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Index 541

MacDonald, Flora 293, 387 MacDonald, (James) Ramsay (prime

minister) 77, 280, 293–294, 294, 378, 406

MacDonald, Sir John 294

Mackenzie, Sir George 294 Mackenzie, William Lyon 294 Mackintosh, Charles Rennie

294–295

Mackintosh, Sir James 295 Macmillan, Harold (prime minister)

84–85, 92, 192, 295 MacPherson, James 331 “mad cow disease” 136 Magdalen Hospital 238

magistrates 175, 181, 231, 251, 295, 340, 347, 358

Magna Carta (1215) 6–7, 7, 174, 295–296, 307

Mahdi, the (of Sudan) 67, 229–230, 276, 388

Maitland, Frederic William 296, 370 Maitland, John 296

Maitland, William 296

Major, John (prime minister) 85, 170, 280, 296

major generals, rule of the 296 Malawi 297

Malaysia 297

Malcolm (king of Scotland) 5 Malcolm III (king of Scotland) 5 Malplaquet, Battle of (1709) 299 Malta 297

Malthus, Thomas 297, 351 Malthusian League (1861) 297 Manchester, Edward Montagu, duke

of 297, 300, 370

Manchester school 297–298, 351 Mandela, Nelson 381 Manhattan Project 113

Manning, Henry, Cardinal 298, 386 manor 169, 281, 298

Mansbridge, Albert 421 Mansfield, William Murray 298 manufacturing. See also factories;

trade unions

Anti–Corn Law League 55 industrial revolution, advances of

50–52

post-1945 years 93

workplace reforms (early 1800s)

Maori people 320

maps of Great Britain 493–500 Mar, John Erskine, earl of 298 marches 298–299, 324, 339 Margaret, princess 204 Margaret of Anjou (Queen Mar-

garet) 13–14, 299, 360, 365, 393 Marine Society 238

maritime law. See admiralty Marlborough, John Churchill, duke

of 43, 127, 299, 352 Marlowe, Christopher 299 Marne 134

marprelate tracts (1588–89) 299 marquess (marquis), rank of 196,

299, 338

Married Women’s Property Acts 299–300

Marshall Plan 91

Marshalsea 300

Marston Moor, Battle of (1644) 37, 157, 163–164, 180, 211, 281, 286, 297, 300

martial law 300, 340, 341 Martineau, Harriet 300 Marx, Karl 254, 300, 378

Mary (queen of Scots) 22, 29, 123, 138, 162, 184, 201, 204, 243, 268, 271, 279, 296, 300–302, 301, 312, 323, 354, 357, 358, 409

Mary I (queen) 22, 28, 150, 203–204, 208, 243, 279, 302

Mary II (queen) 42, 302, 308, 321 Mary of Guise (queen of Scots) 268,

279, 291, 302

Massachusetts Bay Company 302 Master of the Rolls 302

Maugham, (William) Somerset 303 Mau Mau rebellion (1950s Kenya)

276

Maurice, John F. D. 303, 379 Maxwell, James Clerk 303, 351 Mayhew, Henry 303

Maynooth, St. Patrick’s College 303 mechanics institutes 303–304 medieval Britain. See early Britain medieval Ireland 261–262 Mediterranean Agreement of 1887

Melbourne, William Lamb, viscount (prime minister) 304, 405

Melville, Andrew 268, 304 Melville, Henry Dundas, viscount

255, 271, 304

member of parliament (MP) 175, 280, 304

Menzies, Sir Robert 304 mercantilism 133, 219, 257, 304–305 Merchant Venturers 305

Merlin 5

Merthyr Rising (1831) 305 Mesopotamia 305 Methodism 305, 321, 413 Methuen, John 305 Methuen Treaty 305

