VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 5-ый абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2,5 абзацы текста.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. inland – внутрь, вглубь

2. trading post – фактория

3. fur trappers – охотники на пушного зверя

Chicago.

1. Chicago is the nation’s second largest city, the most important Great Lakes port and the world’s largest railroad terminal. It lies about 800 miles inland ¹ from the Atlantic and for centuries was known only to Indians as a small trading post ² for fur trappers ³. But after the opening of the Eerie canal in 1825 Chicago soon became a harbour and started to grow rapidly.

2. The construction of railroad in the 1840s still furthered its unprecedented growth. Chicago soon turned into the largest grain and meatmarket of the country. This encouraged the farmer to grow more wheat and raise more cattle. Thus the gigantic transportation system with Chicago at the center helped the conversion of farming into an industry which, in turn, gave impetus to the appearance of countless inventions. In the 35 years between the end of the Civil war and the end of the century, the U.S. Patent Office granted more than half-a-million patents. And so Chicago became a major industrial city with a permanent labour force.

3. After 1850 housing posed the most serious urban problem. The extremely high cost of urban territory spurred the architects to build upward. They tried to find a new form of their buildings. Soon a “race to the skies” was on in all the great cities of America, and the words “skyscraper” and “skyline” entered the language. The first building of this kind was erected in 1883. Thus the skyscraper was Chicago’s contribution to American architecture.

4. However, all efforts to relieve radically the overcrowding in Chicago slums practically failed for the population continued to grow rapidly and by 1950 reached 3,620,000.

5. Chicago in our days is not only a major industrial city but also an important cultural center. It has nearly 100 institutions of higher learning as well as a number of interesting museums, picturesque parks, good recreational and sport facilities. Among the famous skyscrapers are the 100 story John Hancock Center and the 110-story Sears Tower, which rank as the world’s tallest building.

VII. Прочитайте 3,4 абзацы текста и письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What spurred the architects to build upward?

2. What words entered the language after 1850?

3. What was Chicago’s contribution to American architecture?

4. Were the efforts to relieve the overcrowding in Chicago a success?

5. What was the population in Chicago in 1950?

Вариант 4.

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. He never thinks of other people. He is selfish.

2. Vegetarians do not eat meat.

3. The Moon is the Earth’s natural satellite.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. The first generation robots appeared in 1960.

2. Robots can perform complex production operations.

3. The nuclear – rocket engine must be thermally efficient.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите их на русский язык.

1. The more experiments we carry out, the more data we obtain.

2. We stayed at the cheapest hotel in the town.

3. Radio waves serve as the most reliable means of communication between the spaceship and the Earth.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод оборота there + be и неопределённых и отрицательных местоимений.

1. There are many houses in the southern regions of our country, which use solar heaters.

2. There were some changes in the properties of the solid under test.

3. Are there any new instruments in your laboratory?

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. Einstein was very fond of music. His violin brought him much joy.

2. Sea and river – going ships discharge no less than 5 million tons of oil into seas and oceans each year.

3. Your experiment will not give good results until you change the speed of reaction.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1 по 5 абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 4 абзацы текста.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. pacific – тихоокеанский

2. the motion-picture industry – кинематографическая промышленность, кинематография

3. dim-out – затмение

4. single-family housing units – жилые блоки на одну семью

5. derrick – буровая вышка

6. freeway – автострада, автомагистраль

7. outlying – отдалённый, удалённый

Los Angeles.

1. Los Angeles was founded by the Spanish in 1781 and for a long time developed very slowly. In 1847 when the American forces captured Los Angeles its population was only 1,500. It remained a small community until the 1890s when the discovery of huge reserves of oil in the area greatly stimulated its growth. The opening of the Panama Canal in 1914 turned Los Angeles into a major pacific¹ sea-port and brought further expansion.

2. The 1920s saw an unprecendented growth of the motion-picture industry², mainly due to an exceptionally favourable climate with a lot of sunny days and very little rainfall. It is also the climatic conditions and exceedingly fertile soil that made Los Angeles the “garden spot” of the United States that produces most of its citrus fruit.

3. During World War II Los Angeles became an important center of the aviation industry and started developing on a gigantic scale. Thousands of newly-built plants discharged smoke, microscopic dust, gases and chemicals. And this smog caused a daylight dim-out³ one day-September 8, 1943.

