2. The most common laser is the helium-neon laser in the laser tube, containing 10 per cent helium gas and 90 per cent neon gas. At the end of the tube there is a mirror, and at the other end there is a partial mirror. The electrons get energy from a power supply and become “excited”, giving off energy as light. This light is reflected by the mirror at one end of the tube. It can only escape through the partial mirror at the other end of the tube.

3. The first laser was built in 1960. Since then scientists have developed several types of the laser which make use of luminescent crystals, luminescent glass, a mixture of various gases and finally semiconductors.

4. Having been developed at The Institute of Physics in 1962, semiconductor quantum generators occupy a special place among the optical generators. While the size of the ruby crystal laser comes to tens of centimeters and that of the gas generator is about a meter long, the semiconductor laser is a few tens of a millimeter long, the density of its radiation being hundreds of thousands of times greater than that of the best ruby laser.

5. But the most interesting thing about semiconductor laser is that it is able to transform electrical energy directly into light wave energy. The semiconductor laser opens up new possibilities of producing extremely economical sources of light.

V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What possibilities does the semiconductor laser open?

Вариант 3.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. The Sun and stars are proved to be able to produce great quantities of energy by means of certain nuclear reactions.

2. For the experiment we need several electrical devices to be connected in series.

3. Lasers are known to have found wide application in medicine.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. Measurements of solar radiation reaching the Earth each day make it possible to calculate the surface temperature of the Sun.

2. Having built a new automobile plant, we increased the output of cars and buses.

3. Knowledge being the most valuable wealth of our times, the information theory became of great importance for the national economy.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. If the gathered data had been presented in time, the results of the experiments would have been different.

2. If you had answered six questions in the competition, you would have won the first prize.

3. It would be impossible to carry on a careful study of the process without the new device.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-ого по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4-й абзацы текста.

Пояснения к тексту.

1. digital - цифровой

2. to result in – заканчиваться, приводить к чему-либо

3. prospects – перспективы

Computers

1. The first machine for mathematical computation was built in 1822 by the mathematician Charles Babbage. From the description of this machine we know him to understand clearly all the fundamental principles of modern digital computers. Babbage was born in England in 1792. He taught himself mathematics so well that when he went to Cambridge he found that he knew algebra better than his teacher. Babbage constructed a model of a computer and devoted the rest of his life to developing an universal computing machine. But he was not understood by his contemporaries.

2. Two generations of engineers worked hard to construct a modern computer. Their attempts resulted in the development of computing machines which transformed the whole course of scientific achievements. If you looked at the machines which people had used up to 1946, you would notice that they were not so perfect as the ones available today.

3. Having invented computers engineers began to use them in industrial automatic processes. They are known to carry out several thousand arithmetic operation in one second. If there had been no computers space flights and many other achievements of modern science and technology would have been impossible.

4. We often hear that the increasing flood of information will be one of the problems of the 21-st century. The computers may help to solve it too.

5. As the electronic computer has opened great prospects for further development of science and technology, it may be spoken of as one of the most important inventions of our time.

V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

Why may a computer be spoken of as one of the most important inventions of our time?

Вариант 4

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. We know the wave theory of light to be first proposed by the English physicist Robert Hooke in 1665.

2. The crew is reported to have carried out a great deal of scientific experiments.

3. A problem to be solved by a digital computer must be expressed in mathematical terms.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. About 100 years ago, a French scientist Pierre Curie subjecting certain crystalline materials to pressure, observed that they produced an electric charge.

2. Having been subjected to high pressure metals become highly conductive.

3. The average height of the Ural mountains is 800 meters, the highest point being 1.500meters above sea level.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. If the service life of the instrument had been prolonged, the economic effect would have been increased many times.

2. Were the temperature increased, the velocity of the molecular motion would also be increased.

3. It would be impossible to ensure the full supply of energy without atomic power stations.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

1. tiny fraction of time – очень короткий период времени

2. data processing system – система обработки информации

3. digital – цифровой.

Today’s astonishing computers.