Metropolitan London Police 343 MI 5 305–306, 382

MI 6 306

Middle Ages 4–10 end of 11–19

middle classes Elizabethan age 31

rise of 45, 49–50, 55, 259 Middle East 90, 285 Middle English 207

Midlothian campaign (1879–80) 306

military law 300

militia 173, 306, 321, 426 Mill, James 306, 351

Mill, John Stuart 306, 351, 403 Milner, Alfred 306–307 Milton, John 307

Mines Act (1842) 372

Ministry of Defence 409 Ministry of Munitions 73, 74–75,

288

monarchy 307–309. See also prerogative, royal; specific monarchs

ceremonial/symbolic nature of, current 308, 405

chronological listing of English sovereigns 511–514

constitutional monarchy, formation of 33, 308

decline in power (20th century) 85–86, 308

diminished role in government, post–Queen Victoria 104, 201, 308, 405

dispensing power 190

divorces in royal family (late 20th century) 86

in 15th-century Britain monarchs in 14–16 new monarchy 15, 308

genealogies 503–509

542 Great Britain

monarchy (continued)	Mussolini, Benito 77, 78, 108, 154,	naval warfare, revolutionary effect
history 307–309	393	of ship Dreadnought 193
institution of 307–309	Mutiny Act 313, 384	navigation acts 40, 51, 157, 195,
loss of esteem after 1815 57	N	229, 316
medieval Britain 307–308	N	navy 316–317
public criticism in late 20th cen-	nabob 314	army’s relationship to 110
tury 85–86	NAFTA. See North American Free	continental system 171
in 16th-century Britain, reforma-	Trade Agreement	early development of 27, 243
tion of monarchy in 25–27, 308	Nagasaki, dropping atomic bomb on	19th-century power of 62
Tudor dynasty 16, 20–23	80, 423	press gang 345
in 21st century 95	Namibia 314	race with Germany 69
weddings of royal family (late	Nanking, Treaty of 329	Washington Naval Conference
20th century) 86, 204	Napier, John 314	(1921–22) 77, 190, 410
monasticism 309	Napier, Sir Charles 314	Navy Board 101
Monck, George 38, 309, 355	“Napier’s bones” 314	Nazis 77, 78, 81, 160
Monmouth, James Scott, duke of	Napoléon I (emperor of the French).	Nehru, Jawaharlal (prime minister
40, 41, 127, 299, 309–310	See Bonaparte, Napoleon	of India) 317
Monmouth’s Rebellion (1685) 127,	Napoleonic Wars 288, 314–315,	Nelson, Horatio Nelson, viscount
186, 270, 299, 309–310	367, 406, 409	(admiral) 53, 99, 314, 317–318,
Montgomery, Bernard 310	Naseby, Battle of (1645) 37, 157,	365, 397
Montrose, James Graham, general	164, 180, 211, 315, 319, 363	Nepal 234
