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546 Great Britain

Revolutionary War in American	Rolle, Richard 17	royal warrant 168
colonies (1776–81) 45, 53, 105,	Rolling Stones 89	rugby 362
186, 333	Roman Catholic Church (Roman	Rump Parliament 38, 180, 206, 244,
revolutions, British. See also Ameri-	Church) 4, 16–17	290, 362
can colonies, rebellion of; French	Charles II and Catholicism 40	Rupert, Prince 300, 315, 363
Revolution of 1789	Glorious Revolution 42	Ruskin, John 363
agricultural revolution 48–49	Henry VIII’s break with 20,	Russell, Bertrand 145, 363, 415
bad revolution (1649)/good revo-	23–24, 29, 161–162, 192	Russell, Lord John (prime minister)
lution (1689) 46	James I’s attempt at reconciliation	220, 363
Civil War and revolution	34	Russell, William 363
(1642–59) 37–38, 163–164	Roman occupation 3–4	Russia. See also Union of Soviet
18th-century 48–55	romanticism 141, 167, 275, 359, 421	Socialist Republics (USSR)
Glorious Revolution (1688–1707)	Rome, Treaty of (1957) 91	Dual Alliance 70
41–44	Romilly, Sir Samuel 359–360	entente. See Entente with Russia
origins of Civil War (1603–42)	Roosevelt, Franklin D., U.S. presi-	(1907)
33–37	dent 80, 82, 113, 423, 426	nonagression pact with Hitler
restoration and revolution	Rosebery, Archibald Primrose, earl of	(1939) 78
(1660–88) 38–41	(prime minister) 360	pre–World War II actions 79
17th-century turmoils 33–44	Rosebuds 227	World War I 70–71
social change following late 18th-	Roses, Wars of the 12, 14, 119, 121,	Russian-Japanese War (1905) 70
century political revolution	143, 200, 242, 281, 299, 360, 398,	Rutherford, Ernest 363–364
52–55	426	Ruthven Raid (1582) 286, 364
Reynolds, Sir Joshua 356	Rota Club 240	Rye House plot (1683) 158, 364,
Rhodes, Cecil John 269, 356	Rothermere, Harold Harmsworth,	375
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) 356	viscount 322–323, 360	Ryswick, Treaty of (1697) 43, 364
Ricardo, David 281, 351, 356–357	Rothschild, Lionel Nathan, baron de	S
Richard, duke of York, imposter	360	S
Perkin Warbeck posing as 15. See	rotten boroughs of 18th century 54,	Sacheverell, Dr. Henry 365, 389
Warbeck, Perkin	233, 249, 354, 360	St. Albans, battles of 365, 380
Richard I (the Lion Heart), king 6	Roundheads 361	St. Leger, Sir Anthony 365
Richard II (king) 9–10, 12, 252, 338,	Round Table Conferences (1930–32)	St. Patrick 260–261
357	222	St. Paul’s Cathedral (London) 150,
Richard III (king) 15, 130, 200, 242,	Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 297	167, 192, 213, 226, 273, 318, 365,
357, 360, 399	Rowntree, Benjamin Seebohm 361	377, 424
Richard of York 12, 121, 200	Royal Academy 221, 356, 361, 399	St. Thomas More. See More, St.
Ridley, Nicholas 302, 357	Royal African Company 361	Thomas
Ridolfi plot (1571) 357, 409	Royal Air Force (RAF) 79, 103, 133,	Salesbury, William 124, 185, 366
Righteous and Harmonious Fists	160, 240, 313, 361	Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne Cecil,
(Boxers) 68	royal commission 128, 198, 361–362	marquis of (prime minister) 64,
The Rights of Man by Thomas Paine	Royal English Opera House 148	70, 117, 250, 366
333	Royal Exchange 232, 362	Salvation Army 129, 366
Riot Act (1715) 357–358	Royal Irish Constabulary 125, 362	Samuel, Herbert Louis Samuel, first
Rizzio, David 184, 301, 312, 358	royalists 361, 363	viscount 366
roads, construction of 293, 358, 392	Royal Lancasterian Society (1808)	Sancroft, William, archbishop of
turnpike 399	281	Canterbury 321, 366–367
Roberts, Frederick Sleigh 358	Royal Library 134	Sandhurst 367
Robin Hood 358–359	Royal Military College 367	Sandwich, John Montagu, fourth
Rochdale Pioneers 359	royal navy. See navy	earl of 367
Rochford, Lady 251	royal proclamation. See proclama-	Savery, Thomas 318, 367, 385–386
Rockingham, Charles Wentworth,	tion	Savoy Conference (1661) 345, 367
(prime minister) 359	Royal Society 362, 408, 424	Saxe-Coburg, house of 225, 405,
Rodney, George 359	royal supremacy 24, 162, 208, 243,	418
Roebuck, John Arthur 359	343, 356, 362, 413	genealogy 509

