Файл: Учебное пособие по курсу Иностранный язык Казань 2007 удк 804. 37. 022 М90 Мулюков И. М., И. А. Абдуллин Английский язык для технических специальностей Учебное пособие для студентов технических вузов. Казань Казан гос энерг унт, 2007.doc

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Text B

Automation

Automation is a system of manufacture designed to extend the capacity of machines to perform certain tasks formerly done by humans, and to control sequences of operations without human intervention. The term automation has also been used to describe nonmanufacturing systems in which programmed or automatic devices can operate independently or nearly independently of human control. In the fields of communications, aviation, and astronautics, for example, such devices as automatic telephone switching equipment, automatic pilots, and automated guidance and control systems are used to perform various operations much faster or better than could be accomplished by humans.

Elements of Automation

Automated manufacture arose out of the intimate relationship of such economic forces and technical innovations as the division of labor, power transfer and the mechanization of the factory, and the development of transfer machines and feedback systems as explained below. he division of labor (that is, the reduction of a manufacturing or service process into its smallest independent steps) developed in the latter half of the 18th century and was first discussed by the British economist Adam Smith in his book An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). In manufacturing, the division of labor results in increased production and a reduction in the level of skills required of workers. Mechanization was the next step necessary in the development of automation. The simplification of work made possible by the division of labor also made it possible to design and build machines that duplicated the motions of the worker. As the technology of power transfer evolved, these specialized machines were motorized and their production efficiency was improved. The development of power technology also gave rise to the factory system of production, because all workers and machines had to be located near the power source. The transfer machine is a device used to move a work piece from one specialized machine tool to another, in such a manner as to properly position the work piece for the next machining operation. Industrial robots, originally designed only to perform simple tasks in environments dangerous to human workers, are now extremely dexterous and are being used to transfer, manipulate, and index (that is, to position) both light and heavy workpieces, thus performing all the functions of a transfer machine. In actual practice, a number of separate machines are integrated into what may be thought of as one large machine. In the 1920s the auto industry combined these concepts into an integrated system of production. The goal of this assembly-line system was to make automobiles available to people who previously could not afford them. This method of production was adopted by most automobile manufacturers and rapidly became known as Detroit automation. Despite more recent advances, it is this system of production that most people think of as automation.

Exercise 1

Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. 
   How do you understand the term “automation”?
   
2. 
   What devices are used to perform various operations much faster or better than could be accomplished by humans?
   
3. 
   What main factors pushed the development of automated manufacture?
   
4. 
   How do you understand the term “division of labor”?
   
5. 
   What are the main results of the division of labor for society?
   
6. 
   What were the main steps in the development of automation?
   
7. 
   Why the development of power technology gave rise to the factory system of production?
   
8. 
   How can you describe the transfer machine?
   
9. 
   What are the fields of industrial robots application nowadays?
   
10. 
    What was the initial goal of automation in auto industry?
    

Exercise 2

Заполните пропуски недостающими по смыслу словами, используя текст:

1. 
   Manufacture system designed to extend the capacity of machines is called … .
   
2. 
   Automated manufacture arose out of division of … and … of the factory.
   
3. 
   The division of labor is, the reduction of a manufacturing or service process into its smallest … steps.
   
4. 
   Another step necessary in the development of automation was … .
   
5. 
   As a result of the development of power transfer specialized machines were … and their production efficiency was improved.
   
6. 
   The development of … technology also gave rise to the factory system of production.
   
7. 
   The transfer machine is a device used to move a … from one specialized machine tool to another.
   
8. 
   Industrial robots were originally designed only to perform … tasks.
   
9. 
   The goal of the … … system was to make automobiles available to people who previously could not afford them.
   

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Exercise 3

Соответствуют ли данные предложения содержанию текста:

1. 
   Automation is a system of manufacture designed to reduce the capacity of machines to perform certain tasks formerly done by humans.
   
2. 
   In the fields of communications, aviation, and astronautics automation is used in a very limited scale.
   
3. 
   Automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster or better than could be done by humans.
   
4. 
   Power transfer and the mechanization of the factory were the main obstacles in the development of automation.
   
5. 
   The division of labor developed in the first half of the 19th century and was first discussed by the French economist Adam Smith.
   