310	Nasser, Gamal Abdel (Egyptian presi-	New Brunswick 318
Monty Python 89	dent) 91, 202	Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles,
Moore, Henry 310	Natal colony 315, 381	duke of (prime minister) 318,
Moore, Sir John 310	National Assistance 315	322
Moray, James Stewart, earl of	National Darts Association 184	Newcomen, Thomas 318, 367, 386,
310–311	national debt 236, 315, 371, 376	410
More, Hannah 311	National Eisteddfod Association 202	New Delhi 318
More, St. Thomas 17, 24, 25, 181,	National Front party 84	“new Elizabethan age” 85
208, 311, 355, 357	National Gallery 165, 315	Newfoundland 318
Morgan, Sir Henry 311	National Health Service 88, 123,	Newgate Prison 220, 318–319, 328,
Morley, John, viscount 311	280, 296, 315–316, 379	399
Morris, William 311	National Insurance 129, 280, 316,	new imperialism 64
Morrison, Herbert 311–312	344, 379, 411	Newman, John Henry 298, 319,
Mortimer family 312	National Insurance Act (1911) 124,	331
Morton, James Douglas 286, 312	344, 411	New Model Army (1645) 164, 168,
Mosley, Sir Oswald 312	nationalization 221, 316, 379	180, 211, 286, 319, 370, 384
Mountbatten, Philip. See Philip,	industry, late 20th century 86	new society (1707–1850) 45–55
Prince	Labour Party 280	Newton, Sir Isaac 208, 319, 362,
Mountbatten of Burma, Louis, first	National Liberal Federation (1877)	414
earl 312, 411	63	New Zealand 319–320
Mountjoy, Charles Blount, baron	National Liberal Union 287	autonomy of 65, 83, 319
278, 313	National Repeal Association (1841)	Nigeria 292, 320
MP. See member of parliament	327, 427	Nightingale, Florence 179, 320, 386,
Mt. Everest 245	National Secular Society 123	427
Munich Agreement (1938) 78, 108	National Service 90, 111, 170, 316	Nile, Battle of. See Aboukir Bay,
Municipal Corporation Act (1835)	National Service Act (1947) 316	Battle of (1798)
313	The National Reformer 123, 132	nineteen propositions (to Charles I)
municipal corporations 173, 313	National Trust (1895) 245, 316	157, 320–321
Murray, Lord George 313	National Union of Women’s Suffrage	19th-century Britain. See British
music. See also specific musicians and	Societies in 1897 212	Empire, the
composers	National Vigilance Association 140	Nine Years’ War (1689–97) 43,
20th-century Britain 89	NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty	364
21st-century Britain 96	Organization	nisi prius 321

