Файл: мурманский медицинский колледж рабочая тетрадь по учебной дисциплине английскийй язык.docx

will. В устной речи will чаще всего сокращается до формы ‘ll, которая может использоваться во всех лицах.

Примечание: ранее при употреблении будущего времени для первого лица (I, we) было принято использовать вспомогательный глагол shall:

I shall write to you every day. Я буду писать тебе каждый день.

Однако, в современном английском, особенно в устной речи, will стал использоваться для всех лиц:

I will go to Paris next summer. Следующим летом я поеду в Париж.

Глагол shall в настоящее время используется довольно редко в качестве модального глагола в предложении что-то сделать или помочь:

Shall we dance? Может, потанцуем?

В вопросительном предложении вспомогательный глагол will ставится перед подлежащим. Значимый глагол остается после подлежащего в своей начальной форме:

Will we go to the beach? Мы пойдем на пляж?

Will your boss agree with our conditions? Ваш босс согласится с нашими условиями?

В отрицательных предложениях за вспомогательным глаголом следует отрицательная частица not. Вместе они могут быть сокращены до формы won’t:

I will not let you down. Я вас не подведу.

Fred won’t agree to help us. Фред не согласится нам помочь.

Случаи употребления Future Simple

Указание на простое действие в будущем:

We’ll return in 4 hours. Мы вернемся через 4 часа.

It will not be easy to convince him. Его будет нелегко убедить.

Регулярные, повторяющиеся действия в будущем:

I promise I’ll visit you every day. Обещаю, что буду навещать тебя каждый день.

При перечислении последовательности действий в будущем:

I cannot wait for my vacation. I will go to the river, swim and fish every day.
Не могу дождаться своего отпуска. Буду каждый день ходить к речке, купаться и ловить рыбу.

Exercise 1. You are on an island. What do you think you'll do?

1. Will you live in a cave or in a village?

I think I'll live in a cave.

2.  Will you sleep on the grass or in the tree?

I think I'll  ________________ .

3.  Will you eat caterpillars or snakes?

___________________________

4.  Will you go fishing or collect fruit?

___________________________

5.  Will you wash in the sea or in the river?

___________________________

6.  Will you ride a horse or an ostrich?

___________________________

7. Will you make friends with dolphins or with parrots?

___________________________

8. Will you drink milk or water?

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___________________________

 

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3.2. Topic: Viruses. Grammar: The Future Simple Tense

Exercise 1. Learn the words.



Exercise 2. Translate the sentences.

1. The experiment would be ready by the end of the month if they supplied us with all the necessary material on the problem. 2. If a transverse section is made through the cerebral hemispheres, the inner white matter and the embedded grey matter may be observed. 3. All sensations such as touch, pain and temperature are lost if cerebral hemispheres are destroyed.

4. If a piece of ice were placed against the skin, it would cause a sudden change in environment of the body and the sensation of cold would result.

5. If a man touches hot water, he quickly withdraws his hand.

Exercise 3. Read and translate the following words.

1. to expect, expectable, expectance, expectant; 2. to facilitate, facilities, facility; 3. heredity, hereditary, hereditarily; 4. part, partial, particle

Exercise 4. Read and translate the following phrases.

infectious desease, diseases of childhood, to suffer from a disease, disease incidence, an expectant mother, a hereditary disease, partial pressure

Exercise 5. Read the text.

1. For three-quarters of a century, scientists have known that many diseases of man, animals, plants and even of microorganisms are caused by transmissible agents which cannot be seen under the light microscope, they are so small that they can pass through filters fine enough to hold back the most minute bacteria. These mysterious invisible agents were given the generic name of viruses. In the 1930's, two great discoveries were made which provided concrete informa- tion concerning the nature of viruses. It was found that some of them would be crystallized almost as readily as if they were ordinary chemical substances.

2. Chemically, the active virus particles were found to behave like giant molecules. At about the same time, the electron microscope became available and permitted pictures to be obtained of these crystals as well as of particles present in fluids and other materials having virus activity. Viruses would now be seen as concrete objects instead of being merely imagined.

