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However, researchers ought to attempt simplifying their titles even when
longer ones are allowed.
Abstract
The Abstract is one of the most central elements of your article, luring
other people to read it and may also influence the acceptance of your
article. An abstract must describe the purpose of your article. Moreover, it
must describe how you have realized your research and provide few key
findings and any practical implications. You can build your abstract by
answering the following questions with one or two sentences for each one:
What is the bigger, more general field your article relates to?
What is the purpose of your article?
What methodology did you use?
What are the key results?
What are the practical implications of your research (how can the
results be utilized by e.g. practitioners, society or companies)?
Your target journal may have some specific requirements related to
formulating the abstract, such as word count.
The Abstract is typically followed by key words.
Introduction
The Introduction justifies the significance of the subject matter and
connects your work to previous research. This chapter can also include a
definition of the key terms, if necessary.
It is sensible to write the introduction in a form of a logical funnel, where
more general aspects are told first and sentence-by-sentence, paragraph-
by-paragraph the text should proceed onto narrower detail. The purpose of
the article is expressed last in the introduction by describing the research
problem.
Start the Introduction with sentences that are adequately general, and
simple enough to understand even for those who are not experts in exactly
the same topic as you.
Theory / Literature review
The purpose of a literature review is not to present all possible references,
but to concentrate on those that are relevant for the focus of your article.
The literature review will position your research in relation to previous
literature; therefore cite articles on which your research is based. Minimize
self citations; only cite your own previous work if absolutely necessary.
Research method / process
The article must describe your research, the set-up and research methods
precisely. This way the reviewers can assess the scientific basis of your
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research and the justification of your results. In principle, the research
method/process should be described so that another researcher can repeat
the study. You must prove that the methodology you have chosen is robust
and applicable for your study. It is important to describe clearly how the
research is done. In some fields, it is customary to discuss the reliability
and validity of the research in the research method section.
Results and discussion
Consider what the key results of your research are and present them
clearly. Build the Results section of your article around these key results.
Present your results in such an order that their logic is as easy for an
outsider to understand as possible. Remember to highlight the key results
by using visual elements, such as lists, illustrations and tables.
You may include a Discussion section at the end of your results section to
explain and contemplate the results. The discussion can either be a part of
the Results section or a separate section of its own, whichever is in line
with the practices of your target journal.
Conclusions
The Conclusions section can be written up by using the following structure
(one paragraph each):
Introduction
Results (one paragraph for each research question)
Significance of the research/practical implications
Limitations
Recommended topics for further study
The Conclusions must be in line with the previous sections and should not
present totally new results. The implications should, however, be
discussed.
Polishing the article
Make sure your article has a solid storyline and is written in good English.
Do pay attention to transitions between sentences in order for the reader to
easily understand the positioning of different sentences. It must be clear
whether sentences are parallel, opposed, or have a logical continuum.
Consequently, words such as in addition, also, however, nevertheless, or
consequently can be used for this purpose.
Text vocabulary
contemplate – рассмотреть
extension of current knowledge – развитие, углубление
современных знаний
108
funnel – воронка
indicative titles – ориентирующие заглавия
informative titles – информирующие заглавия
luring – привлекающий
rigid document – строгий документ
robust – обоснованная
self citations – самоцитирование
solid storyline – единая сюжетная линия
wraps up – завершает
III. Answer the questions.
1.
How is a research article defined?
2.
What kind of information should a research article present?
3.
What is the typical structure of a research article?
4.
Why is it necessary to choose the target article first?
5.
How should a research article title be chosen?
6.
What is the main purpose of Abstract?
7.
What does Introduction include?
8.
What is the purpose of Literature Review?
9.
How should Methodology be described?
10.
How should a Results and Discussion section be built?
11.
What is included in a Conclusions section?
12.
Why is a language aspect of a research article so important?
IV. Speak about the main issues of wring a research article. Use the
following plan.
1.
Research article.
2.
Structure of a research article.
3.
Target journal.
4.
Title.
5.
Abstract.
6.
Introduction.
7.
Literature review.
8.
Methods.
9.
Results and discussion.
10.
Conclusion.
11.
Language of writing.
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V. Study the most important reasons for rejection of a research article.
Give your comments on possible improvements of the listed drawbacks.
Aspect
Reason for rejection
Topic
irrelevant topic or topic of local interest only
Newness
papers offers nothing new
Focus
topic, objectives and conclusions are not connected
Methodological
steps
unclear and misleading argumentation
weak methodology or results
Style
unclear, unfocused and incoherent text
Data Quality
flawed design, insignificant sample number, preliminary
findings only
VI. Study the rules of writing a research article. Keep in mind all these
recommendations while writing your research papers.
Research
article style
Main
functions
Preferred style Rules
Title
- indicates
content and
main
discoveries;
- attracts the
reader's
attention;
- short and
simple (7-10
words);
- purposive
(aims at
specific
audience);
- avoid complex
grammar;
- make it catchy!
- avoid redundancy
("An investigation
of... ", "The analysis
of... ", "Effect of... ",
"Influence of...",
"New method...);
Abstract
- reflects the
main 'story' of
the RA;
- calls attention
but avoids extra
explanations;
- past (perfect)
tense
and
passive voice(!)
-
short
and
concise
sentences;
- no citations,
tables,
equations,
graphs etc.
- avoid introducing
the topic;
- explain: what was
done, what was found
and what are the main
conclusions;
- bring summary
'numbers';
Introduction
- introduces the
topic and
defines the
terminology;
- simple tense
for referring to
established
knowledge or
- use the state-of-the-
art references;
- follow the logical
moves;
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- relates to the
existing
research;
- indicates the
focus of the
paper and
research
objectives;
past tense for
literature
review;
- define your
terminology to avoid
confusion;
Methodology - provides
enough detail
for competent
researchers to
repeat the
experiment;
- who, what,
when, where,
how and why?
- past tense but
active
voice(!);
- correct and
internationally
recognized
style and
format (units,
variables,
materials etc.);
- mention everything
you did that can make
importance to the
results;
- don't cover your
traces ("some data
was ignored"),
establish an authors
voice ("we decided to
ignored this data");
- if a technique is
familiar, only use its
name (don't re-
explain);
- use simple example
to explain complex
methodology;
Results
- gives
summary
results in
graphics and
numbers;
- compares
different
“treatments”;
- gives
quantified
proofs
(statistical
tests);
- past tense;
- use tables and
graphs
and
other
illustrations;
- present summary
data related to the RA
objectives and not all
research results;
- give more emphasise
on what should be
emphasized;
- call attention to the
most significant
findings;
- make clear
separation between
your and others work;