		Index 547
Saxons. See also Anglo-Saxon	Mary (queen). See Mary (queen	Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley
kingdoms	of Scots)	Cooper, first earl 289, 372
genealogy (showing union of	Parliament 44, 198, 335–336,	Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley
Saxon and Norman lines) 503	368, 369	Cooper, seventh earl 372, 427
Scapa Flow 367	peerage 338	Shakespeare, William 31, 116, 272,
science and scientists. See specific sci-	stone of Scone (“stone of des-	328, 357, 372–373, 373
entists	tiny”) 367	literary genius and impact of
Scone (site of “stone of destiny”)	teind 394	372–373
367	Union, Acts of 402	Sharp, Granville 164, 373, 381
“Scotia”/”scot” (terms) 367	unitary authorities 174	Shaw, George Bernard 211, 373
Scotland 367–368	Scotland Yard 306	Shelburne, William Petty (prime
burgh 138, 176, 335	Scott, Sir Walter 368	minister) 373–374
Calvin’s Case 34	Scottish Enlightenment 46, 252	Shelley, Percy Bysshe 229, 359, 374,
Campbell family 145	Scottish National Covenant (1638)	419
Church of England and 24–25	36, 125, 177, 272, 283, 368	shell scandal (1915) 72, 422
Church of Scotland. See Church	Scottish Nationalists 84	Sheridan, Richard Brinsley 194, 374
of Scotland; Free Church of	Scottish National Party (SNP) 368	sheriff 173–174, 196, 210, 231, 235,
Scotland	scrofula (king’s evil) 277	251, 374, 383
Civil War in 17th century, origins	SDF. See Social Democratic Federa-	Sherwood Forest, Nottingham
of 36, 163–164	tion	358–359
Claim of Right 42, 164	Seanad Éireann 369, 426	ship money 36, 213, 317, 374
clan 164, 176, 228, 245, 282, 407	Second Balkan War (1913) 70	shire. See county
community charge (1989) 343,	secretary of state 291, 369	Short Parliament 156, 374
394	secret ballot 158, 354, 369	Shrewsbury, Battle of 339
conflicts with Britain, latter 20th-	sedition 369	Shrewsbury, Elizabeth Talbot, count-
century 94–95	Selborne, Roundell Palmer 143,	ess of. See “Bess of Hardwick”
courts of law 175–176, 197	369–370	Sidney, Algernon 270, 364, 375
Covenanters 157, 177, 194, 237,	Selden, John 370	Sidney, Sir Philip 31, 375, 383
272, 414	Selden Society 296, 370	Sierra Leone 373, 375
crofter 176, 179–180, 245	select committees 168, 370	signet 375
Cromwell-led invasion (1649) 38	self-acting engine (Thomas New-	“Silken Thomas” 214
diaspora in 19th century 61	comen) 318, 367, 386	Simnel, Lambert (pretender) 214,
early history 5, 6, 8, 206–207	self-denying ordinance (1645) 180,	242, 375
Edinburgh 175, 198	209, 297, 319, 370, 408	Simon, Sir John 375–376
education 199	Senegal 370	Simpson, Wallis 99, 201
English Reformation, effect of	Septennial Act (1716) 370	Singapore 376
24–25, 28–29	Serbia, pre–World War I events in	sinking fund 376
Enlightenment 46	70–71	Sinn Féin 43, 76, 196, 233, 266,
15th-century struggles with En-	serf 298	328, 352, 376
gland 11	services and finance since 1945 93	Six Acts (1819) 340, 376
Gaelic 221	session 175, 250	Six Articles of Religion (1539) 283
Glorious Revolution, effect of 44	Session, Court of 370–371	16th-century Britain 20–32
High Court of Justiciary 175, 244	Settlement, Act of (1701) 44, 52,	arts and literature 31–32
Highlands 164, 244–245, 282.	106, 192, 371, 417	British state, reformation of
See also Highland clearances	Seven Bishops’ case 186, 228, 367,	27–29
history 367–368	371, 380	Church of England
“home rule” 368	17th-century revolutions 33–44.	creation of 20
kings of 308	See also revolutions, British	Elizabeth I and 22, 237
land tenure 282. See also High-	Seven Years’ War (1756–63) 52,	move away from Catholicism
land clearances	105, 224, 251, 276, 341, 359, 371	22
law and legal issues 284	Seymour, Jane (queen) 20,	reformation of 23–25
lord advocate 290	371–372, 380	courts, reformation of 25–27
marches 298, 324, 339	Seymour, Thomas 372, 380	education in 31–32