3. The first unexpected fact revealed by electron microscopy was that the various viruses differ among themselves in shape and in size, as various types of bacteria. The virologist can differentiate between several types of viruses on the basis of their size and shape as revealed by electron micrographs. For example, the vaccinia virus is rather large. In contrast, the polioviruses are much smaller and yield very characteristic crystals. As to the tobacco mosaic virus, it can be crystallized in the form of thin needles having different lengths. The viruses that attack bacteria, which are called bacteriophages, are more complex, at least in shape. Many of them have a thin tail and a large round or cylindrical head. Each active virus particle consists of at least two very different types of structural components. One structure made up of nucleic acid, carries the genetic hereditary characteristics of the virus. Another, protein in nature, is thought to protect this genetic apparatus and to facilitate its transfer from one infected cell to another. For example, electron micrographs revealed that virus of tobacco mosaic consisted of an inner constituent of nucleic acid lodged within an outer coat, cylindrical in shape and made up of protein. The central structure, the core, should be compared to the nucleus of ordinary cells in higher organisms, which also contains large amounts of nucleic acid and also carries the genetic endowment. In fact, the nucleic acid core of this virus is its most essential constituent. However, proteins and nucleic acids are not the only structural components of active viruses. Certain viral particles have recently been shown to contain lipids as part of their essential structures. High-magnification electron micrographs will reveal furthermore that some of them possess a distinct membrane. If we examined the structure of some of bacteria under highmagnification electron microscope we should see that they possess a distinct membrane.

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Exercise_6._Answer_the_questions.'>Exercise 6. Answer the questions.

1. What have scientists known about viruses until the electrone microscope became available? 2. What two great discoveries were made in the 1930's? 3. Can the virologists differentiate between the types of viruses on the basis of their size or shape? 4. Are proteins and nucleic acids the only structural components of active viruses?

Exercise 7. Translate the sentences.

1. Вирусы вызывают заболевания у людей, растений и даже микроорганизмов. 2. Вирусы табачной мозаики образуют кристаллы в форме тонких иголок различной длины. 3. Некоторые вирусы, как показали последние исследования, в своей структуре помимо белка и нуклеиновой кислоты содержат липиды и оболочки.

Grammar: The Future Simple Tense

Exercise 1.
a) fill in the gaps using the Future Simple Tense.

I like to go to school. I have many good friends there. But I like Sundays more.  Soon it ____ (1 be) Sunday, and all our family  _____ (2 be ) at home. I _____ (3 get up) at 9 o’clock, and then I_____ (4 do) my morning exercises and have breakfast together with my parents. After breakfast I ____ (5 help) my mother in the kitchen and my father ____ (6 go) shopping. Then we  (7 go) for a I walk in the park or to the cinema.

After dinner my friends ____  (8 come) to me, and we ____ (9 play) together at home or in the yard. In the evening my mother ____ (10 knit), my father ____ (11 watch) a concert on TV and I ____ (12 listen) to music or read a book. I know that I ____ (13 have) a lot of fun next Sunday.

b) Find the answers to the following questions in the text and read them aloud:

1. 
   Will all the family be at home on Sunday?
   
2. 
   When will the boy get up?
   
3. 
   What will he do in the morning?
   
4. 
   What will he do after breakfast?
   
5. 
   Who will come after dinner?
   
6. 
   What will they do at home or in the yard?
   
7. 
   What will they do in the evening?
   
8. 
   The boy will have a lot of fun next Sunday, won’t he?
   

РЕКОМЕНДОВАННЫЙ СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

1. 
   Anthony William. Medical Medium Liver rescue. – 2018.
   
2. 
   Ben Azadi. The Perfect Health Booklet. – 2017.
   
3. 
   Gerard J Tortora, Berdell R Funke, Christine L Case. Microbiology: An introduction. – 2018
   
4. 
   Mark Gladwin. Clinical microbiology made ridiculously simple. – 2013.
   

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