Файл: Учебное пособие по курсу Иностранный язык Казань 2007 удк 804. 37. 022 М90 Мулюков И. М., И. А. Абдуллин Английский язык для технических специальностей Учебное пособие для студентов технических вузов. Казань Казан гос энерг унт, 2007.doc

Exercise 2

Заполните пропуски недостающими по смыслу словами, используя текст:

1. 
   The steam engine was … in the early 17th century.
   
2. 
   The machine, which was propelled by the back pressure of a jet of steam directed to the rear was developed about 1680 by … .
   
3. 
   The French engineer Nicolas Joseph Cugnot invented the first successful self-propelled … … in 1770.
   
4. 
   The British inventor William Symington in 1786 built a working model of a … … .
   
5. 
   The British inventor Richard Trevithick in 1801 built the first automobile to carry … .
   
6. 
   … … is considered the founder of both road and rail automotive transportation.
   
7. 
   In the United States, the first patent on a steam carriage in 1789 was obtained by … … .
   
8. 
   In 1803 the inventor Oliver Evans … a self-propelled steam dredge which is regarded as the first self-propelled vehicle to operate over American roads.
   
9. 
   By 1830 steam … were in regular daily use to transport passengers over English roads.
   

Exercise 3

Соответствуют ли данные предложения содержанию текста:

1. 
   Automobile industry is the service industry aimed at providing transportation facilities to the clients.
   
2. 
   Before the invention of the steam engine in the early 17th century a lot of attempts were made to motorize self-propelled road vehicles.
   
3. 
   The machine developed by the English scientist James Watt was propelled by the back pressure of a jet of steam directed to the rear.
   
4. 
   The first successful self-propelled road vehicle was a steam automobile invented in 1770 by Sir Isaac Newton.
   
5. 
   In Great Britain the inventors William Murdock and James Watt produced a model of a wagon that used the power of a high-pressure steam engine.
   
6. 
   The first automobile to carry passengers was built by the British inventor William Murdock.
   
7. 
   In December 1801 Trevithick conducted a successful road test of his vehicle, which carried several passengers.
   
8. 
   The success of Trevithick was due to the greater efficiency and smaller size of his power unit.
   
9. 
   By 1830 steam coaches were in regular daily use to transport passengers over Russian roads.
   

Exercise 4

Используя текст, составьте высказывания с данными словами и выражениями:

Area of commerce - profits and competition - labor relations - manufacturing efficiency - source of power - road test - greater efficiency - bulk and weight - to obtain the patent - to be in regular use - to transport passengers - restrictive legislation.
Exercise 5

Кратко передайте содержание каждого абзаца/
Exercise 6

Выделите пять основных идей текста.
Exercise 7

Составьте предложения, используя данные выражения:
Commercial transportation - manufacture and use - to be capable of carrying ssix persons - the most successful era - to have little future - widespread enthusiasm - speed record - to be in running order.
Exercise 8

Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения:

1. 
   The invention of the steam engine had a potential application for individual and commercial transportation.
   
2. 
   The problem in steam vehicle development was to reduce sufficiently the size of the engine.
   
3. 
   Steam buses were running in Paris about 1800.
   
4. 
   Oliver Evans of Philadelphia ran an amphibious steam dredge through the streets of that city in 1805.
   
5. 
   English inventors were active, and by the 1830s the manufacture and use of steam road carriages was flourishing.
   
6. 
   Sir Goldsworthy Gurney based his design upon an unusually efficient boiler.
   
7. 
   He made trips as long as 84 miles in a running time of 9 hours 30 minutes and once recorded a speed of 17 miles per hour.
   
8. 
   Gurney equipment was used on a regularly scheduled Gloucester-Cheltenham service of four round-trips daily.
   
9. 
   The equipment was noisy, smoky, destructive of roadways, and admittedly dangerous.
   
10. 
    Many passengers had been carried by steam carriage before the railways had accepted their first paying passenger.
    
11. 
    The most successful era of the steam coaches in Britain was the 1830s.
    
12. 
    By 1840 it was clear that the steam carriages had little future.
    
13. 
    Some of the steam automobiles could carry as few as two people and were capable of speeds of 20 miles per hour.
    
14. 
    The public climate over steam automobiles remained unfriendly.
    

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Exercise 9

Переведите на английский язык:

1. 
   Автомобильная промышленность занимается разработкой, изготовлением и реализацией автомобилей.
   
2. 
   Автомобильная промышленность направлена на получение прибыли и находится в постоянной конкурентной борьбе.
   
3. 
   Потребительский спрос на автомобили связан с модельным рядом, безопасностью и эффективностью предлагаемого автомобиля.
   
4. 
   Данное транспортное средство было разработано для транспортировки пассажиров на дальние расстояния.
   
