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G R A M M A R 13 L I N K I N G W O R D S 1

Underline the most suitable word or phrase in each sentence.

a)Janet went out so that she bought/to buy Harry a present.

b)This food is much too hot to eat/to be eaten.

c)However/Though it was late, I decided to phone Brian.

d)Although/Despite the car was cheap, it was in good condition.

e)Let's check once more, for being/so as to be sure.

f)We could go to the club. Is it worth it, even though/though?

g)It was so windy/such a windy that half the trees had blown down.

h)The batteries were not enough small/too small to fit the radio.

i) Despite of the weather/the weather, we went sailing.

j)Bill had so much/so that fun that he stayed another week.

2Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.

a)Sue went shopping so she could buy herself a new television. to

Sue went shopping to buy herself a new television.

b)You use this to open wine bottles. for

This

wine bottles.

c)I put the food in the fridge because I wanted it to get cold. would

I put the food in the fridge

cold.

d)Harry left early because he didn't want to miss the bus. as

Harry

to miss the bus.

e)I saved up some money to buy a motorbike. could

I saved up some money

a motorbike.

f)Jane gave up smoking because she wanted to save money. order

Jane gave up smoking

money.

g)I came here so that I could see you. to

I

you.

77

FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE

3 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown. Do not change the meaning.

a) Sam lost his job because he was lazy.

Sam was so lazy that he lost his job.

b)I couldn't buy the house because it was expensive. The house was too

c)The book was so interesting that I couldn't put it down. It was

d)There was too much noise, so we couldn't hear the speech. There was so

e)The house was too small to live in comfortably. The house wasn't

f)We can't eat now because there isn't enough time. There is too

g)I can't come to your party because I'm too busy. I'm too

h)The class was cancelled because there weren't enough students. There were so

4 Complete each sentence with one suitable word.

a)

I couldn't run fast

..enough...

to catch the shoplifter.

b) They were

good roads that we could drive at high speed.

c)

It was

dark that I couldn't see a thing.

d) The trousers were

 

long enough to fit Jean.

e)

We had

a good time that we decided to go there again.

f)

It was

late that we couldn't get a bus home.

g)

I took a taxi as it was

far to walk.

h) The ladder wasn't tall

to reach the window.

i)

There are

lovely fish that you don't feel like eating meat.

j)

There were

many dishes that I couldn't make up my mind.


G R A M M A R 13 LIN KING W O R D S 1

5Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown. Do not change the meaning. Two sentences should be rewritten as one.

a) Despite the cold weather, we all went for a walk.

Although ..it was cold, we all went for a walk.

b)John has done well in French, but not so well in Maths. While

c)I tried to persuade her. I didn't succeed, however. Although

d)It was raining, but I went swimming anyway. In spite of

e)Ann felt ill, but insisted on going to work. Despite

f)In spite of his early lead, Hudson lost the race. Although

g)I'm not going to pay, although I know that I should. While

h)We expected Larry to accept the job, but he didn't. Even though Larry

6 Explain what each object is for, using one of the verbs in the box.

a) brush

..It's for painting things.

b)glue

c)fridge

d)sink

e)dustbin

f)toothbrush

g)corkscrew

h)key

79

FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE

7Look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. Tick each correct line. If a line has a word which should not be there, write the word in the space.

Goodwriters... A course for you!

Jane was one of those students who has problems with writing. First, her handwriting it was so bad

that most teachers couldn't to read it. The letters were so small, that the words were extremely difficult to read. Even though she tried to change her handwriting, she felt discouraged. Secondly, she made so the many mistakes in spelling and punctuation, so that her work always gave a bad impression. As well as this, she

had problems with organizing her writing, in despite making plans and writing notes. One day, though, she took a Goodwriter writing course, so to learn how to be an effective writer. At Goodwriters we taught her

how to organize her ideas. Although however she found it difficult at first, so she soon made progress. She learned to revise her writing, so as to improve it.

She started reading so too much that her spelling improved, so while her handwriting became clearer too.

K ey p o i n t s 1 The infinitive of purpose must have the same subject as the main clause.

I went to the shops. I wanted to buy some fruit.

I went to the shops to buy some fruit.

We do not use for in examples like this.

2In order to is more common in formal speech and writing. In normal conversation we just use to.

