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U n it 54

'j

1

The ship was launched // in September 1 942 if and destroyed a month later.

 

2

Property prices will increase if as long as interest rates // remain low.

 

3

The bird is often heard if but seldom // seen in the wild.

 

4

They took what they could carryif and left the rest // of their belongings behind.

 

5

Why students drop out // of university if is a complex issue.

 

6

Thieves made off /I with the painting if despite security guards in the building.

 

7 Most people also speak French if which is taught // from the age of six.

 

8

Who gave the order // to shoot if is to be investigated further.

 

9

Women /I who are pregnant if should avoid alcohol.

10 He claimed // he was innocent if but the jury disagreed.

Possible speech unit boundaries are shown. These are used in the recording. Complementary therapy,!/ which focuses on the whole person,!/ is becoming more widely used.!/ It considers a patient's physical symptoms// and also takes lifestyle into account.!/

Most practitioners believe// that the body seeks a state of balance.!/ What complementary therapy does// is help people achieve this balance.!/ Treatment not only relieves the disease// but also promotes general wellbeing.!/

How complementary therapy works// is still not entirely clear.!/ Recent research// has compared it with traditional medicine.!/ In one study conducted in Canada// a group of patients// who had severe back painl/ were treated either with complementary// or traditional treatments'!/ Patients who had complementary treatments// showed faster rates of improvement.

U n it 55

The most likely speech unit boundaries i n the green parts are given. These are used on the recording. The relevant rule from section B is also given.

1

The whole hasis of Goldberg's analysis// has been called into question. (b)

2

Most of her ll1one)// she left to children's charities. (d) (iv)

3

In the first half of this year// our sales have fallen by 25 per cent. (d) (i)

4

As a result// women are having fewer children than in the 1 990s. (d) (ii)

5

Collectively// the members of the organisation// were known as 'The Followers'. (a) and (b)

6

Unhappily for his family// he was never seen again. (a)

7 To conclude// all these factors suggest the need for job cuts. (d) (iii)

8

The two companies// although in competition// have agreed to cooperate on the project. (c)

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English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced)


Possible speech unit boundaries are shown. These are used in the recording.

Ever since the industrial revolution// we have dumped waste// into the air.!/ Consequently,!/ atmospheric carbon dioxide levels// are now a third higher// than in pre-industrial time.!/ The process may,!/ it has to be said,!/ have started long before,!/ when we first burnt down trees// to make way for agriculture.!/ However,!/ over the last few decades// the rate of increase// has grown rapidly.!/ Although its precise nature is unclear// there is an obvious relationship// between levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere// and higher global surface temperatures.!/

The impact of higher temperatures/! is difficult to assess,!/ but there will certainly be a different worldl/ as humans and other living organisms// try to adapt to change.!/ These changes,!/ which will affect us all,!/ include drought and extreme weather.!/ Southern Europe,!/ for example,!/ already has long periods// without rainfall.!/ And in the Americas and Asia// powerful hurricanes// and typhoons// have recently killedl/ more people// than in severaV! decades.!/

Of course,!/ some scientists dispute the evidence.!/ But these people,!/ as we all know,!/ represent industries// having vested interests// - their business,!/ they believe,!/ would be damagedl/ by limits on carbon emissions.!/ But among the wider scientific community// the argument is about the speed of change,!/ not whether change is taking place.!/

U n it 56

1I n a number o f countries// New Zealand for instance// attempts are being made to harness geothermal energy.

2 The city of Chester// originally a Roman settlement// was a major military stronghold by the time of the English Civil War in the 1 7th century.

3At the top of the hill are the Three Witches// as they used to be calledl/ which is a curious rock formation.

4A large group of protestors// nearly three thousandl/ were in the audience when the president began his last speech.

5 Gregor's final noveV! by far his most entertaining// was written when he was in his nineties.

Prominent syllables in the inserts are in capital letters.

1 Karl Huzel - from our GERman SISter company - will be talking to us after my presentation. 2 The countries of the European Union - with the exCEPtion of FRANCE - have all approved

the new regulations on working conditions.

3 Our latest model - the Dc6 - was released in April this year.

4The new research and development unit - to be BASED in DUBlin - will be opened later this year.

Follow-up

Here are three examples, with inserts, from the field of astronomy.

1 The estimated total number of asteroids in the solar system - many of which are very small - is greater than half a million.

2The science of measuring the brightness of stars - known as photometry - dates back more than 2000 years.