5. 
   В конце 18-го века в Великобритании был изобретен автомобиль, который использовал энергию пара под высоким давлением.
   
6. 
   Ученые проектного института провели успешное дорожное испытание нового транспортного средства.
   
7. 
   Эффективность двигателя и его небольшие габариты явились решающими факторами в успехе продаж данного автомобиля.
   
8. 
   Поршень данного двигателя приводится в движение паром высокого давления.
   
9. 
   Применение паровых двигателей в транспортных средствах является по ряду причин не эффективным.
   
10. 
    Усовершенствование двигателя внутреннего сгорания продолжается и на сегодняшний день.
    

Exercise 10

Текст на самостоятельный перевод:

Machine-powered transportation

The rise of the automobile

The invention of the steam engine had a potential application for individual, as well as commercial, transportation. In 1769 Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot designed a small steam engine light enough to be borne on a land vehicle, a tricycle that he intended as a prime mover for French artillery pieces. The problem in steam vehicle development was to reduce sufficiently the size of the engine so its power could be used in transporting something other than itself.

The age of steam

Before any internal-combustion engine had run, Cugnot's successors were at work, notably in England, although the first post-Cugnot steam carriage appears to have been that built in Amiens, Fr., in 1790. Steam buses were running in Paris about 1800. Oliver Evans of Philadelphia ran an amphibious steam dredge through the streets of that city in 1805. Less well known were Nathan Read of Salem, Mass., and Apollo Kinsley of Hartford, Conn., both of whom ran steam vehicles during the period 1790–1800.

English inventors were active, and by the 1830s the manufacture and use of steam road carriages was flourishing. James Watt's foreman, William Murdock, ran a model steam carriage on the roads of Cornwall in 1784, and Robert Fourness showed a working three-cylinder tractor in 1788. Watt was opposed to the use of steam engines for such purposes; his low-pressure steam engine would have been too bulky for road use in any case, and all the British efforts in steam derived from the earlier researches of Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen.

Richard Trevithick developed Murdock's ideas, and at least one of his carriages, with driving wheels 10 feet in diameter, ran in London. Sir Goldsworthy Gurney, the first commercially successful steam carriage builder, based his design upon an unusually efficient boiler. He was not, however, convinced that smooth wheels could grip a roadway, and so he arranged propulsion on his first vehicle by iron legs digging into the road surface. His second vehicle weighed only 3,000 pounds and was said to be capable of carrying six persons. He made trips as long as 84 miles in a running time of 9 hours 30 minutes and once recorded a speed of 17 miles per hour.

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Gurney equipment was used on a regularly scheduled Gloucester-Cheltenham service of four round-trips daily thatat times did the nine miles in 45 minutes. Between February 27 and June 22, 1831, steam coaches ran 4,000 miles on this route, carrying some 3,000 passengers. The equipment was noisy, smoky, destructive of roadways, and admittedly dangerous; hostility arose, and it was common for drivers to find the way blocked with heaps of stones or felled trees. Nevertheless, many passengers had been carried by steam carriage before the railways had accepted their first paying passenger.

The most successful era of the steam coaches in Britain was the 1830s. Ambitious routes were run, including one from London to Cambridge. But by 1840 it was clear that the steam carriages had little future. The decline of the steam carriage did not prevent continued effort in the field, and much attention was given to the steam tractor for use as a prime mover. Beginning about 1868 Britain was the scene of a vogue for light steam-powered personal carriages; if the popularity of these vehicles had not been legally hindered, itwould certainly have resulted in widespread enthusiasm for motoring in the 1860s rather than in the 1890s. Some of the steamers could carry as few as two people and were capable of speeds of 20 miles per hour. The public climate remained unfriendly, however.

Light steam cars were being built in the United States, France, Germany, and Denmark during the same period, and it is possible to argue that the line from Cugnot's lumbering vehicle runs unbroken to the 20th-century steam automobiles made as late as 1926. The grip of the steam automobile on the American imagination has been strong ever since the era of the Stanley brothers (one of whose “steamers” took the world speed record at 127.66 miles per hour in 1906), and in the 1960s it was estimated that there were still 7,000 steam cars in the United States, about 1,000 of them in running order.

