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How old is the quality concept?
Wordlist
| TQC (Total Quality Control) | Всеобщее управление качеством |
| Quality | Качество |
| Inspection | Проверка |
| Prominence | Признание |
| Competitive strategy | Конкурентоспособная стратегия |
| Mass production | Массовое производство |
| Management | Менеджмент |
| Variability | Изменчивость |
| Probability | Вероятность |
| Monitor | Осуществлять |
| Evolution | Эволюция |
| Take place | Проходить |
| Categorize | Классифицировать |
| Assurance | Гарантия |
| Acceptable | Приемлемый |
| Supervise skills | Контролировать навыки |
| Measurement | Мера |
| Standardization | Стандартизация |
| Prosper | Процветать |
| Limited | Ограниченный |
| Introduce the idea | Предлагать идею |
| Distinguish | Различать |
| Meet needs | Удовлетворять потребности |
| Require | Потребовать |
| Nonconformance | Несоответствие |
| Sufficient | Достаточный |
| Confidence | Уверенность |
| Principle | Принцип |
| Quality management | Управление качеством |
| At every level | На каждом уровне |
| Apply | Использовать |
| Department | Отдел |
| Sophisticated | Изощрённый |
| Technique | Техника, метод |
| Collaboration | Сотрудничество |
| Significantly | Значительно |
| Contribute | Вносить вклад |
| Objective | Цель |
| Competitive index | Индекс конкурентноспособности |
| Benefit | Выгода |
Проверяемое задание 4 (Блок Writing 2)
Раздел 2. Особенности перевода специальных текстов. Основные модели перевода. Лексические основы перевода
Задание
Используйте текст научной статьи, найденной Вами для предыдущего Проверяемого задания №3 (Блок Writing 2). Выберите из нее отрывок общим объемом около 2000 печатных знаков с пробелами и переведите его с английского на русский язык. Оформите перевод согласно требованиям, предъявляемым к письменному переводу (учитывая особенности перевода сокращений, аббревиатур и спец. текста в целом).
Пример оформления перевода:
| How old is the quality concept? | Насколько стара концепция качества? |
| Quality in fact has been around for quite a long time and has progressed from stages of playing a purely reactive role (inspection) to its present prominence in shaping the competitive strategy of business. Quality did not emerge until the era of mass production, as part of Frederick Taylor’s scientific management preaching. One role of supervisors was to carry out inspection of the work of their subordinates. However, the man who spearheaded the quality movement was W. A. Shewhart, who in 1931 gave a clearer definition of Total Quality Control, how to measure and control it. Shewhart argued that variability has to be accepted as a way of life and that differences between parts, peoples’ skills and process parameters, lead to differences between the same (different) goods produced. He debated that by using statistical and probability techniques, variability can be better understood, monitored and controlled. The evolution of Total Quality Management has taken place in a number of stages. The four stages of quality evolution can be categorized as follows: quality inspection, quality control, quality assurance and Total Quality Management. On the first stage the inspectors were to find the poor quality product and separate it from the acceptable quality product so that then it would be scrapped, reworked or sold as lower quality. With further industrial advancement came the second stage of TQM development and quality was controlled through supervised skills, written specification, measurement and standardization. The development of control charts and accepting sampling methods by Shewhart and DodgeRoming during the period 1924–1931 helped this era to prosper further from the previous inspection era. Sampling presupposed checking a limited number of items representing the whole batch to find out about overall state of quality. At this stage Shewhart introduced the idea that quality control can help to distinguish and separate two types of process variation; firstly the variation resulting from random causes and secondly the variation resulting from assignable or special causes. The main processes which help products and services to meet customers’ needs are inspection and quality control which require greater process control and lower evidence of nonconformance. The third stage of this development, i.e. quality assurance contains all the previous stages in order to provide sufficient confidence that a product or service will satisfy customers’ needs. At this stage there was also an emphasis on change from detection activities towards prevention of bad quality. The fourth level, i.e. Total Quality Management involves the understanding and implementation of quality management principles and concepts in every aspect of business activities. Total Quality Management demands that the principles of quality management must be applied at every level, every stage and in every department of the organization. The idea of Total Quality Management philosophy must also be enriched by the application of sophisticated quality management techniques. The process of quality management would also be beyond the inner organization in order to develop close collaboration with suppliers. The development of total quality management from 1950 onwards can be credited to the works of various American experts. Among them, Dr Edward Deming, Dr Joseph Juran and Philip Crosby have contributed