3The generally accepted theory of sunspots - proposed by Babcock in 1961 - suggests that they are caused by changes in the sun's magnetic field.

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181



5 7 . 1

57.2

U n it 57

The step-ups on the recording are marked, but other places for step-ups are possible.

1

She always said it was her best film, although the critics m hated it.

 

('... ID critics . . .' would also be possible, contrasting 'her' and 'the critics')

2

Rather than a military solution, we should be looking for a m political one.

3Some plastics are easy to produce, but ID difficult to dispose of.

(' . . . difficult to ID dispose of' would also be possible, contrasting 'produce' and 'dispose of)

4

Instead of a quick resolution to the war, their tactics ID prolonged it.

S Most people think he's French, but in fact he's from m Canada.

 

(' . . . in m fact . . . ' would also be possible, contrasting what 'most people think' and 'fact')

6

The model weighs only four kilos, whereas the full-scale version will weigh four IIIthousand.

 

(' ... m full-scale version . . .' would also be possible, contrasting the 'model' and the 'full-scale

 

version')

7

Despite the President's personal popularity, his party IIIlost the election.

 

('... m party . . .' would also be possible, contrasting 'the President' and 'his party')

8

The novel was all his own work - or he IIIclaimed it was.

9

The area is a popular tourist attraction, and yet m completely unspoilt.

10

Unlike most of our competitors, we've m actually made a profit this year.

(' . . . a m profit . . . ' would also be possible, contrasting 'a profit' with 'a loss', which is implied)

In IDthis lesson, we're going to look further at the life of Napoleon. As you'll remember, Napoleon was probably one of the greatest military leaders in history. In the class IDlast week, we studied his earlier life, until about 1 808, and now we'll look at events from about 1 808 until his death. mBy 1 808, you'll recall, Napoleon had crowned himself Emperor of the first French Empire. By this time he was in control of much of Europe, including Austria, Italy, Spain and Sweden. However, in I D 1809, Spain and Austria rose up against the French. Although the French army defeated them, thousands of men were lost. And in ID 1 8 12, ignoring repeated advice against it, Napoleon began his invasion of Russia. In this campaign, over half a million soldiers in his army were killed, and by 1 8 14 Paris had fallen and Napoleon had abdicated. Now IDwhat I'd like this half of the class to do is read the account of the battle near Vienna in 1 809 in your textbooks starting on page 82. The mother half should study the maps and pictures of the 1 8 12 invasion on the handout, and write a brief account of what you have observed.

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English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced)


U n it 58

58. 1 1 Michael Watson &3, the ID reigning champion 1i2I,has been knocked out of the French

Open.

2 Whitedown Hill El, 11 above the Trant Valley &::21,is to be the location of a new wind farm.

3Two sisters from France El, ID both in their seventies El, have become the oldest people to swim the English Channel.

4 A black woodpecker 11, a ID rare visitor to Britain &21, has been spotted on the east coast.

SThe head of NATO in Europe 5:21, m Major Peter Alvin 5:21, has warned that its military equipment is becoming seriously outdated.

58.2 The tones used in the added information and the previous noun phrase are shown. These tones begin on the previous prominent syllable.

Example: Large areas of the COUNtry 61, one of the 11 POORest in Asia 11, have been hit by drought.

1 Mr Abram IvANich &21, a m FORmer COMMunist &:21, has been elected president of Novistan.

2 The Nisota car factory in PERTH 61, m emPLOYing over THREE thousand PEople 61, is to

close next year.

3 A statue of Sir Frank WHittle, , I'D inVENtor of the JET engine &:21,has been unveiled in his home town.

4 Over fifty thousand PEople &1, almost a m TENth of the popuLAtion 61, are now thought to

have been infected with influenza.

S The city of St PEtersburg fi'2!J, ID PREviously LENingrad &2), is encouraging people to use public transport.

58.3

O n your m right we're passing the beautiful National Theatre, built i n the mid 1 800s and one of

 

 

the most important Czech cultural institutions. If you want to see opera or ballet in Prague, that's

 

the place to I'D go. We're m now passing under one of the best-known bridges in the world, the

 

Charles Bridge. It was built in the 13th century, and has 75 statues along its I'D sides. Over on the

 

m left, up on the hill, is Prague Castle, the home of Czech kings throughout the ages and now

 

the seat of the President of the Czech I'D Republic. You can ID also see the spires of Saint Vitus

 

Cathedral, where most of the Czech kings are ID buried. To your m right now is the

 

Rudolfinum, a concert hall. . .

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