4. Los Angeles of our days is the nation’s third most populous city with over 3 million inhabitants in the city itself and about 8 million in the whole metropolitan area. It has one of the largest urban territories in the world. Almost all of this vast area is covered by single –family housing units⁴, oil derricks⁵ and industrial complexes. Los Angeles is the most “one-storied’ city of the large American cities. Even in the central part there are comparatively few multistoried apartment houses and high-rise buildings. Characteristically, Los Angeles has the heaviest per capita concentration of automobiles in the world and is famous for its vast system of freeways⁶ radiating from the center to outlying⁷ areas.

5. Thousands of tourists are especially attracted by Disneyland, the children’s fairy-tale park, opened in 1955 and the Hollywood Bowl, a gigantic open-air cinema theatre which every summer houses national musical festivals and where the highest film awards-the Oscars- are presented to film stars and producers.

VII. Прочитайте 2,3 и 5 абзацы текста и письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What industry was developed in the 1920-s?

2. What made Los Angeles the “garden spot” of the United States?

3. What happened on September 8, 1943?

4. What was the reason of the daylight dim-out?

5. What is Los Angeles famous for?

Вариант 5.

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The sun rises in the East.

2. Mr. Hall delivers lectures to the students of a technical college.

3. Mazda, Japan’s fourth biggest car-maker plans to produce 1500000 cars in Europe.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. The scientists developed new synthetic rubber products.

2. Japan holds the lead in the world in robot production.

3.The first generation robots appeared in 1960.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Automatic devices make labour safer and easier.

2. The higher we go into the atmosphere, the thinner the air becomes.

3. Wall-Street is one of the oldest and shortest streets in New-York.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод оборота there + be и неопределённых и отрицательных местоимений.

1. There is a tradition in England to hold a rally in which only the oldest cars take part.

2. Even in the central part of Los Angeles there are comparatively few multistoried apartment houses and high-rise buildings.

3. There are many houses in the southern regions of our country, which use solar heaters.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. Washington is the capital of the United States of America.

2. Before the Civil War Washington grew rather slowly.

3. They will finish their work tomorrow.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1 по 3 абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы текста.

Пояснения к тексту:

1.influx- приток, наплыв

2.embarkation- погрузка

3.the Pacific- Тихий океан

4.the United Nations Charter- Устав ООН

5.vista- аллея

6.ornate- витиеватый

San Francisco.

1.San Francisco was founded by the Spanish in 1776 but it received its present name only in 1847 when, after the Mexican war, the whole California passed to the United States. With the beginning of the famous “gold rush” of 1848 thousands of fortune-seekers and adventurers flooded the area and the population of San Francisco grew up to 50,00. The steady influx¹ of immigrants from over the world never ceased so that now San Francisco is the most cosmopolitan place in America. Usually the newcomers from one country settled together. In 1906 a terrible earthquake almost completely destroyed the city, but soon it was rebuilt and continued to expand. Another powerful earthquake took place in the fall of 1989 but this time the destructions were minimal due to earthquake-proof construction of buildings. During World War II the city was the major supply and embarkation ² port for the struggle in the Pacific ³. The United Nations Charter ⁴ was drafted here in 1945.

2. Today San Francisco is an important financial center of the West. The major industries include food-processing, ship-building, oil-refining and the manufacture of metal products and chemicals. It is also an important cultural center with numerous educational establishments, publishing firms, museums and theaters with symphony, opera and ballet production.

3. Situated along the San Francisco Bay and among the steep hills which give the whole urban skyline a picturesque effect, San Francisco is a colorful city of the lovely vistas ⁵, beautiful bridges (among these the famous Golden gate Bridge with a 4,200 – meter span), richly decorated private mansions and imposing public buildings. Among the many tourist attraction first and foremost is Chinatown with its ornate ⁶ Oriental architecture – the largest Chinese community outside China. One of its striking features is that on the street – level it consists almost entirely of shops with dwelling–rooms above or below.

VII. Прочитайте 3 абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. Where is San Francisco situated?

2. What is the most famous bridge of San Francisco?

3. What is Chinatown?

4. What does Chinatown consist of?

5. Where are dwelling-rooms situated?

Контрольное задание №2

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание №2 необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1. Видовременные формы глагола:

А) активный залог – формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future); формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future); формы Perfect (Present, Past, Future);

Б) пассивный залог – формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future).

Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык.

2. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты (can, may, must)

3. Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I, Participle II в функции определения и обстоятельства. Gerund – герундий, простые формы.

Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упражнений.

Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. I)

Образец выполнения 2 (к упр. II)

Affecting - Participle I, определение.

Called - Participle II, составная часть видовременной формы Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to call.

(When) heated- Participle II, обстоятельство.

Вариант 1

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол- сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а.)1. Radio astronomy has given mankind efficient means for penetration into space.