548 Great Britain

16th-century Britain (continued)	socialism 123, 245, 351, 373, 379.	creation of 75
Elizabethan age 29–32	See also Christian Socialist move-	Eastern Germany, post–World
monarchy, reformation of 25–27,	ment; cooperative movement	War II 355
308	Marx, Karl 300	Hitler’s invasion of 80, 423
Reformation 23–29	nationalization 221	MI 6 intelligence 306
social ranks, hierarchy of 31	Socialist League (1885) 311	NATO formed to oppose 322
Tudor dynasty 20–23	Society for the Abolition of the Slave	as superpower 91, 92
slave trade and slavery 376–377	Trade (1787) 373, 415	World War II 80–81, 424
abolishment of 54, 107, 218, 351,	Society for the Conversion of the	Spa Fields Riot (1816) 288, 382
360	Jews (1808) 373	Spain’s National Front led by Fran-
Africa 101, 107	Society for the Diffusion of Useful	cisco Franco (1930s) 77
antislavery movement 54, 107,	Knowledge 135	Spanish Armada 22, 29–31, 109,
135, 164, 165, 373, 377, 378	Society for the Promotion of Chris-	109–110, 204, 268, 317, 324
institution of slave trade (Sir John	tian Knowledge (SPCK) 156, 198,	Spanish flu pandemic (1918–19)
Hawkins) 241	379, 389	75
Royal African Company 361	Society for the Propagation of the	Spanish Succession, War of
South Sea Company 361	Gospel in Foreign Parts 379	(1702–13) 43, 52, 127, 352, 364,
West Indies 66, 267, 377	Society for the Supporters of the Bill	382, 403,	407
white slave traffic 140	of Rights 416	SPCK. See Society for the Promotion
Slim, William Joseph 377	Society of Antiquaries 145	of Christian Knowledge
smallpox 271, 404	Solemn League and Covenant	Speaker of the House 248, 382
Smiles, Samuel 359, 377	(1643) 163, 168, 177, 272, 283,	Special Branch (Scotland Yard) 248,
Smith, Adam 50, 56, 219, 281, 351,	287, 345, 379	306, 343
356, 377	solicitor 379–380	Spectator 100, 386
Smith, Reverend Sydney 377–378	Solway Moss Battle of (1542) 268	Speenhamland system 382–383
Smith, W(illiam) H(enry) 378	Somaliland, British 380	Spence, Thomas 351
Smollett, Tobias 322	Somers, John 380	Spencer, Herbert 383
Smuts, Jan Christian 378	Somerset, Edward Beaufort, second	Spenser, Edmund 31, 383, 414
Snowden, Philip 378	duke of 380	Spithead Mutiny (1797) 251, 383
SNP. See Scottish National Party	Somerset, Edward Seymour, earl of	“splendid isolation” 70, 78
Soane, Sir John 378	Hertford and duke of 22, 380	sports. See cricket; darts; football
soccer. See football	Somerset, Robert Carr, earl of 380	(soccer); fox hunting; Queensberry
social changes	Somerset case (1772) 373, 380–381	Rules; rugby; Wimbledon
appreciation of social class and	Somme, Battle of the (1916) 71,	spy programs. See intelligence ser-
social justice (1707–1850)	235, 381	vices and spies
45–46	South Africa 64, 66–67, 101, 128,	squire (esquire) 383
18th-century political revolu-	227, 235, 314, 329, 356, 381, 397	Sri Lanka 153, 383–384
tions, social change following	apartheid 381, 390	Stair, James Dalrymple, first viscount
52–55	Cape Colony. See Cape Colony	384
Enlightenment 47–48	Southey, Robert 381	Stalin 78, 80, 108, 411, 423, 426
15th-century Britain 16–19	South Sea Bubble 47–48, 381–382,	Stamp Act (1765) 105, 186, 232,
industrial revolution, social re-	389	359, 384
sponse to 51–52	South Sea Company 361	Stamp Tax (1765) in colonial Amer-
middle classes, rise of 45, 49–50	South Wales 305	ica 53
post-1945 changes 87–89	sovereigns. See also monarchy; spe-	standing army 384
radicalism 351	cific monarchs	standing committees 370
16th-century Britain, hierarchy of	chronological listing of English	Stanhope, James Stanhope, first earl
social ranks in 31	sovereigns 511–514	384
working class 52, 55, 89	genealogies 503–509. See also ge-	Stanley, Sir Henry Morton 288, 385
Social Democratic Federation (SDF)	nealogies of sovereigns	staple 385, 420
139, 254, 300, 311, 378–379	Soviet Union	Star Chamber 26, 235, 283, 347,
Social Democratic Party 84	Big Three 81–82	356, 385
social insurance 124, 411	Blunt, Anthony (spy) 128	Stationers Company 385