		Index 543
Nobel Prize	nuclear energy 113, 145, 325. See	Orkney islands 330, 367, 368
chemistry (Ernest Rutherford/	also atom bomb	Ormonde, dukes and earls of 330
1908) 363	splitting of atom, discovery 364	Orwell, George 330
literature (William Butler Yeats/	nursing profession 320	Osborne Judgment (1909) 330–331
1923) 426	O	Ossian 331
“nomination” boroughs. See rotten	O	Ottawa Conference (1932) 331,
boroughs of 18th century	Oastler, Richard 326	378
nonaggression pact between Stalin	Oates, Titus 40–41, 270, 326, 344	Ottawa Convention (1997) 190
and Hitler (1939) 78, 108	O’Brien, James Bronterre 326	Ottoman Empire, 70, 286, 305
nonconformists 191, 321, 327	O’Brien, William 326	Oudenarde, Battle of (1708) 299
nonjurors 284, 321, 367	O’Brien, William Smith 326–327	“outdoor relief” 343
nonproliferation treaties 190	Observer 323	Overbury, Sir Thomas 380
nonresistance 321	O’Casey, Sean 327	Owen, Robert 172, 291, 331, 351,
Norfolk, Thomas Howard, third duke	Occasional Conformity Act (1711)	359, 379
of 321, 357	327	Oxford movement 331
Norman Conquest (1066) 4–5, 206,	O’Connell, Daniel 150, 262, 327,	Oxford University 87, 89, 191, 199,
321–322, 368	327, 328, 427	331–332, 403
Normans 4–8	O’Connor, Feargus 291, 327–328,	oyer and terminer 168, 332
genealogy (showing union	351	P
of Saxon and Norman lines)	Oddfellows 220	P
503	O’Donnell, Hugh Roe 328	Pacific theater (World War II) 80
invasions by 4–5, 206, 321–322,	O’Donnell, Rory 328	Paine, Thomas 208, 333, 351, 420
368	Oglethorpe, James 328	Paisley, Ian 333
North, Frederick (prime minister)	O’Higgins, Kevin 328	Pakistan 222, 258, 271, 317, 333
322	oil	Pale 25, 28, 261–262, 329, 333
North African theater (World War II)	crisis concerning availability 325	Palestine 91, 333–334, 366, 418,
80, 423	North Sea oil 323, 330	428
North American Free Trade Agree-	OPEC oil embargo (1973) 241	Palmerston, Henry Temple, viscount
ment (NAFTA) (1987) 146	old-age pensions act (1908) 344	(prime minister) 63, 334
North American provinces,	Old Bailey 318, 328	Pankhurst, Christabel 333
mid-1800s. See also American	Oldcastle, Sir John 12	Pankhurst, Emmeline 333, 333
colonies	Old Vic theater 328	Pankhurst, Sylvia 334
autonomy of 58, 65, 83, 192	Olivier, Lawrence Kerr 328	Pankhurst family 334–335, 388
map of British North America in	O’Neill, Con 329, 400	“Pantisocracy” 381
1849 499	O’Neill, Hugh 29, 215, 278, 313,	papal infallibility 298
North Atlantic Treaty Organization	328, 329, 400	Paris, treaties of 179, 189, 371
(NATO) (1949) 91, 145, 310, 322	O’Neill, Owen Roe 329	parish 170, 334, 343, 394, 405
North Briton, journal 322	O’Neill, Shane 329	Paris Peace Conference (1919) 75,
Northcliffe, Alfred Harmsworth	O’Neill, Terence (prime minister of	276, 378, 405
322–323, 360	Northern Ireland) 323, 329	Parker, Matthew, archbishop of
Northern Ireland 94–95, 121, 127,	OPEC oil embargo (1973) 241	Canterbury 334
143, 177, 188, 266, 323, 362, 368,	Open University 89, 329, 421	Parliament 335–336
376, 386, 402	opium trade in India 68, 257, 329	act of Parliament. See act of Par-
Northern Rebellion (1569) 323	Opium Wars 329	liament
North Sea oil 323, 330	Orange Free State 67, 147, 329, 381	backbencher 116
Northumberland, Henry Percy	Orange Order 329–330	blue book 128
323–324	order in council 330	Cavalier Parliament 39, 151, 157
Northumberland, John Dudley 22,	Order of the Garter 9, 159	Charles I and coming of Civil War
194, 285, 324	Ordnance Survey 330	35–37
Northwest Passage 220, 226, 324	Origin of Species (On the Origin of Species	Civil War and revolution 37–38
Norwegian invasions 4–5	by Means of Natural Selection, or the	convention parliament 38, 171,
Nottingham, Charles Howard 324	Preservation of Favoured Races in the	186, 194, 290, 309, 355
Nottingham, Daniel Finch 324	Struggle for Life [Darwin]) 184, 253	the Crown and 27, 100
Nova Scotia 146, 318, 324–325	origins of Britain 3–4	dissolution of 192