Text B

The Internal-Combustion Engine

The first internal-combustion engine was designed by the Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens in 1678; it was to have been fueled with gunpowder, but it was never built. About 1860 a French inventor, Lenoir, built the first practical internal-combustion engine; it burned illuminating gas. In 1866 two German engineers, Eugen Langen and Nikolaus August Otto, developed a more efficient gas engine, and in 1876 Otto built a four-cycle engine, a prototype of the so-called Otto-cycle engines used in most modern automobiles and airplanes

The high-speed internal-combustion motor of the German engineer Gottlieb Daimler revolutionized the automobile industry. His four-cycle, single-cylinder motor, patented in 1887, achieved speeds many times those of any previous engine, thereby producing many times the power for the same weight. In 1889 he developed a two-cylinder engine that gave still greater power; the cylinders were in a V-type configuration. This engine design was adopted by a French manufacturer, Emile Levassor, who launched experiments in 1891 that subsequently led his firm, Panhard et Levassor, into automobile manufacture. Levassor's first automobile, produced in 1894, not only incorporated the Daimler engine but also was the first car in which the working parts were arranged in the operational sequence still used in present-day models. That is, the engine was in front, followed by the clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, and differential and driving axle. The superiority of the high-speed Daimler engine over the then highly developed steam engine was conclusively demonstrated at the famous Paris-Bordeaux Race of 1895. The first car, propelled by a Daimler engine, came in six hours ahead of the second car, and the next three cars to finish were all propelled by Daimler engines. Another pioneer with the gasoline engine was the German engineer Karl Benz, who in 1885, working independently of Daimler, produced a mechanically propelled tricycle.

In the United States, pioneer automobile manufacturers were very active in the 1890s. Charles Edgar Duryea and his brother Frank Duryea brought out their horseless carriage in 1892-1893; the design of 1894 had two cylinders. Elwood Haynes constructed his automobile about the same time, and Alexander Winton produced his in 1896. Henry Ford produced his first car, an experimental model, in 1896.

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Words and expressions

clutch - сцепление; муфта

gearbox - коробка передач

propeller shaft - вал двигателя

differential - дифференциал

driving axle - ведущий мост; ведущая ось

tricycle - трехколесный велосипед

Exercise 1

Ответьтенавопросы:

1. 
   Who and when designed the first internal-combustion engine?
   
2. 
   Who and when built the first practical internal-combustion engine?
   
3. 
   What was the fuel used in the first internal-combustion engine?
   
4. 
   Who and when built a four-cycle internal-combustion engine?
   
5. 
   Why do we call four-cycle engines today as Otto-cycle engines?
   
6. 
   What can you say about the high-speed internal-combustion motor of the German engineer Gottlieb Daimler?
   
7. 
   When was Daimler’s four-cycle single-cylinder motor patented?
   
8. 
   What type of engine design was adopted by a French manufacturer Levassor,?
   
9. 
   What is characteristic of Levassor's first car?
   
10. 
    What was the sequence of working parts arrangement in Levassor's first car?
    
11. 
    How was the superiority of the high-speed Daimler engine over the then highly developed steam engine was conclusively demonstrated?
    
12. 
    What was the achievement of another pioneering German engineer Karl Benz?
    
13. 
    When did Henry Ford produce his first car?
    

Exercise 2

Заполните пропуски недостающими по смыслу словами, используя текст:

1. 
   The Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens designed the first … … … in 1678.
   
2. 
   The first practical internal-combustion engine was built by French inventor … ….
   
3. 
   Gottlieb Daimler’s four-cycle, single-cylinder motor achieved …many times higher of any previous engine.
   
4. 
   Gottlieb Daimler’s four-cycle, single-cylinder motor produced … higher many times for the same weight of engine.
   
5. 
   Gottlieb Daimler’s four-cycletwo-cylinder engine gave still greater … and the … were in a V-type configuration.
   
6. 
   Levassor's automobile was the first car in which the working parts were arranged in the … … still used in present-day models.
   
7. 
   In Levassor's automobile the … was in front, followed by the clutch, …, propeller shaft, differential and … axle.
   
8. 
   The superiority of the high-speed Daimler engine over the then highly developed … … was demonstrated at Paris-Bordeaux Race of 1895.
   
9. 
   The German engineer Karl Benz was another pioneer with the … … .
   
10. 
    Henry Ford … his first experimental model in 1896.
    

Exercise 3

Соответствуют ли данные предложения содержанию текста:

1. 
   1.The Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens in 1866 developed a four-cycle engine used in most modern automobiles and airplanes.
   
2. 
   The high-speed internal-combustion motor of German engineer Emile Levassor revolutionized the automobile industry.
   
3. 
   Daimler’sfour-cycle, single-cylinder motor achieved speeds many times those of any previous engine.
   
4. 
   Daimler’sfour-cycle, single-cylinder engine produced less power for the same weight.
   
5. 
   Levassor's first automobile was the first car in which the working parts were arranged in completely different operational sequence if compared with present-day models.
   
6. 
   The superiority of the highly developed steam engine over high-speed Daimler engine was demonstrated at the famous Paris-Dakar Race of 1995.
   
7. 
   Another pioneer with the gasoline engine was the German engineer Karl Benz, who worked out jointly with Daimler a mechanically propelled tricycle in 1855.
   