		Index 549
statute law 168, 284, 346, 385	superpowers	Temple, Sir William 392
Statute of Labourers 8, 337	Britain as superpower. See British	Templewood, Samuel John Gurney
Statute of Praemunire (1392) 17	Empire, the	Hoare, first viscount 393
Statute of Provisors (1351) 17	post-1945 (United States and So-	“ten hours movement” 211, 372
Stead, William Thomas 140, 385	viet Union) 91, 92–95	Tennyson, Alfred Tennyson, first
steam engine 131, 318, 367,	Supremacy, Act of (1534) 181, 362	baron 342, 393
385–386, 398, 410	Surrey, Henry Howard 389	ten year rule 77, 78, 160
Steele, Richard 386	suspending power 371, 389	Territorial Army 306, 426
Stephens, James 212	Swaziland 390	terrorism 195, 382. See also Irish Re-
Stephenson, George 386	Swift, Jonathan 344, 390, 392	publican Army (IRA)
sterilization in surgery 288	syphilis, treatment of 215	test act 40–41, 186, 190, 191, 195,
sterling, efforts to maintain 91	T	269, 342, 384, 393
Stewarts of Scotland 103	T	Tewkesbury, Battle of (1471) 14, 15,
stipendiary magistrates 295	Taff Vale case 256, 391	299, 360, 393
Stoke, Battle of (1487) 15, 375	Taiping rebellion (1850–64) 329	Thackeray, William Makepeace 393
stone of Scone (“stone of destiny”)	Talbot, Elizabeth. See “Bess of	Thatcher, Margaret (prime minister)
367	Hardwick”	85, 85, 87, 92, 94, 96, 143, 170,
Stop of the Exchequer 40, 157	Tamil/Sinhalese conflict 384	241, 280, 316, 343, 369, 393–394,
Stormont 386	Tamworth Manifesto (1934) 338,	397
Stow, John 386	391	The Economist 383
Strachey, (Giles) Lytton 127, 386	Tanganyika 391, 428	third parties 170
Strafford, Thomas Wentworth 36,	tanistry 5	Thirty-nine Articles of faith (1563)
156, 348, 386–387, 404	tank, first use in World War I 71	29, 162, 334, 394
Stratford-upon-Avon 372, 373	Tanzania 391, 428	Thirty Years’ War (1618–48) 34,
Stuart, Charles Edward (“Bonnie	Taoiseach 391	156–157, 408
Prince Charlie”) 52, 181, 267, 293,	tariffs 154, 219, 229, 256, 281, 331,	Three Kingdoms, War of the 157.
313, 387	338, 391–392	See also Civil War (1642–50)
Stuart, house of 23, 142, 190,	colonial America 53, 105	Throckmorton, Job 299