1. Not long ago computers were not very reliable and comparatively slow in operation. Since then, several generations of complex electronic computing equipment have been developed, each being significantly better than the one before it. Almost every day a new use is found for these astonishing devices to help men.

2. We know a computer to be a complex electronic device that can store and process vast quantities of information. Following instructions, computing equipment will perform calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division and provide the answers to a large variety of problems in a tiny fraction of time¹. A computer is known to be the “heart” of an electronic data processing system², other parts of equipment being auxiliary.

3. There are two types of computing equipment – digital³ and analogue. They work differently and yield different results. The digital computer is performing a much broader range of functions than the analogue.

4. The analogue computer produces analogues or parallels of the process to be described or the problem to be solved. Both digital and analogue computers must be programmed. This means they must be set up in such a way that they can produce a result from the information fed into them and the information itself must be organized so that it can be handled by the machines. These devices working by electronic impulses perform at fantastic speed and with great precision.

5. Nowadays computer makers are working at the problem of introducing small computers into our life.

V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What problem are computer makers working at nowadays?

Вариант 5.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. We know neutrino to have a rest mass (масса покоя) of about 30 electron-volts.

2. Conduction is known to be a process by which heat is transmitted through a substance by molecular activity.

3. All the changes of temperature and changes of state to be discussed are shown by a graph in figure (рисунок) 2.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. Working with machines, sharp tools, motors one must be careful.

2. The stream of electrons moving along the conductor is called electric current.

3. Powerful nuclear ice-breakers being built in our country, we began a new chapter in the history of Arctic exploration.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. If you had translated the article, you could have used valuable data in your work.

2. If the quality of the equipment were higher, the results of the experiment would be more accurate.

3. It would be impossible to explain chemical phenomena without using the laws of physics.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

1. to account for - объяснять

2. to put an end – положить конец

3. as early as – ещё.

The moon

1. The moon is the only astronomical body whose distance from the Earth can be measured in thousands of kilometers. Long before the dawn of written history the Moon was paid much attention to by man who was interested and attracted by the presence in the sky of a planet that was so clearly seen from the Earth.

2. In the middle ages the moon was supposed to have a smooth crystalline surface like a mirror and that the dark spots on the Moon were accounted for¹ by the fact that the Earth was reflected on its surface. However, with the help of the first little telescope that was turned by Galileo upon the Moon this conception was put an end² to as early as³ 1609. Galileo thought that he saw mountains and valleys, seas and continents on the Moon.

3. The view of the Moon has been obtained with the help of a series of automatic lunar stations named “Luna”.

4. Having been transmitted by these stations, the photos and panoramas have shown that the surface of the Moon is uneven and rugged, with many hills and cavities like volcanic craters, a few of them measuring some kilometers in diameter. A great number of stones lying on the Moon’s surface proved the lunar ground to be firm enough and it would not sink if it were stepped on, walked across or put some heavy weight upon. Man’s knowledge of the Moon is rapidly progressing, new data being constantly reported.

5. The mutual attraction of the Moon and the Earth for one another is accounted for by the force of gravitation. American astronauts landed on the Moon and brought specimens of Moon rock and a series of photographs for further study.

V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What is the mutual attraction of the Moon and the Earth accounted for?

Контрольное задание № 5.

Чтобы правильно выполнить задание 5, необходимо повторить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1. Грамматические функции глаголов should, would.

2. Обороты с инфинитивом и причастием, равнозначные придаточным предложениям.

3. Различные значения слов: as, because, because of, due to, for, since, both … and, either … or,

neither … nor.

Образец выполнения (к упр. III).

As

Because, because of

Due to

For

Since

Both … and

Either … or

Neither … nor

Вариант 1.

I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would.

1. The engineer should know both the advantages and the disadvantages of the materials used.

2. Without mathematics there would be no science, no electronic computers, no conquest of space.

3. If we placed this material in vacuum, its mechanical properties would be changed.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. The method used depends on the length to be measured.

2. Silicon is known to be the basic material for electric industry.

3. Any element is characterized by a certain number of protons in the nucleus, this number being the same as the number of electrons in the atom.

