3. In 1868 Mendeleyev began to write a great text-book of chemistry, known in its English translation as the “Principles of chemistry”. In compiling this² he tried to find some system of classifying the elements – some sixty in all³ then known – whose properties he was describing. This led him to formulate the Periodic Law, which earned him lasting international fame. He presented it verbally⁴ to the Russian Chemical Society in October 1868 and published it in February1869.

4. In this paper he set out clearly his discovery that if the elements are arranged in order of their atomic weights, chemically related elements appear at regular intervals. The greatness of Mendeleyev’s achievement lies in the fact that he had discovered a generalization that not only unified an enormous amount of existing information but pointed the way to further progress.

V. Прочитайте 1 и 4 абзацы текста и письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. Whose name appeared on the honorary board of science at Bridgeport University, USA, in 1964?

2. What is D. I. Mendeleyev?

3. What purpose has the Mendeleyev system served for almost 100 years?

4. What did Mendeleyev discover?

5. What does the greatness of Mendeleyev’s achievement lie in?

Вариант 3

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол- сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а) 1. Scientists have found ways of measuring the sizes and positions of bodies in the Universe.

2. The laboratory assistant was writing down all the data during the experiment.

б) 1. The launching of Sputnik 1 was followed by many achievements in science and engineering.

2. Mendeleyev was appointed Rector when he was 35 years old.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. These reactions convert hydrogen into helium, giving off a great amount of light and heat.

2. Soils containing too much sand or clay are of less value in agriculture.

3. Plastics articles are often difficult to repair if broken.

4. The amount of heat generated depends on the quality of fuel used.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквиваленты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. These new materials had to withstand much higher temperatures than metals.

2. Laser light can be used to transmit power of various types.

3. This equipment should be tested in various conditions.

4. The consequences of the pollution of the atmosphere by different products are to be carefully studied.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с1 по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2 и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. Meitner - Майтнер

2. doctorate – докторская степень

3. then available – доступные в то время

4. illustrious – прославленный, известный

5. productive – плодотворный.

Lise Meitner¹

1. In 1938, an Australian physicist named Lise Meitner announced the splitting of the atom in the laboratory. That announcement confirmed once again the beginning of the Atomic Age. At that time Lise Meitner was one of the few persons in the world who had a thorough understanding of atomic energy and the uses which could be made of this great power.

2. Lise Meitner, the daughter of a lawyer, was born in Vienna on the 17th of November 1878. She grew interested in science when she read of the Curies discovery of radium. The example of Marie Curie showed that a woman was able to achieve something in science. Lise Meitner became the first woman in the history of the University of Vienna who earned her doctorate² in physics.

3. In 1906 she went to the University of Berlin to continue her studies by attending the theoretical lectures of Max Planck and by doing experimental work. Then she began her research in the new field of radioactivity. She focused her attention on the behavior of beta radiation from radioactive elements, experimenting with the primitive methods then available³ for measuring and analyzing radioactivity.

4. In 1938 she left Germany for Sweden. Lise Meitner declined to work on the development of the atom bomb remaining in Sweden throughout the war. She was concerned with the properties of new radioactive isotopes, produced by the cyclotron. Her career was illustrious⁴ and productive⁵ (she published more than 135 scientific papers), but throughout her life she remained a shy person, with a deep interest in music. Her devotion to science had been total. She never married. In 1960 she moved to Cambridge, England, where she died in 1968.

V. Прочитайте 1 и 4 абзацы текста и письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What was Lise Meitner?

2. What did she do in 1938?

3. Did she work on the development of atom bomb?

4. What was she concerned with?

5. What kind of person was she?

Вариант 4

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол- сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а) 1. Quantum mechanics has greatly influenced the nuclear theory.

2. The workers were mounting the new machine-tools from 5 to 7 o’clock.

б) 1. Many compounds can be decomposed when they are acted upon by different forms of energy.

2. The engineers were asked to make an experimental model of the device.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык

1. Natural rubber is a thermoplastic material that becomes soft when heated and hard when cooled.

2. Matter composed of any chemical combination of elements is called a compound.

3. The smallest particle having all the characteristics of an element is called an atom.

4. While bombarding the upper layers of the atmosphere, cosmic rays reach the surface of the earth.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквиваленты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. A great number of plastics should find their application in the electric industry.