206–207, 338, 344, 354, 371, 387	grain. See corn laws	throne, the. See monarchy; specific
genealogy 508	Tasmania 392, 397	monarchs
submarines	Tate Gallery, London 399	Times, The 323
first use in World War I 71	Tatler 100, 386	Titanic 394
German U-boats 80, 160, 422	taxation 392	tithe 343, 394, 405, 414
Submission of the Clergy (1532) 24,	Civil War, origins of 34–36	Tizard, Sir Henry 394
162, 362, 387	county unit for 173	Toleration Act (1689) 46, 171, 191,
Succession, Acts of 215, 387	heavy taxation of 18th century	348, 352, 394–395
Sudan 67, 180, 227, 229–230, 235,	53–54	Tone, (Theobald) Wolfe 395
276, 291, 387–388, 418	House of Commons approval	Tonge, Israel 40
Suez Canal 64, 67, 84–85, 91, 123,	248	“Tory Democracy” 159, 190
190, 197, 202, 388	income tax 256	Tory Party 41, 42, 43, 45, 52, 63, 69,
Suffolk, Charles Brandon, duke of	laissez faire position 281	85, 151, 170, 174, 395, 408
388	land 282	totalitarian states in Europe, post–
suffrage and suffragettes 70, 106,	land taxes in 18th century 49	World War I 77
212, 226, 282, 334–335, 351,	monarchy endorsement 308	appeasement policy 78, 79
388–389, 420. See also women’s	national debt and 315	Tower of London 15, 201, 214, 222,
movement	Parliament consent 248, 315,	240, 251, 270, 293, 304, 347, 353,
Sullivan, Arthur. See Gilbert and	335, 340, 374	389, 395–396, 409, 424
Sullivan	window tax, 417–418	Townshend, Charles 396
Sunday schools 198, 239, 311, 389	Tay Bridge 392	Townshend, Charles, second vis-
Sunderland, Charles Spencer, earl of	tea 392	count 396
389	televised debated in House of Com-	trade
Sunderland, Charles Spencer, second	mons 87	18th-century growth in 49–52
earl of 389	Telford, Thomas 358, 392	the Empire 56, 59–60

550 Great Britain

trade (continued)

English trading companies (1550– 1770), map 495

15th-century Britain 17

Great Exhibition of 1851 58–59, 103

India 257

Merchant Venturers 305

opium trade in India 68, 257, 329 Trade and Plantations committee

346

trades disputes acts 77, 391 Trades Union Congress (TUC) 396,

397

Trade Union Act (1871) 396

trade unions 63, 75, 167–168, 234, 254, 256, 331, 341, 359, 394, 396–397, 411, 417, 422

