. 
   Android licensing meant that it was impossible to modify the software.
   
9. 
   Home screens of Android devices and PC desktops are the same.
   
10. 
    There are black bars at top and bottom of the screen with IOS 7 for iPhone5.
    
11. 
    In ISO 7 the list of apps used before is a flat carousel in the screen centre.
    
12. 
    Actually, IOS is used in all modern gadgets.
    

Exercise 4. Match the terms in the left column with their definitions.

1. thumbnail a. a pointing and drawing device that is shaped just like a pen. It is used when operating digital tablets and touch screens de- vices such as smart phones and I pads.

2. keypad b. a multi-touch touchpad from Apple that debuted on Mac laptops in 2009 and became a stand-alone pointing device for desktop computers in 2010

3. home button c. sliding a finger or stylus across a touch screen to scroll or move items around

4. stylus d. a miniature representation of a page or image that is used to identify a file by its contents; may be used to rearrange the page order by dragging and dropping them into a different sequence

5. track pad e. written by a programmer, but not directly executable by the computer. It must be convert- ed into machine language by compilers, assemblers or inter- preters

6. swipe f. a small keyboard, for example on a telephone, computer, or cal- culator

7. source code g. a reference to the main page of a site

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Exercise 5. Say what terms are meant by the following descriptions?

1. It is a collection of software used for developing applications for a specific device or operating systems. It typically includes an integrated development environment. Most of them contain sample code, which provides developers with example programs and libraries. They also offer technical documentation, which may include tutorials and FAQs. Some of them may also include sample graphics, such as buttons and icons, which can be incorporated into applications.

2. The name comes from the first six letters (keys) appearing in the top left letter row of the keyboard, read left to right. Its design is based on a layout created for the Sholes and Glidden typewriter and sold to Remington in the same year, when it first appeared in typewriters. It became popular with the success of the Remington No. 2 of 1878, and remains in use on electronic keyboards due to the network effect of a standard layout and a belief that alternatives fail to provide very significant advantages. Its use and adoption is often viewed as one of the most important case studies in open standards because of the widespread, collective adoption and use of the product, particularly in the United States.

3. It is an application that facilitates application development. In general, it is a graphical user interface (GUI)-based workbench designed to aid a developer in building software applications with an integrated environment combined with all the required tools at hand. Most common features, such as debugging, version control and data structure browsing, help a developer quickly execute actions without switching to other applications. Thus, it helps maximize productivity by providing similar user interfaces (UI) for related components and reduces the time taken to learn the language. It supports single or multiple languages.

4. It defines a mechanism for accessing and delivering content over wireless networks. It is based on the layered OSI model, uses new networking protocols having functions similar to the Web protocols HTTP, SSL, and TCP. A nice feature of its browsers is that they can be implemented on small mobile devices such as cell phones, pagers, and PDAs. So, instead of coding content using HTML and JavaScript, programmers can use WML and WML Script. WML and its companion scripting language WML Script are tag-based markup languages designed after the HTML model. The advantages are that WML demands less memory and processing power from browsers, as compared to HTML and JavaScript. Another asset to WML is that it was designed to be used in relatively small display sizes so common in wireless devices such as PDAs.

5. It is the environment and data structures that keep track of everything that's going along as your program runs. In C, it is the environment variables and operating-system provided services that let the program interact with the rest of the system. In an object-oriented language, it's also all the tables of objects and classes and methods that get built to allow message passing to take place. In an interpreted language, it's the state of the interpreter, plus all of those other things. In general, it can be described as "everything that happens that you didn't explicitly write yourself".

a) Wireless Application Protocol; b) IDE; c) runtime; d) SDK; e) QUERTY keyboard.

Exercise 6. Find the following words and word combinations in the appropriate paragraphs of the text and explain what they mean in the given context.

third-party applications (1), untapped market (2), myriad (2), intermediate (3), underline(5) , on a worldwide average(6), customized version (7) haptic feedback, estimated number (7), haptic feedback (8), auto-updating content (8), “slide to unlock” words(10), gets rid of(10), a file sharing feature Airdrop(11), goodies (11), link (11)

Exercise 7. Paraphrase the following statements simplifying its grammar.
1. In addition to their built-in functions, smartphones run myriad free and paid applications, turning the once single-minded cellphone into a mobile personal computer.

2. This enables capacitive touchscreens to not require any actual force to be applied to the screen’s surface.

3. Although more Symbian smartphones have been sold worldwide than any other, in 2011, Nokia switched from its native Symbian to the Microsoft phone platform.

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