VI. Прочитайте и переведите с 1 по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2 и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. magneto – heat engine – магнитно-тепловой двигатель

2. inexhaustible – неисчерпаемый, неистощимый.

Sun-driven engine

1. It is common knowledge that certain metals and their alloys are attracted by a magnet. After heating, this property vanishes; it is restored after cooling down. A new magneto-heat engine¹ works on this principle. This invention relates to devices which transform thermal power, for instance, the power of the sun rays, into a mechanical power of rotation.

2. We know solar power is inexhaustible² and its use does not harm the environment. That’s why such importance is attached to devices which make it possible to apply the idea of direct use of solar power, transforming it into mechanical forms of power. The development of an engine directly driven by a heat source such as solar power, makes it possible to simplify and make power generation considerably cheaper, in comparison to the existing thermal engines we use today.

3. The rotor of the new engine is made of an alloy that loses its magnetic properties at 100^oC. If the rotor is heated on one side, the cold side of the rotor will turn toward the magnet. Since heating continues, the rotor goes on rotating too. Thus solar power can be used as a source of heat in this case. The magneto-heat engine can drive pumps in waterless districts, it can also be widely used for watering greenery in cities and settlements.

4. By using thermo-magnetic alloys it is possible to develop a lot of automatic devices, for example, solar clocks, thermometers, etc. Mention should be made that these devices can withstand extreme temperatures. To organize the production of the necessary alloys is simple as there is no need for rare materials or complex technology.

VII. Прочитайте 1 и 2-й абзацы текста и ответьте на вопросы письменно.

1. What property do many metals and their alloys possess?

2. Where are magneto- heat engines used?

3. Where are thermo-magnetic alloys used?

4. What temperatures can these devices withstand?

5. Is it simple or difficult to produce such alloys?

Вариант 3

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The radar has been used for the automatic control of ground transport.

2. Today plastics are being widely used instead of metals.

3. The construction of the dam has been completed this month.

4. The alloys were experimented upon in our lab.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. It is the number of electrons within the atom that determines the properties of a substance.

2. The territory of Moscow is larger than that of London.

3. In London one must get used to the left-side traffic.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. Some substances do not conduct heat

2. These computers will have to perform millions of operations per second.

3. He was asked to make a report.

4. You are to present the results of your research in a week.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. I think he has made a mistake in his calculations.

2. The heat a body contains is the kinetic energy of its molecules.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. They promised to supply us with the necessary equipment.

2. The experiment to be carried out is of great importance for our research.

3. To convert chemical energy into electrical energy we must use an electrical cell.

4. The task of the computer is to operate flexible line properly.

VI. Прочитайте и переведите с 1 по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. self-taught engineer – инженер самоучка

2. crossing – переправа

3. a span – пролёт, to span – перекрывать

On bridge building

1. The history of Russian bridge building is closely connected with the name of Kulibin, one of the most talented self-taught engineers¹. From his early childhood Kulibin showed a keen interest in all kinds of mechanical devices. To acquire skill and knowledge became the boy’s greatest desire. But books were difficult to obtain in the provincial town where he lived and there was no one to instruct him in mechanics. The difficulties which he had to overcome seemed irresistible. But in spite of all that he succeeded in going to Petersburg where he was appointed mechanic to the Academy of sciences and since then spent all his free time and all his money on new inventions.

2. In Petersburg Kulibin undertook a very difficult engineering problem – to design a bridge across the Neva as there was not a single permanent bridge in this city to provide a crossing² at any season of the year. Kulibin was the first to think of spanning³ the river with an arched bridge. According to his plan the bridge was to have a single span to leave a free water way for ships and barges. It was a daring idea: arched bridges of similar construction had been built before but no engineer dared even to think of constructing a bridge with a three hundred metre span.

3. After the model was completed it had to be submitted to a special commission set up by the Academy of Sciences and invaded by foreign scientists and specialists at the time of Catherine II. They considered themselves to be much superior to Russian people whose intellect and talent they utterly ignored.

4. In spite of general disbelief the testing of the model was a success. No failure resulted even when a weight much greater than the maximum load was applied to the bridge. In spite of the favourable conclusion no practical result followed.

VII. Прочитайте 3 и 4-й абзацы текста и ответьте на вопросы письменно.

1. What commission did the model have to be submitted?

2. What specialists invaded the Academy of sciences at the time of Catherine II?

3. Did they consider themselves much superior to Russian people?

4. Was the testing of the model a success?

5. Did practical result follow?

Вариант 4

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The automatic equipment is being installed in our shop.