Trafalgar, Battle of (1805) 53, 314, 318, 397

tram 397

transportation, punishment by 339, 397

transportation improvements (roads, etc.) 50, 293, 358

transubstantiation 9

Transvaal 67, 130, 147, 269, 381, 397

treason 369, 372, 395, 397–398, 419, 424

Treasonable Practices Act (1795) 398

treasury 398

Treatises on Government (1689) by John Locke 46

Treaty of. See specific treaties

Trenchard, Hugh 398 Trevithick, Richard, 352, 398 Trinity College (University of

Dublin) 200

Triple Alliance 70, 384, 398 Troyes, Treaty of (1420) 12, 242,

252, 398

TUC. See Trades Union Congress Tudor, house of 16, 20–23, 130, 138,

142, 206–207, 344, 354, 360, 387, 398–399. See also Elizabeth I; Henry VII; Henry VIII

genealogy 507

Tudor, Margaret, queen of Scots 399 Tull, Jethro 48

Turner, J(oseph) M(allord) W(illiam) 399

turnpike 399

20th-century Britain 69–95, 134 isolation of early 20th century

69–71

monarchy 308–309 between the wars (1919–39)

75–79

world power (1899–1945) 69–82 World War I (1914–18) 71–75 World War II (1939–45) 79–82

21st-century Britain 95–96 two-party system 170 Tyburn 399

Tyler, Wat 9

Tyndale, William 24, 124, 178, 399 Tyrconnel, Richard Talbot 400 Tyrone, Con O’Neill, earl of. See

O’Neill, Con

Tyrone, Hugh O’Neill, earl of. See O’Neill, Hugh

U-boats 80, 160, 422 Uganda 291, 401

Ulster 29, 148, 159, 163, 182, 263, 309, 323, 329, 330, 333, 342, 376, 386, 401. See also O’Neill, Hugh

British occupation 94, 121 Ulster Covenant (1911–12) 148,

177, 263, 401 Ulster custom 401 Ulster Protestants 43

Ulster Volunteers 148, 263, 352, 401 Ultra secret (Enigma machine) 81,

401–402

unemployment benefits 344 unemployment levels, post–World

War I 76, 77

uniformity, acts of 29, 39–40, 162, 165, 171, 402

uniformity, oaths of 338, 352, 371 Union, Acts of 162, 173, 215, 250,

254, 262, 299, 402 Ireland 402 Scotland 402 Wales 402

Unionists 148, 323, 329, 336, 402 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

(USSR). See Soviet Union unions. See trade unions Unitarians 321, 345, 394, 402 unitary authorities in Wales and

Scotland 174

United Irishmen 205, 262, 265, 327, 395, 402

United Kingdom 207, 368, 402–403 English sovereigns, chronological

listing 511–514 map 493

prime ministers, chronological listing 515–516

United National Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (1943) 82

United Nations, establishment of 424

United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference (1944) 82

United Scotsmen 403

United States. See also American colonies

Big Three 81–82 Council of Four 75

as creditor following World War II 82, 286

post-1945 relationship with Britain 90, 91, 424

as superpower 91, 92

trade ties with Britain following colonial rebellion 56

World War I 73–74

World War II 80–82

universities 403, 421. See also Cambridge University; Open University; Oxford University

University Grants Committee 403 urban population growth in 18th

century 50, 55

utilitarianism 54, 122, 153, 306, 403 Utrecht, Treaty of (1713) 43, 52,

129, 299, 325, 382, 403

V vaccination 271, 404 vagrancy laws 343 valor ecclesiasticus 24, 404 Van Dieman’s Land 392

Vane, Sir Henry, the elder 404 Vane, Sir Henry, the younger 404 Vaughan Williams, Ralph 404 Vauxhall Gardens 404

Venner, Thomas 213

Verdun, Battle of (1916) 71, 421 Vernon, Edward 404–405 Versailles, Treaty of (1919) 75, 160,

285, 355, 367, 405, 422 vicar 405

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