2. The liquid in the tube is boiling.

б.)1. Becquerel’s discovery was followed by an intensive research work of Marie and Pierre Curie.

2. Heat energy is transmitted in two different ways.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Nylon was the first synthetic fiber used in clothing.

2. The atoms forming our planet are built of negative electrons, positive protons and ordinary neutrons.

3. This kind of treatment when used makes the metals heat-resistant.

4. When passing through an electroscope, X-rays cause its discharge.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Man-made satellites had to use solar cells as a source of power.

2. They could easily define the properties of this material.

3. The lecture is to begin at 6 o’clock.

4. Atoms should serve mankind.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2-й и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. Herman Helmholtz- Герман Гельмгольц.

2. celebrated- знаменитый, прославленный.

3. ophthalmoscope- офтальмоскоп.

4. color-blindness- дальтонизм, неспособность глаза различать некоторые цвета.

5. through- из-за, благодаря.

6. vortex motion- вихревое движение.

7. versatile- разносторонний, многосторонний.

8. ultimately- в конечном счёте, в конце концов.

Herman Helmholtz¹ (1821-1894)

1. Herman Helmholtz is celebrated² for his contributions to physiology and theoretical physics. A delicate child, Helmholtz early displayed a passion for understanding things, but otherwise developed slowly, and had no marked early talent for mathematics. Although he wished to study physics, he was persuaded by his father to take up the study of medicine, entering the Medical Institute at Berlin in 1838.

2. His researches into physiological optics began about 1850 with the discovery of the ophthalmoscope³, followed by investigations into colour, including the problem of colour-blindness⁴. He also made fundamental contribution to the understanding of the structure and mechanism of human eye.

3. Helmholtz’s first and most celebrated paper in theoretical physics was his article on the conservation of forse. In this paper he proved the conservation of total energy of a system of particles which were interacting through⁵ central forces depending only on the masses and separations of the particles. Other important work in theoretical physics included famous paper on vortex motion⁶ and the application of the principle of least action to electro dynamical problems.

4. Helmholtz was undoubtedly the most versatile⁷ of nineteenth-century scientists. From 1871 onwards he was perhaps more famous as a theoretical physicist than as a physiologist. But it seems probable that apart from his work on the conservation of energy he will ultimately⁸ be remembered more for his epoch-making researches in physiological optics and acoustics in which his talents as physiologist, physicist, mathematician and experimentalist of genius were most vividly displayed.

V. Прочитайте 1 абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is Herman Helmholtz celebrated for?

2. What did he early display a passion for?

3. Did he have marked early talent for mathematics?

4. What did his father persuade him to study?

5. Where did he study?

Вариант 2

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол- сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а).1. Today scientists are still looking for the substances as a source of energy.

2. The Mendeleyev system has served for almost 100 years as a key to discovering new elements.

б).1. The intensity of this process is influenced by many factors.

2. We were told about the pyramids of Egypt most of which were constructed about 6.000 years ago.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. While absorbing the energy of cosmic rays the upper atmosphere becomes radioactive.

2. Unless properly treated the metal must not be applied for space technology

3. A body moving with a certain velocity carries within itself the kinetic energy of motion.

4. Elements placed by Mendeleyev in the same vertical column have similar properties.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквиваленты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Energy can exist in many forms and each form can be transformed into the other.

2. The computers should become an integral part of the organization of industrial processes of all types.

3. These metal parts had to be subjected to x-ray examination.

4. There are several kinds of fishes, which are able to generate electricity strong enough to run an electric motor.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с1 по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2 и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту.

1. honorary board – доска славы, почёта

2. in compiling this – собирая все факты и материалы

3. some sixty in all – всего около шестидесяти

4. verbally – устно.

D.I. Mendeleyev (1834-1907).

1. A Russian name appeared in 1964 on the honorary board¹ of science at Bridgeport University, USA: Mendeleyev was added to the list of the greatest geniuses – Euclid, Archimedes, Copernicus, Galiley, Newton and Lavoisier. D. I. Mendeleyev, the explorer of nature, is the greatest chemist of the world. The Mendeleyev system has served for almost 100 years as a key to discovering new elements and it has retained its key capacity until now.

2. D. I. Mendeleyev was the fourteenth, and last child of the director of the Gymnasium at Tobolsk. At 16 he was taken by his mother to St. Petersburg to seek higher education. He entered the Pedagogical Institute where his father has also studied. In 1856 he took a degree in chemistry and in 1859 he was sent for further training. He returned to St. Petersburg in 1861 as Professor of chemistry.