6. 
   Mechanization was the next step necessary in the development of automation.
   
7. 
   The development of power technology gave rise to the factory system of production.
   
8. 
   The transfer machine is a device used to move workers from one place to another.
   
9. 
   In the 1920s the auto industry combined automation concepts into an integrated system of production.
   
10. 
    The goal of the assembly-line system in auto industry was to make automobiles more expensive and luxurious.
    

Exercise 4

Используя текст, составьте высказывания с данными словами и выражениями:

Automation - automatic devices - automatic telephone switching equipment - automatic pilot - automated manufacture - division of labor - power transfer - transfer machine - feedback system - to increase production - mechanization - simplification of work - power technology - power source - machining operation - industrial robot - integrated system of production - assembly-line system.
Exercise 5

Кратко передайте содержание каждого абзаца.
Exercise 6

Выделите пять основных идей текста.
Exercise 7

Составьте предложения, используя данные выражения:

Switching equipment - division of labor – manufacturing prosses - increased production - simplification of work - production efficiency– to be integrated with – method of production.

Exercise 8

Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения:

1. 
   An automated production line consists of a series of workstations connected by a transfer system to move parts between the stations.
   
2. 
   Modern automated lines are controlled by programmable logic controllers.
   
3. 
   Automated production lines are utilized in many industries, most notably automotive.
   
4. 
   If the part is mass-produced, an automated transfer line is often the most economical method of production.
   
5. 
   Transfer lines date back to about 1924.
   
6. 
   Press working operations involve the cutting and forming of parts from sheet metal.
   
7. 
   An automated system is designed to accomplish some useful action, and that action requires power.
   

Exercise 9

Переведите на английский язык:

1. 
   Электричество является наиболее широко используемым источником энергии в современных автоматизированных системах.
   
2. 
   Автоматизированные системы выполняют в основном два вида операций: 1) обработка; 2) перемещение и расположение.
   
3. 
   Автоматизация это система производства, предназначенная для увеличения производительности машин и механизмов.
   
4. 
   Связь, авиация и космонавтика являются отраслями, наиболее широко использующими автоматизацию.
   
5. 
   Разделение труда, передача энергии и механизация производства ускорили процесс развития автоматизации.
   
6. 
   Следующим шагом, необходимым в развитии автоматизации, стала механизация.
   
7. 
   Развитие технологии передачи энергии, способствовало развитию автоматизации.
   
8. 
   Промышленные роботы, изначально были разработаны для выполнения простых задач в опасных для человекаокружающих средах.
   

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Exercise_10__Текст_на_самостоятельный_перевод:_Power_source'>Exercise 10

Текст на самостоятельный перевод:

Power source

An automated system is designed to accomplish some useful action, and that action requires power. There are many sources of power available, but the most commonly used power in today's automated systems is electricity. Electrical power is the most versatile, because it can be readily generated from other sources (e.g., fossil fuel, hydroelectric, solar, and nuclear) and it can be readily converted into other types of power (e.g., mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic) to perform useful work. In addition, electrical energy can be stored in high-performance, long-life batteries.

The actions performed by automated systems are generally of two types: (1) processing and (2) transfer and positioning. In the first case, energy is applied to accomplish some processing operation on some entity. The process may involve the shaping of metal, the molding of plastic, the switching of electrical signals in a communication system, orthe processing of data in a computerized information system. All these actions entail the use of energy to transform the entity (e.g., the metal, plastic, electrical signals, or data) from one state or condition into another more valuable state or condition. The second type of action—transfer and positioning—is most readily seen in automated manufacturing systems designed to perform work on a product. In these cases, the product must generallybe moved (transferred) from one location to another during the series of processing steps. At each processing location, accurate positioning of the product is generally required. In automated communications and information systems, the terms transfer and positioning refer to the movement of data(or electrical signals) among various processing units and the delivery of information to output terminals (printers, video display units, etc.) for interpretation and use by humans.