4. Unless treated this material must not be used in space technology.

5. We believe Pythagoras to have been the founder of a school to train students in mathematical thinking.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

1. Radar is used in airplane and ship navigation as well as in other fields of science and engineering.

2. The transformer is a device used for raising or lowering voltage.

3. The new plastics will be used as insulators both in electrical and electronic circuits.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2,4 и 5 абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. vacuum tube – электронная лампа

2. operating current – рабочий ток

3. transistorized circuitry – цепь, собранная на транзисторах

4. tunnel diode – туннельный диод

5. ring radio set – радиоприёмник, встроенный в кольцо.

Electronics.

1. To separate electronics from the concepts of electricity is extremely difficult. The field of electricity is generally concerned with magnetism, light, heating and the production of electricity by generators and chemical action.

2. Electronics usually deals with the application of electricity in communications, in radio, television and other devices where vacuum tubes¹ and transistors are employed. We know the vacuum tube and the transistor to be major components of various electronic devices.

3. The many disadvantages of vacuum tubes include high cost, bulky construction, high amount of operating current², limited life and high operating temperature. However the vacuum tube is ideal in many situations where electrical energy is readily available and where heat is no problem.

4. A more recent invention – the transistor is known to have replaced the vacuum tube in many situations. The transistor operates on a minimum amount of electrical energy, emits very little heat and has a long life. The transistor is tiny compared to the size of the vacuum tube of equivalent energy output. This feature has permitted an electronic circuit to be so small that the electronic technician uses magnifying lenses to aid him in his circuit construction and repair.

5. Later research has revealed a device which has revolutionized the field of transistor, Lew Esaki, discovered a simple semiconductor class of crystal that is even more amazing than the transistor. The tunnel diode⁴, as it is called, operates on a negligible amount of electric current, its diameter being some few thousandths of an inch. With such a transistor man will be able to see telephones to be worn on wrists, pocket-size TV sets and ring radio sets⁵.

6. Several recent developments in the field of electronics have led to better ways to communicate efficiently over long distances. The maser and the laser permit man to beam extremely coherent and concentrated energy with almost no loss of intensity. Lasers and masers are known to have been used for transmitting power, radio waves and other waves used in communication.

V. Прочитайте 6-ой абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:

Where will lasers and masers be used?

Вариант 2.

I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would.

1. Mention should be made that during the war the radar was being used for detecting airplanes.

2. Any explanation of how the sun generates heat by fission would have been impossible 60 years ago.

3. If we had used solar energy on a wide scale we should have found a solution to our energy problems.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. The atoms are usually combined chemically into groups called molecules, these molecules being in constant motion.

2. In order to calculate the volume of any object you must measure its height, width and depth.

3. The rays passing through the object being examined produce an image on X-ray film.

4. The engineers are interested in plastics because they offer a rare combination of properties found in no other materials.

5. Electrical forces seem to play a very important part in holding crystals together.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

1. As to this device it is capable to convert sunlight to another form of energy.

2. Neither plastics nor metals have all the desirable properties that the engineer looks for.

3. The structure of the atom is similar to a planetary system since electrons orbit around a central nucleus.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2,3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. Crookes tube – трубка Крукса

2. an X-ray film – рентгеновская плёнка

3. forgery - подделка

4. strain – биологический штамм

X-Rays.

1. The modern atomic age which we live in began because of an accidental discovery. In 1895 a German scientists named Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the existence of X-rays. Many scientists had studied these rays but no one had discovered that when these cathode rays struck the glass wall of Crookes tube¹ X-rays were created.

2. Roentgen also revealed that these X-rays could pass through solid matter and expose an X-ray film². This discovery led immediately to the use of X-rays in medicine, the use we are all familiar with.

3. Although Roentgen discovered the properties of X-rays he did not know what rays were. He therefore called them X-rays, the X standing for their unknown nature. Today scientists know X-rays to be electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequency and therefore of extremely short-wave length. X-rays are considered to be produced whenever rapidly moving electrons bombard any solid material. The greater the atomic weight of the material, the more plentiful the X-rays, the greater the speed of the electrons the higher the frequency of the X-rays.