8. 
   In Russia, pioneer automobile manufacturers were very active in the 1890s.
   
9. 
   Henry Ford produced his first car, an experimental model, in 1896.
   

Exercise 4

Используя текст, составьте высказывания с данными словами и выражениями:

Internal-combustion engine – to be fueled with - a four-cycle engine – to be used in automobiles - high-speed motor - to achieve speeds – to produce power many times those of any previous engine – to give greater power – to launch experiments - working parts - operational sequence - engine – clutch – gearbox - propeller shaft - differential - driving axle - an experimental model.

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Exercise 5

Кратко передайте содержание каждого абзаца.

Exercise 6

Выделите пять основных идей текста.
Exercise 7

Составьте предложения, используя данные слова и выражения:

• 
  Axle (ось, полуось; ведущий мост); cardan axle (карданный вал); bearing axle (несущая ось); adjustable axle (самоустанавливающаяся ось); crank axle (коленчатый вал); floating axle (плавающая ось); swing axle (качающаяся ось).
  
• 
  Otto-engine (четырехтактный карбюраторный двигатель); internal-combustion engine (двигатель внутреннего сгорания); atomic engine (атомный двигатель); fuel-injection engine (двигатель с впрыском топлива; дизель); outboat engine (подвесной лодочный мотор); turbo-jet engine (турбореактивный двигатель).
  
• 
  Сlutch (муфта, сцепление); centrifugal clutch (центробежная муфта); disk clutch (дисковая муфта); magnetic clutch (магнитная муфта); oil clutch (гидравлическая муфта);
  
• 
  Gear-box (коробка передач); сhain-gear (цепная передача); connecting gear (соединительный механизм); crank-gear (кривошипно-шатунный механизм); delivering gear (механизм подачи); disconnecting gear (механизм выключения); electromagnetic gear (электромагнитная передача).
  
• 
  Propeller shaft (вал винта); drive shaft (приводной вал); engine shaft (главный вал двигателя); cable shaft (гибкий, проволочный вал); stationary shaft (неподвижная ось); governor shaft (ось регулятора).
  
• 
  Differential (дифференциал, разностный); bevel gear differential (дифференциал с коническими шестернями); high traction differential (дифференциал, обеспечивающий повышенную проходимость); inter-axle differential (промежуточный дифференциал); pressure differential (перепад давления).
  

Exercise 8

Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения:

1. 
   In mid 1860s German engineers worked out the first practical internal-combustion engine which burned illuminating gas.
   
2. 
   Today Otto-cycle engines are used in most modern automobiles and airplanes.
   
3. 
   Most modern cars nowadays are motorized by high-speed internal-combustion engines of the German engineer Daimler.
   
4. 
   New generation engine produces power many times exceeding the previous one.
   
5. 
   Volkswagen model 2006 has eight-cylinder V-type configuration engine that gives greater power at same consumption of fuel.
   
6. 
   First automobile, produced in Russia incorporated the Daimler engine.
   
7. 
   The problem in the gear box forced the driver to perform an overhaul ahead of schedule.
   
8. 
   Superiority of the modern fuel-injection engines over highly developed internal-combustion engines was conclusively demonstrated at the famous Paris-Dakar Race of 2005.
   
9. 
   The first car propelled by a fuel-injection engine came three hours ahead of the second car driven by internal-combustion engine.
   
10. 
    Two engineers worked independently and came to similar results in design of four-wheel drive racing car.
    

Exercise 9

Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения:

1. 
   В 1866 году немецкий инженер Август Отто разработал четырехцилиндровый двигатель внутреннего сгорания.
   
2. 
   Изобретателями высокоскоростного двигателя внутреннего сгорания были немецкие инженеры Готлиб и Даймлер.
   
3. 
   В этом двигателе в качестве топлива используется спирт.
   
4. 
   Мощность данного дизельного двигателя в два раза превосходит мощность аналогичного карбюраторного двигателя.
   
5. 
   Высокоскоростные двигатели внутреннего сгорания революционизировали автомобильную промышленность во второй половине 19 века.
   
6. 
   На автомобиле французского промышленника Эмиля Левасо в конце 19 века был установлен двигатель внутреннего сгорания, разработанный Даймлером.
   
7. 
   В автомобиле Левасо, 1894 года рабочие детали были расположены в эксплуатационной последовательности, используемой в современных моделях автомобилей.
   
8. 
   Расположение рабочих агрегатов в автомобиле следующее: двигатель, сцепление, коробка передач, карданный вал, дифференциал и приводная ось.
   
9. 
   Превосходство высокоскоростного двигателя внутреннего сгорания Дэймлера над паровым двигателем было продемонстрировано на ралли Париж-Бордо в 1895.
   
10. 
    Модель автомобиля ВАЗ 2012 2003 года имеет 4-х цилиндровый двигатель внутреннего сгорания, механическую коробку передач и передний привод колес.
    

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