Text C

Feedback

Essential to all automatic-control mechanisms is the feedback principle, which enables a designer to endow a machine with the capacity for self-correction. A feedback loop is a mechanical, pneumatic, or electronic device that senses or measures a physical quantity such as position, temperature, size, or speed, compares it with a preestablished standard, and takes whatever preprogrammed action is necessary to maintain the measured quantity within the limits of the acceptable standard. The feedback principle has been used for centuries. An outstanding early example is the flyball governor, invented in 1788 by the Scottish engineer James Watt to control the speed of the steam engine. In this device a pair of weighted balls is suspended from arms attached to a spindle, which is connected by gears to the output shaft of the engine. At the top of the spindle the arms are linked by a lever with a valve that regulates the steam input. As the engine speeds up beyond the desired rate, causing the spindle to rotate faster, the flyballs are driven upward by centrifugal force. The action of the flyballs partly closes the input valve, reducing the amount of steam delivered to the engine. The common household thermostat is another example of a feedback device. In manufacturing and production, feedback loops require that acceptable limits or tolerances be established for the process to be performed; that these physical characteristics be measured and compared with the set of limits; and, finally, that the feedback system be capable of correcting the process so that the measured items comply with the standard. Through feedback devices, machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down, count, inspect, test, compare, and measure. These operations are commonly applied to a wide variety of production operations that can include milling, boring, bottling, and refining.

Words and expressions

feedback principle - обратная связь; обратное питание

to endow - обеспечивать

feedback loop - контур обратной связи

flyball governor - центробежный маховик-регулятор

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arm - рычаг, коромысло; траверса

spindle - шпиндель; палец

shaft - вал; стержень

lever - балансир; коромысло

milling - фрезерование; измельчение

boring - бурение; расточка

bottling - разливка

refining - очистка; рафинирование

Exercise 1

Ответьте на вопросы:

1. 
   By means of what principle a machine can be provided with the capacity for self-correction?
   
2. 
   What is the principle of a feedback loop operation?
   
3. 
   When was the feedback principle first introduced?
   
4. 
   Who was the inventor of the flyball governor and what was it used for?
   
5. 
   What was the principle of flyballs operation in James Watt’s stem engine?
   
6. 
   Can we consider a household thermostat as a feed back device?
   
7. 
   What functions can be performed by machine using feedback devices?
   
8. 
   In what production operations are feedback devices used?
   

Exercise 2

Составьте предложения, используя данные выражения:

Automatic-control mechanism - feedback principle - mechanical device – pneumatic device - electronic device - to measure a physical quantity - a preestablished standard – to take a preprogrammed action - limits of the acceptable standard - limits or tolerances - physical characteristics - wide variety of production operations.

Exercise 3

Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения:

1. 
   Feedback controls are widely used in modern automated systems.
   
2. 
   A feedback control system consists of five basic components.
   
3. 
   The input to the system is the reference value, or set point, for the system output.
   
4. 
   The sensing elements are the measuring devices used in the feedback loop to monitor the value of the output.
   
5. 
   This device consists of two metal strips joined along their lengths.
   
6. 
   The two metals possess different thermal expansion coefficients.
   
7. 
   Bimetallic strip is capable of measuring temperature.
   
8. 
   There are many different kinds of sensors used in feedback control systems for automation.
   
9. 
   The purpose of the controller and actuating devices in the feedback system is to compare the measured output value with the reference input value and to reduce the difference between them.
   
10. 
    In general, the controller and actuator of the system are the mechanisms by which changes in the process are accomplished to influence the output variable.
    
11. 
    These mechanisms are usually designed specifically for the system and consist of devices such as motors, valves, solenoid switches, piston cylinders, gears, power screws, pulley systems, chain drives, and other mechanical and electrical components.
    
12. 
    The switch connected to the bimetallic strip of the thermostat is the controller and actuating device for the heating system.
    
13. 
    When the output (room temperature) is below the set point, the switch turns on the heater.
    
14. 
    When the temperature exceeds the set point, the heat is turned off.
    

Exercise 4

Текст на самостоятельный перевод:

Computer Use

The creation of the computer has greatly facilitated the use of feedback loops in manufacturing processes. Computers and feedback loops have promoted the development of numerically controlled machines (the motions of which are controlled by punched paper or magnetic tapes) and machining centers (machine tools that can perform several different machining operations). More recently, the introduction of microprocessors and computer combinations have made possible the development of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD and CAM) technology. When using these systems a designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the aid of a special light pen on a televisionlike cathode-ray tube computer display screen. fter the sketch has been completed to the satisfaction of the designer, the computer automatically generates a magnetic or punched tape that directs a machining center in machining the part.

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