significantly towards the continuous development of the subject. The quality movement has carried on progressing until the present day, when quality has taken a central place in determining organizational objectives and competitive indices. It seems that the whole world has suddenly woken up from a long sleep to be updated on all the potential benefits of quality when adopted as a way of conducting business. | В настоящее время Всеобщее управление качеством в его различных формах доминирует в деловой жизни. На самом деле качество существует уже довольно давно и прошло путь от чисто реактивной роли (инспекции) до его нынешней роли в формировании конкурентной стратегии бизнеса. Качество появилось только в эпоху массового производства, как часть проповеди научного менеджмента Фредерика Тейлора. Одна из функций руководителей заключалась в проверке работы их подчиненных. Однако человеком, который возглавил движение за качество, был У. А. Шухарт, который в 1931 году дал более четкое определение тотального контроля качества, как его измерять и контролировать. Шухарт утверждал, что изменчивость должна быть принята как образ жизни и что различия между деталями, навыками людей и параметрами процесса приводят к различиям между одними и теми же (разными) производимыми товарами. Он обсуждал, что с помощью статистических и вероятностных методов изменчивость можно лучше понять, отслеживать и контролировать. Эволюция всеобщего управления качеством проходила в несколько этапов. Четыре этапа эволюции качества можно разделить на следующие категории: проверка качества, контроль качества, обеспечение качества и всеобщее управление качеством. На первом этапе инспекторы должны были найти некачественный товар и отделить его от товара приемлемого качества, чтобы потом его сдать переработать, или продать как менее качественный. С дальнейшим промышленным развитием наступил второй этап развития Всеобщего контроля качества, и качество контролировалось с помощью контролируемых навыков, письменных спецификаций, измерений и стандартизации. Разработка контрольных карт и принятие методов выборки Шухартом и ДоджРомингом в период 1924–1931 годов помогли этой эпохе добиться дальнейшего процветания по сравнению с предыдущей эпохой проверок. Выборка предполагала проверку ограниченного количества изделий, представляющих всю партию, для выяснения общего состояния качества. На этом этапе Шухарт представил идею о том, что контроль качества может помочь различить и разделить два типа изменений процесса; во-первых, вариация, вызванная случайными причинами, и, во-вторых, вариация, вызванная определяемыми или особыми причинами. Основными процессами, которые помогают продуктам и услугам удовлетворять потребности клиентов, являются проверка и контроль качества, которые требуют более тщательного контроля процесса и меньшего количества доказательств несоответствия. Третий этап этого развития, то есть обеспечение качества, содержит все предыдущие этапы, чтобы обеспечить достаточную уверенность в том, что продукт или услуга удовлетворят потребности клиентов. На этом этапе также был сделан акцент на переходе от деятельности по обнаружению к предотвращению плохого качества. Четвертый уровень, то есть всеобщее управление качеством, включает в себя понимание и реализацию принципов и концепций управления качеством во всех аспектах деловой активности. Тотальное управление качеством требует, чтобы принципы управления качеством применялись на каждом уровне, на каждом этапе и в каждом отделе организации. Идея философии всеобщего управления качеством также должна быть обогащена применением сложных методов управления качеством. Процесс управления качеством также будет выходить за рамки внутренней организации, чтобы развивать тесное сотрудничество с поставщиками. Развитие всеобщего управления качеством с 1950 года можно отнести к работам различных американских экспертов. Среди них д-р Эдвард Деминг, д-р Джозеф Джуран и Филип Кросби внесли значительный вклад в постоянное развитие предмета. Движение за качество продолжалось до сегодняшнего дня, когда качество заняло центральное место в определении организационных целей и показателей конкурентоспособности. Кажется, что весь мир внезапно пробудился от долгого сна, чтобы узнать обо всех потенциальных преимуществах качества, когда оно становится способом ведения бизнеса. |
Проверяемое задание 5 (Блок Writing 3)
Раздел 3. Общие положения об аннотировании и реферировании
Задание
Прочитайте черновой вариант примерной аннотации дипломного проекта. Исправьте / отредактируйте ее в соответствии с требованиями, предъявляемыми к написанию аннотации на английском языке.
Abstract
The title of the thesis is analysis of the value of the enterprise (the enterprise has not been chosen yet).
The author pays a great attention to the value of enterprise.
The thesis consists of an explanatory note on 79 pages, introduction, including 19 figures, 19 tables, the list of 27 references including 9 foreign sources and 2 appendices.
All three parts look toward to analyze estimation of the value of the enterprise.
This study investigates the estimation of the enterprise.
The key part of the thesis is analysis of estimation of the value of the enterprise.
The work touches upon problems of estimation of value and stabile increase of the value of the enterprise.
The object of the thesis is a world- wide known company.
The subject of the thesis is analysis of different reports and financial statements.