2. Radioactive isotopes have been made in nuclear reactor.

3. The construction of this house will be completed in a month.

4. The engineer was asked about the new technology used at the plant.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. The success in chemistry made it possible to obtain a lot of new materials.

2. One must apply the materials that can be machined easily.

3. It is the energy of falling water that is used to drive turbines.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. The operators dealing with radioisotopes must have protective suits.

2. The engineers are to study the problem of using solar energy.

3. We had to use a computer to make these calculations.

4. One never knows what he can do.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. I think the drawing will be ready by tomorrow.

2. The phenomenon Roentgen discovered is widely used in medicine.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. To design new buildings is the work of an architect.

2. To measure volumes we must know the dimensions of a body.

3. The purpose of this book is to describe certain properties of metals.

4. She is leaving for the conference to be held in Moscow.

VI. Прочитайте и переведите с 1 по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. to propel – приводить в движение

2. self-propelled – самоходный, самодвижущийся

3. engine – машина, двигатель.

The early days of the automobile

1. One of the earliest attempts to propel¹ a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by Isaac Newton. But the first self-propelled² vehicle was constructed by the French military engineer Cugnot in 1763. He built a steam-driven engine³ which had three wheels, carried two passengers and ran at maximum speed of four miles. The carriage was a great achievement but it was far from perfect and extremely inefficient. The supply of steam lasted only 15 minutes and the carriage had to stop 100 yards to make more steam.

2. From 1800 to 1900 was a period of the application of gasoline engines to motor cars in many countries. The first to perfect gasoline engine was N. Otto who introduced the four-stroke cycle of operation. The cars of that time were very small, two-seated cars with no roof, driven by an engine placed under the seat. Motorists had to carry large cans of fuel and separate spare tyres, for there were no repair or filling stations to serve them.

3. After World War I it became possible to achieve greater reliability of motor cars, brakes became more efficient. Multi-cylinder engines came into use, most commonly used are four-cylinder engines.

4. Like most other great human achievements, the motor car is not the product of any single inventor. Gradually the development of vehicles driven by internal combustion engine-cars, as they had come to be known, caused huge capital flow into the automobile industry. From 1908 to 1924 the number of cars in the world rise from 200 thousand to 20 million; by 1960it had reached 60 million! No other industry had ever developed at such a rate.

VII. Прочитайте 3 и 4-й абзацы текста и ответьте на вопросы письменно.

1. Was the motor car the product of any single inventor?

2. What vehicles were developed gradually?

3. What did the development of these vehicles cause?

4. How many cars were manufactured in 1960?

5. Had other industry ever developed at such a rate?

Вариант 5

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The sputniks are used for the research of magnetic fields and cosmic rays.

2. The properties of materials are affected by solar radiation.

3. Numerous questions were being discussed by the commission.

4. The experiment has been carried out successfully, and the results will soon be published.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. The peoples know that their joint efforts can secure peace in the whole world.

2. We had to find new methods of investigation because the old ones were unsatisfactory.

3. One may work in this laboratory only observing certain rules.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. We had to change the design of this machine.

2. The speed of electrons is almost the same as that of light.

3. We have introduced a new system of work.

4. He does morning exercises every day.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. We know radio and radar systems play a very important role at any airport.

2. The substance they had to work with had an unpleasant odour.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. The main purpose of the computers is to solve complex problems quickly.

2. To extend the main street they had to destroy some old buildings.

3. The new channel to be constructed here will be the longest in the country.

4. To operate the complex device was rather difficult.

VI. Прочитайте и переведите с 1 по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. ultrasonics - ультразвук

2. a transducer – датчик

3. quartz – кварц

4. to come across – натолкнуться, встретить

5. proves to be – оказывается

Ultrasonics¹

1. The source of the ultrasonic sound is called a transducer². One of the transducers is a quartz³ crystal. This is a solid body whose property is to change its dimensions under the influence of electricity. A quartz crystal is pressed against the surface of the metal to be tested. An electric current of ultrasonic frequency is applied to the crystal to make it vibrate with the same frequency. From the crystal a short burst of sound travels into the specimen. If it comes across⁴ an air bubble, a crack or some other defects it is reflected from that region, thus locating the defect. If the specimen has no defects the signal is not reflected back until it reaches the opposite surface of the specimen.

2. Ultrasonic method is applied to study the ocean bottom, to locate shoals of fish or to detect some danger of navigation. However the early wish to detect icebergs by ultrasonic equipment failed to be realized. The reason for the failure is to be explained by the following acoustic fundamentals – water and ice have nearly the same density and sound travels at nearly the same speed through both. Thus a sound wave passes freely from one medium into the other with only a small amount of reflection.