544 Great Britain

Parliament (continued)	Paterson, William 337	philosophic radicals 351
in 18th century	patronage 31, 197, 318, 337, 343,	phony war 79
criticism of parliamentary rep-	357	Picts 5, 262, 368
resentation 54	Pax Britannica 62–65. See also	Pilgrimage of Grace (1536) 24, 324,
land management in 49	British Empire, the	340, 388
England 335	end of 65, 68	Pilgrim’s Progress (1684) by John
first Parliament of the United	Paxton, Joseph 58	Bunyan 138
Kingdom of Great Britain (1707)	Peace of London 21	piracy 276, 311
44	peace of Ryswick (1697) 43, 364	Pitt, William (first earl of Chatham;
Glorious Revolution, effect of	Peace Preservation Force 362	prime minister) 52, 224, 232, 304,
43–44	Pearl Harbor, attack on (1941) 78,	318, 322, 341, 360, 414, 416
Good Parliament 9, 200	80, 160, 423	Pitt, William (the younger; prime
governing power gained in 1800s	Pearse, Patrick 337	minister) 53, 151, 218, 308,
57	Peasants’ Revolt (1381) 9–10, 300,	340–341, 346
Grattan’s Parliament 231, 336,	337–338, 343, 357	Place, Francis 168, 291, 341
359	Peel, Sir Robert (prime minister) 55,	placemen 197, 341–342
Gunpowder Plot. See Gunpowder	107, 170, 230, 286, 303, 327, 338,	plague, bubonic 8, 49, 125, 337, 372
Plot (1605)	343, 362, 363, 427	Plaid Cymru (Welsh Nationalists)
history 206–207, 335–336	peerage 119, 338	84, 342
Houses of 248–251, 249, 335. See	baron, rank of 119, 338, 406	Plantagenets 6–10
also House of Commons; House	baronet, rank of 119, 223	genealogy 504
of Lords	duke, rank of 194, 196, 338	plantation 215, 262, 342, 401
Independent Parliament (1653)	earl, rank of 196, 338	Plunkett, St. Oliver 326, 342, 344
169	House of Lords 338	pluralism 342
institution of 6, 7	marquess (marquis), rank of 196,	“pocket” boroughs. See rotten bor-
Ireland 336	299, 338	oughs of 18th century
James I and coming of Civil War	Speaker of the House 382	poet laureate 342
33–35	viscount, rank of 338, 406	Dryden, John 194
“king in parliament” 345	Pelham, Henry 52, 318, 338	Jonson, Ben 342
Lancastrian parliaments 16	penal laws 150, 186, 199, 262, 287,	Southey, Robert 381
Long Parliament 156, 290, 319,	338–339, 354	Tennyson, Alfred, Lord 342, 393
362	penicillin, discovery of 215	Wordsworth, William 342
model Parliament 7	Penn, William 140, 339	poison gas 190
political parties, post-1945 84–85	“People’s Budget” of Lloyd George	Poland, Hitler’s invasion of (1939)
prorogation 192, 347	288	78, 79, 108, 422
reform 69–70, 335, 354	People’s Charter 54, 63, 158, 291,	Pole, Reginald, archbishop of Can-
Rump Parliament 38, 180, 206,	328, 359, 369. See also Chartist	terbury 342–343
244, 290, 362	movement	Pole, William de la 142, 343
Scotland 44, 198, 335–336, 368,	Pepys, Samuel 339	police, 170, 247, 338, 343. See also
369	Perceval, Spencer (prime minister)	Scotland Yard
Short Parliament 156, 374	339	Police Act (1964) 343
16th-century reformations 26, 27	Percy, Sir Henry (“Hotspur”) 324, 339	political parties 84. See also Conser-
taxation power 248, 315, 335,	Peterloo Massacre (1819) 138, 148,	vative Party; Labour Party; Liberal
340	253, 288, 339–340, 376	Party; Tory Party; Whig Party
20th-century changes 94	Petition of Right (1628) 35, 156,	poll tax 9, 296, 337, 338, 343, 369,
Wales 336, 407	166, 203, 215, 217, 235, 340	394
whip 414	Petty, Sir William 48, 340	polytechnics 89, 343
World War I, effect of 74	petty sessions 175, 273, 340	poor law 54, 275, 315, 326, 340,
Parliament Act (1911) 69–70, 225,	Philip, Prince 85, 204	343, 359, 383, 411
249	Philip II (king of France) 6	Pope, Alexander 158, 344
Parnell, Charles 148, 151–152, 185,	Philip II (king of Spain) 22, 29, 109,	pope, authority of 6, 9, 16–17
217, 277, 336, 336–337, 352	302	Popish plot 40, 157, 183, 209, 342,
Parr, Catherine, queen 20, 243, 337	Philip of Anjou (1701) 382	344

Index 545

population

early 20th century, decline in 49 18th century, growth in 49

latter 20th century, increase in 88 urban population in 18th century

50, 55

Porteous riots (1736) 344 Potsdam conference 81

Poynings’ laws (1494) 262, 336, 344 praemunire 17, 344

prerogative, royal 156, 163, 168, 307, 330, 344–345, 389

Presbyterians/Presbyterian system 118, 125, 145, 149, 162, 176, 191, 223, 296, 304, 321, 345, 354, 414