2. Chemical means had to be used for the separation of compounds into their elements.

3. No man is able to do 500.000 sums in one second but a computer can.

4. Any atomic station can be built in any region where its power is to be used.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с1 по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2 и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. Raman - Раман

2. pre-eminent – выдающийся, превосходящий других

3. the Civil Service – государственная служба

4. to appoint to a position – назначить на должность

5. to testify to – свидетельствовать о

6. to occupy the chair – возглавлять кафедру, заведовать кафедрой

7. brought – зд. привлёк

8. to emerge – зд. проявить себя.

Ch. Raman¹(1888-1970)

1. Raman was an Indian Physicist, pre-eminent¹ in molecular spectroscopy and acoustics. He created the Indian Academy of sciences in 1934 and was its president until his death in 1970. He was justly considered the father of Indian science and the Indian Government honored him with the first of its National Professorships. In 1957 he became an International Peace Prize Winner.

2. The son of a teacher and lecturer, Raman entered the College in Madras in 1903 and achieved the highest distinctions in the examinations for scientific degrees. As scientific research was at this time almost completely neglected in India, he then entered the CivilService³ and was appointed to a position in the Finance Department in 1907. He retained this employment for ten years, mostly in Calcutta. When he was eighteen years old he published his first original optical research in the “Philosophical Magazine”. He continued scientific work in his spare time: some thirty papers testified to⁵ his ability and energy and helped to make his name familiar to scientists in Europe and America.

3. In 1917 Raman was offered the professorship of physics at the Calcutta University. He occupied the chair⁶ from1917 to 1933. Raman brought⁷ to Calcutta many talented young Indians to undertake research into optical phenomena, acoustics and other branches of physics.

4. During the years in Calcutta Raman Emerged⁸ as a truly international figure. In 1930 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (for his work on the discovery of the effect named after him). Raman was honored by universities and scientific institutions in Russia, Europe and America as well as in his own country.

V. Прочитайте 1 и 4 абзацы текста и письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What was Raman?

2. What did he create?

3. Was he considered the father of Indian science?

4. What was he awarded the Nobel Prize for?

5. What universities and institutions honored him?

Вариант 5

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол- сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а) 1. Astronomers have measured the exact length of the day.

2. Astronomers find that the day is increasing by 0.002 seconds each century.

б) 1. As a rule one great discovery is generally followed by numerous others.

2. We were shown a new alloy, which will be used, in modern technology.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский

1. Matter consists of one or a number of basic elements occurring in nature.

2. One can use several modern devices while detecting and measuring radioactivity.

3. When heated to a certain temperature this alloy increases in volume.

4. This cloud chamber (камера Вильсона) is one of the devices used to detect the presence of radioactivity.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквиваленты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. A computer can solve complicated problems many times faster than a mathematician.

2. A new type of plastics had to be obtained for space technology.

3. To measure the vast distances between different planets scientists have to use special instruments.

4. The nuclear-rocket engine should be thermally efficient.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с1 по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2 и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. Powell - Пауэлл

2. particle physics – физика элементарных частиц

3. the Pugwush Conferences – Пагуошские конференции

4. were determined – были полны решимости

5. won a scholarship – получил (по конкурсу) стипендию

6. position – должность

7. sub-nuclear particle – субъядерная частица.

C.F. Powell¹ (1903-1969).

1. Powel was a prominent English scientist noted for his techniques and discoveries in particle physics². He was also deeply concerned with problems relating to the social responsibility of scientists. Powell was a leader in the World Federation of Scientific Workers in the mid-1950’s and was a founder of the Pugwish Conferences³ on Science and World Affairs in 1957. As a public man and in his published articles Powell stressed the perils of destructive weapons and the need for international cooperation.

2. Powell was born in December 1903 in England. His parents were poor and they were determined⁴ to give their children a good education to increase their opportunities for a better life. In 1921 Powell won a scholarship⁵ of one of the colleges at Cambridge which he graduated in 1925 with first-class honors in science. He started his scientific career at the Cavendish laboratory headed by Ernest Rutherford. After gaining his scientific degree at Cambridge in 1928 Powell accepted a position⁶ at the Physics laboratory in the University of Bristol. Powell spent the rest of his career there advancing to professor in 1948 and director of the laboratory in 1964.

3. In 1947 Powell’s Bristol group identified a new particle in the cosmic radiation. Powell and other two scientists discovered the -meson and demonstrated that this sub-nuclear particle⁷ was produced directly in nuclear reactions and rapidly decayed in flight, producing the -meson. The discovery solved a complicated scientific problem and helped open a new era of particle physics.

4. Powell continued to develop and apply the photographic method of Bristol. His laboratory became the source of new experimental discoveries in meson physics and an international training center for physicists of many countries. In 1950 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his development of the photographic method and his meson discoveries.