The first part of thesis describes devoted to the definition of the evaluation of the enterprise and essence of the assessment.
The second part of my thesis is focused on estimation of the value of the given company. I will conclude the total sum of the company`s value. Market capitalization will be considered.
The third part of my thesis describes the activities to increase the value of this company.
Проверяемое задание 6 (Блок Writing 3)
Раздел 3. Общие положения об аннотировании и реферировании
Задание
Напишите аннотацию на английском языке, объемом 200-250 слов ЛИБО к научной статье, найденной Вами для Проверяемого задания №3 / №4 (Блок Writing 2) из Раздела 2 ЛИБО к Вашей статье / дипломному проекту / научному исследованию.
HOW OLD IS THE QUALITY CONCEPT?
TQM in its various forms appears to dominate business life nowadays. Quality in fact has been around for quite a long time and has progressed from stages of playing a purely reactive role (inspection) to its present prominence in shaping the competitive strategy of business.
Quality did not emerge until the era of mass production, as part of Frederick Taylor’s scientific management preaching. One role of supervisors was to carry out inspection of the work of their subordinates. However, the man who spearheaded the quality movement was W. A. Shewhart, who in 1931 gave a clearer definition of Total Quality Control, how to measure and control it. Shewhart argued that variability has to be accepted as a way of life and that differences between parts, peoples’ skills and process parameters, lead to differences between the same (different) goods produced. He debated that by using statistical and probability techniques, variability can be better understood, monitored and controlled.
The evolution of Total Quality Management has taken place in a number of stages. The four stages of quality evolution can be categorized as follows: quality inspection, quality control, quality assurance and Total Quality Management.
On the first stage the inspectors were to find the poor quality product and separate it from the acceptable quality product so that then it would be scrapped, reworked or sold as lower quality.
With further industrial advancement came the second stage of TQM development and quality was controlled through supervised skills, written specification, measurement and standardization. The development of control charts and accepting sampling methods by Shewhart and DodgeRoming during the period 1924–1931 helped this era to prosper further from the previous inspection era. Sampling presupposed checking a limited number of items representing the whole batch to find out about overall state of quality. At this stage Shewhart introduced the idea that quality control can help to distinguish and separate two types of process variation; firstly the variation resulting from random causes and secondly the variation resulting from assignable or special causes. The main processes which help products and services to meet customers’ needs are inspection and quality control which require greater process control and lower evidence of nonconformance.
The third stage of this development, i.e. quality assurance contains all the previous stages in order to provide sufficient confidence that a product or service will satisfy customers’ needs. At this stage there was also an emphasis on change from detection activities towards prevention of bad quality.
The fourth level, i.e. Total Quality Management involves the understanding and implementation of quality management principles and concepts in every aspect of business activities. Total Quality Management demands that the principles of quality management must be applied at every level, every stage and in every department of the organization. The idea of Total Quality Management philosophy must also be enriched by the application of sophisticated quality management techniques. The process of quality management would also be beyond the inner organization in order to develop close collaboration with suppliers.
The development of total quality management from 1950 onwards can be credited to the works of various American experts. Among them, Dr Edward Deming, Dr Joseph Juran and Philip Crosby have contributed significantly towards the continuous development of the subject.
The quality movement has carried on progressing until the present day, when quality has taken a central place in determining organizational objectives and competitive indices. It seems that the whole world has suddenly woken up from a long sleep to be updated on all the potential benefits of quality when adopted as a way of conducting business.
Annotation
The title of the article is “How old is the quality concept”. The article deals with the fact that TQM in its various forms appears to dominate business life nowadays. It is specially noted that quality in fact has been around for quite a long time and has progressed from stages of playing a purely reactive role (inspection) to its present prominence in shaping the competitive strategy of business.
It is reported that quality did not emerge until the era of mass production, as part of Frederick Taylor’s scientific management preaching. However, the man who spearheaded the quality movement was W. A. Shewhart, who in 1931 gave a clearer definition of Total Quality Control, how to measure and control it. It is spoken in detail that Shewhart argued that variability has to be accepted as a way of life and that differences between parts, peoples’ skills and process parameters, lead to differences between the same (different) goods produced. It is pointed out that he debated that by using statistical and probability techniques, variability can be better understood, monitored and controlled.
Much attention is given to the fact that the evolution of Total Quality Management has taken place in a number of stages and the four stages of quality evolution can be categorized as follows: quality inspection, quality control, quality assurance and Total Quality Management.
The article gives a valuable information on the fact that the quality movement has carried on progressing until the present day, when quality has taken a central place in determining organizational objectives and competitive indices. This article is of great help for managers because it contains a lot of useful facts.