Church of Scotland 208 press gang 345

Price, Richard 345

Pride’s Purge (1648) 290, 362 Priestley, J. B. 145

Priestley, Joseph 345, 402 prime minister 345–346. See also

specific prime ministers chronological listing of ministers

515–516

development of position 142, 248 Downing Street (No. 10) 193 election of 346

history of post 345–346 post-1945 years 84–85 post–World War I years 87 power of 87, 223, 346 prorogation of Parliament 347 vote of confidence 406

World War II years 73, 76, 77, 80–82

prince of Wales 158, 346, 407 princes. See monarchy; specific princes

“Princess Di” 188. See also Diana, princess of Wales

printing press, emergence of 18 private education 89

private enclosure acts (agricultural revolution) 48

privateers 23, 204, 346 privatizing efforts under Margaret

Thatcher 316

privy council 128, 142, 173, 250, 330, 346

privy seal 346, 375 probate 244

court 273

proclamation 232, 346–347

proprietary colony 167 prorogation 192, 347 protectorate 169, 202, 240, 347,

375, 380, 384, 401, 428 Protestant Association 230 Protestantism. See also Congrega-

tionalists; Knox, John Elizabethan age 23, 208 Enlightenment 46–47 Glorious Revolution 43 Ulster Protestants 43

Protestant Union 373

Prynne, William 347 public corporation 316

Public Health Act (1848) 153 public health in early 1800s 55,

153

Public Order Act (1936) 312 Public Order Act (1986) 217 public order under home secretary

247

public schools 89, 156

pubs (public houses) 184, 347 Purcell, Henry 347

Puritans 136, 149, 156, 163, 237, 240, 256, 268, 287, 302, 321, 347, 347–348, 361, 413, 418

Pusey, E. B. 331 Pym, John 231, 348

Quadruple Alliance (1718) 384 Quakers 140, 191, 218, 281, 287,

321, 339, 349

quarter sessions 175, 340, 349 quasi-bill of rights 96, 124 Quebec Act (1774) 349 Queen Anne’s Bounty 349

queens. See monarchy; specific queens

Queen’s Bench 277, 290 Queensberry, John Sholto Douglas,

marquis of 349 Queensberry Rules 349 quo warranto 349–350

racial mixing 88 radar 351, 394

radicalism 311, 351, 381 “Radical Jack” 195

Radical Programme (1885) 311 radio 351–352

RAF. See Royal Air Force

Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford 352, 376

Raikes, Robert 389

railways 136, 352, 386, 391, 397, 398

Raleigh, Sir Walter 166, 236, 352, 352–353

Ramillies, Battle of (1706) 299, 352 Reading, Rufus Isaacs, marquis of

352

“reading the Riot Act” 358 Reagan, Ronald 394 Rebecca riots (1838–44) 352 recusants 338, 352 Redmond, John 352 “reeve” 374

reform acts 352–353, 363 act of 1867 187

acts of 1832 55, 135, 158, 195, 230, 232–233, 252

Association Movement 112, 197, 425

radicalism 351 Reformation 23–29, 207, 308,

354–355

regency 225, 341, 355 Reith, John 355

religion. See also Church of England; Church of Ireland; Church of Scotland; evangelical reformers of early 1800s; independents; Methodism; Presbyterians/Presbyterian system; Protestantism; Puritans; Quakers; Roman church; test act

canons (church law). See criminal law

measurements of religious observance (1851) 55

monasticism 309 Renaissance 207, 355

Reparation Commission (1921) 355 reparations 276, 355, 405

Repeal Movement 327 Representation of the People Act

(1918) 75, 388

Republic of Ireland Act (1948) 264 Requests, Court of 26

Restoration 46, 169, 355–356 cabinet council 173 covenant 177

revolution and (1660–88) 38–41 Restraint of Appeals (1533) 27, 181,

356, 362