V. Прочитайте 1 и 4 абзацы текста и письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What was Powel noted for?

2. What problems was he concerned with?

3. What did he stress in his published articles?

4. Whose laboratory became the source of new experimental discoveries?

5. What was Powel awarded the Noble Prize for?

Контрольное задание 3

Чтобы правильно выполнить задание 3, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1. Грамматические функции и значения слов that, one, it.

2. Пассивный залог (the Passive Voice) видовременных форм Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect.

3. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.

4. Простые неличные формы глагола.

Инфинитив в функции

а) подлежащего,

б) составной части сказуемого,

в) определения,

г) обстоятельства цели.

5. Бессоюзное подчинение в определительных и дополнительных придаточных предложениях.

Используйте образцы выполнения упражнений.

Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. I)

Present Perfect Passive

Present Indefinite Passive

Образец выполнения 2 (к упр. II)

Образец выполнения 3 (к упр. IV)

Вариант 1.

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. When much materials had been looked through and some problems had been solved, the article was published.

2. Electric cars will be widely used in future.

3. Today plastics are being applied for car bodies (корпус автомобиля).

4. This lecturer is listened to with great interest.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. It is proved that light needs time to travel any distance.

2. One must take part in scientific work.

3. Specialists consider that in future city transport will reject gasoline.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. Scientists had to create new materials for industry.

2. This material does not possess elastic properties.

3. This material has many valuable properties.

4. He was to get these data yesterday.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. We know electricity produces heat.

2. The new materials chemists developed were used in space technology.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. They were to install the new equipment.

2. The metal to be used in the experiment is to be hard.

3. To reinforce the metal engineers use artificial fibers.

4. To operate this complex device is rather difficult.

VI. Прочитайте и переведите с 1 по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. for the most part – большей частью

2. in this respect – в этом отношении

3. as to – что касается

4. by far – несомненно.

Better metals are vital to technological progress.

1. Since the earliest days the preparation of metals for mechanical use was vital to the advance of civilization. Gold, silver and copper were the first to be used by a primitive man, as they were found free in nature. Today we know more than sixty-five metals available in large enough quantities to be used in industry.

2. Metals are mostly solid at ordinary temperature and possess comparatively high melting points with the exception of mercury. They are for the most part¹ good conductors of heat and electricity, and silver is the best in this respect². As to³ their chemical properties the first point to be mentioned is that they vary widely in degree of chemical activity: some are enormously active and others are inert. The Earth contains a large number of metals useful to man. Of all metals to be utilized in industry iron remains by far⁴ the most important. Modern industry needs considerable quantities of this metal either in the form of iron or steel.

3. To get the desirable characteristics in metals or to improve them the art to mix metals and other substances began to develop. The first alloys that were formed in this way were sometimes stronger, tougher, harder and more elastic than the metals of which they were composed. To estimate nowadays how many alloys there exist in the modern world is difficult because their numbers increase daily.

4. To serve special uses modern metals and alloys must be lighter yet stronger, more corrosion-resistant, more suitable for automated fabrication yet less expensive than those available before.

5. Today transformation, communication, construction, farming and manufacturing all depend on the availability of suitable metals and alloys.

VII. Прочитайте 1 и 2-й абзацы текста и ответьте на вопросы письменно.

1. What was vital to the advance of civilization?

2. What metals were the first to be used by a man?

3. Why were they used first?

4. How many metals are available in large quantities today?

5. What do transportation, communication, construction and manufacturing depend on?

Вариант 2

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. When much had been done in the study of ecology by our institute it became an important scientific center.

2. This material is unaffected by solar radiation.

3. During the experiment the air in the laboratory was being purified by two ventilators.

4. Great deposits of coal have been discovered in our region.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. It is necessary to find new sources of cheap energy.

2. It was Einstein who came to the conclusion that the electromagnetic field is influenced by the gravitational field.

3. This metro station was opened last year and that one will be put into operation in two years.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. Man had to learn to obtain electric power directly from the Sun.

2. At present most of the industrial enterprises have their own electric power stations.

3. Specialists do not use solar cells in industry as they are too expensive.

4. The engineers are to study the problem of using cosmic rays.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. The methods we have just described are very effective.

2. The instruments our plant produces help to automate production processes.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. We hope to get new data in a week or two.

2. A number of devices were developed to detect cosmic rays.

3. He spoke about the fuels to be utilized in space research.

4. To operate new flexible line became possible thanks to computers.