3. Ultrasonic waves are used in various industries. Ultrasonic cleaning proves to be⁵ especially successful in treating metal parts of irregular shape. The cracks which are inaccessible to cleaning by all the usual methods come out clean when treated by ultrasonics. To clean by ultrasonics seems to be very simple. But a physicist knows that in attempting to explain this simple process of ultrasonic cleaning he has to go into the fundamentals of acoustics and thermodynamics.

VII. Прочитайте 3 абзац текста и ответьте на вопросы письменно.

1. Where are ultrasonic waves used?

2. What metal parts are successfully cleaned by ultrasonics?

3. How can cracks in metals be cleaned?

4. Does cleaning by ultrasonic seem to be very simple or very complex?

5. What does a physicist know?

Контрольное задание №4

Чтобы правильно выполнить задание 4, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1. Сложные формы инфинитива (Passive Infinitive, Perfect Infinitive). Обороты, равнозначные придаточным предложениям: объектный инфинитивный оборот, субъектный инфинитивный оборот.

2. Причастия (Participle I, II). Независимый (самостоятельный) причастный оборот.

3. Условные предложения.

Используйте образцы выполнения упражнений.

Образец выполнения 1 (к упр.1)

Образец выполнения 2 (к упр.2)

Образец выполнения 3 (к упр.3)

Вариант 1.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. Light and radio waves are said to be of similar nature.

2. We know this young man to work in the field of quantum generators.

3. The metal to be poured into a mold for casting may contract or expand on solidifying.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. Having done a number of calculations our astronomers have shown that the basic mass of the galaxies is concentrated outside their visible part.

2. The weather permitting, we shall go to the country.

3. The narrow intense beam being produced by the laser travels great distance without spreading.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. If biological experiments are continued, the problem of developing the technology for growing plants in space conditions will be solved.

2. The design would have been ready by the end of the year if they had supplied us with all the necessary equipment.

3. It would be impossible to protect metal from corrosion without the films.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-ого по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4-й абзацы текста.

Пояснения к тексту.

1. many times- во много раз

2. to combat against- бороться против

3. Russian-made inhibitors- ингибиторы, изготовленные в России

Corrosion

1. During a year almost 200 million tons of metal objects are considered to be destroyed by corrosion. Considering that about 600 million tons of metal a year are produced in the world, it is easy to understand the losses of objects without which our life could not be imagined.

2. The situation is very serious, because not only metal is destroyed but also a great amount of articles, instruments and tools whose cost exceeds many times the cost of the metal used for their manufacture.

3. Combating against the corrosion of metals has now become a key problem in all industrialized countries.

The scientific and technical achievements in the field of raising the corrosion resistance of construction materials are the basis of technical progress in different branches of industry, an indicator of the country’s economic potential.

4. A large amount of “anti-corrosion” work is being carried out in Russia. The results are evident: Russian-made inhibitors, varnishes, paint covers are being well known throughout the world. Gas pipelines, metal structures, the bodies of atomic reactors and ships, etc. have been reliably protected against corrosion.

5. Russia also exports special equipment and some kind of technology designed to weaken corrosion. Anti-corrosion varnishes, paints, insulating materials and equipment are sold abroad.

V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What materials weakening corrosion does Russia sell?

Вариант 2.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. Samples of semiconductors with improved properties are reported to be obtained on a new installation.

2. Scientists found beta-rays to consist of negative particles.

3. A problem to be solved by digital computer must be expressed in mathematical terms.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. Having used a laser beam scientist obtained accurate calculations of Jupiter’s temperature.

2. The beam travelled 800,000 km in space, its velocity approaching that of light.

3. Being used in measuring the diffusion of metals isotopes gave much more accurate data.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. If the metal had been heated slowly, the first changes in its appearance would have occurred at a temperature of 1,000 K.

2. If liquids expand upon freezing, an increase of pressure lowers its freezing point.

3. It would be impossible to determine the properties of these materials without intensive studies in our research laboratory.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-ого по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4-й абзацы текста.

Пояснения к тексту.

1. the laser- лазер

2. partial mirror- полупрозрачное стекло

3. power supply- источник питания

The laser today and tomorrow

1. The laser has become a multipurpose tool. It has caused a real revolution in technology.

Atoms emit rays of different length, which prevents the forming of an intense beam of light. The laser forces its atoms to emit rays having the same length and travelling in the same direction. The result is a narrow, extremely intense beam of light that spreads out very little and is therefore able to travel very great distances.