3Contrasts with while, whereas and nevertheless are used in formal speech and writing.

80


 

Explanations

 

 

The Explanations section focuses on problem areas only. Other time expressions

 

are included in the Practice section.

Present time

Nowadays and these days

 

 

Both contrast the present with the past.

 

 

Nowadays more women have careers.

 

 

What are you up to these days?

 

Notice that the word actually is not used with a time reference, as it is in many

 

European languages. Actually means in fact or really.

Future time

In

 

 

 

In can refer to future time. When we use it like this, it refers to the end of a

 

 

period of time.

 

 

 

/'// be there in a moment.

 

 

I'll be back in a week.

 

m

Calendar references

 

 

 

If today is Monday:

 

 

 

Wednesday is the day after tomorrow or the day after next.

 

 

Wednesday is also in two days' time.

 

 

Next Monday is this time next week.

 

m

At the end, in the end, at last

 

 

At the end refers to a point in time.

 

 

/ left at the end of the

film.

 

 

In the end means after a

lot of time or eventually.

 

 

I think that our side will win in the end/eventually.

 

 

We waited for ages, and in the end/finally we left.

 

 

At last shows that we are pleased because a long wait has ended.

 

 

At last you have arrived!

 

Presently

 

 

 

This means in a few moments. It is a formal use.

 

 

Just a minute. I'll be

with you presently.

Past time

Once

 

 

 

This can mean in the past. It can also mean from the time when.

 

 

I lived here once. (in the past)

 

 

Once she gets here, we can leave. (when)

• Periods of the day

Last is used with night, but not with morning, afternoon or evening.

They left yesterday morning and came back last night.

81


FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Calendar references

If today is Monday:

Saturday night was the night before last.

- In those days and at that time

Both refer to a past time we have already mentioned.

I met Janet in 1980. In those days I was a keen dancer.

-After, later and afterwards After is followed by an object.

/'// see you after the holidays.

Later means after some time. It is not followed by an object.

I'm busy now. I'll call you back later. Afterwards means after something has happened.

The film is starting now. I'll tell you afterwards.

Other problems

In:

In January, In

1968, In the morning/afternoon/evening

 

On: On Thursday, On my birthday

 

At:

At six o'clock,

At night, At midday/midnight, At the weekend

- For: I lived there for ten years.

 

Since: I have lived here since

1999.

Ago: Edward died two years ago.

(for

+ a period of time)

(since

+ a point in time)

(how far back in the past)

By: I need your homework by next week. (not later than next week)

Until: I'll be away until next week.

(all the time up to next week)

On time: Bill is never late,

he's always on time.

(not late)

In time: Luckily the police

arrived in time to help.

(early enough)

82


G R A M M A R 1 4 T I M E EXPRESSIONS

Underline the most suitable word or phrase in each sentence.

a)I haven't seen Jim before/since we worked together in London.

b)I'll finish the letter now and you can post it after/later.

c)What were you doing last evening/yesterday evening when I called?

d)Did you live here in/since 1987?

e)Diana hasn't finished her course already/yet.

f)What do you usually do in the afternoon/this afternoon!

g)Have you seen Jean and Chris nowadays/recently?

h)Helen arrived here at Thursday night/on Thursday night.

i)It's really ages since/when I saw you last.

j)Ann is going to be famous once/one day.

2 Put one word in each space.

a)

Graham came to see us over a week ago, the Friday before last

b)

Is it very warm here

the winter?

c)

No thanks, I've had some tea

 

d)

Don't worry, it won't hurt and I'll

be finished.

e)I liked the book. I didn't know what was going to happen

f)I think that people had much more spare time in the

g)This is very urgent. Please send it at

h)Harry isn't here. He left about five minutes

i)The film doesn't start until 7.30. We're half an hour

j) Would you mind waiting for

a moment, please?

3Complete each sentence with a word or phrase from the box.

a)There is far too much traffic on the roads nowadays

b)Never mind. I'm sure we'll find what we are looking for

c) I haven't seen you for ages. What have you been doing

?

d)Jack hasn't left. He hasn't finished his work

e)Take some notes in the meeting, and we'll discuss them

f)If you don't mind waiting, Brenda will be back

g)I considered taking a new job, but decided against it

h)Norman and I worked for the same company

i)You didn't fool me! I recognised you