Файл: методичка англ-яз юристы з-о 2013.doc

Alexander the Great

While he 1) (grow up) was growing up, the philosopher Aristotle was his teacher. Alexander 2) (become) _______ interested in science, medicine, philosophy and literature. While his father Philip 3) (attend) _______ his daughter's wedding, a young nobleman 4) (murder) _______ him. Alexander was king of Macedonia at the age of 20.

While he 5) (fight) _______ his enemies in the north, the Greeks in the south 6) (start) _______ a rebellion. He 7) (destroy) _______ all their cities. He 8) (lead) _______ his army against the Persian Empire through what is now Turkey 9) (stay) _______ in the ancient city of Gordium, he 10) (undo) _______ the Gordian knot. A legend said that only a future king of Asia could do this.

While his army 11) (march) _______ through Persia, it 12) (defeat) _______ Darius, the king of Persia. He 13) (found) _______ the city of Alexandria at the mouth of the Nile while he 14) (visit) _______ Egypt. While he 15 (travel) _______ with his army, he 16) (give) _______ his name to many other towns.

He 17) (kill) _______ his friend Clitus in a quarrel, while they 18) (have) _______ dinner.

While he 19) (attack) _______ the city of Mali in India, he 20) (receive) _______ a serious wound from an arrow.

While he 21) (attend) _______ a banquet in Babylon in 323 BC, he 22) (fall) _______ ill and 23) (die) _______.

The Vikings in America

According to Viking records, around the year 1000, while some Viking sailors 1) (look for) were looking for the coast of Greenland, they 2) (reach) _______ the eastern coast of America. While they 3) (live) _______ there, they 4) (try) _______ to trade with the local Native Americans, known by the Vikings as Skraelings, but in the end the Native Americans 5) (fight) _______ them and 6) (drive) _______ them out. After several attempts to return, the Vikings 7) (give up) _______. In 1968, while some archaeologists 8) (work) _______ in Newfoundland, they 9) (discover) _______ the remains of one of the Viking settlements, and 10) (prove) _______ that this story was true.

Charles-Marie de la Condamine

In 1735 Charles-Marie de la Condamine 1) (sail) _______ to South America. At that time, scientists 2) (argue) _______ about the shape of the Earth. The French Academy 3) (want) _______ him to take measurements on the Equator, along with two other scientists. The work 4) (take) _______ them eight years and in the end, another scientific team 5) (find) _______ the answer they 6) (look for) _______. While de la Condamine 7) (travel) _______ home along the River Amazon, he 8) (learn) _______ many interesting things about the local people and their way of life. When he 9) (arrive) _______ in Paris in 1745, he 10) (receive) _______ a hero's welcome.

13. Past Perfect

Use

1. past action which occurred before another action or before a stated past time

He had left by the time I got there. (or by 8.15)

2. complete past action which had visible results in the past

She was sad because she had failed the test

3. the Past Perfect is the past equivalent of the Present Perfect

(He can't find his watch He has lost it) He couldn't find his watch. He had lost it

Time expressions: for, since, already, after, just, never, yet, before, by, by the time etc.

13.1* Read the following Information about famous moments in history. Then underline the correct form. Only one verb in each paragraph is past perfect:

1. Columbus left Spain in August 1492 with three ships, to try and find a way to India by sailing west instead of east. When his ships 1) finally reached / had finally reached land on 12 October, he thought he was there, but the ships 2) actually arrived / had actually arrived in America instead.

2. Captain Robert Scott wanted to reach the South Pole first. He and his companions finally arrived there on 1 January 1912 after a terrible journey across the ice, but 3) found / had found a Norwegian flag. Unfortunately for Scott, Roald Amundsen 4) got / had got there on 14 December, 18 days earlier.

3. Leonardo painted his famous The Last Supper between 1495 and 1498, but the painting started to deteriorate within 50 years. The most common explanation for this used to be that Leonardo 5) used / had used the wrong kind of paint, but experts have always disagreed about this, and many believe that the damp in the wall is the cause of the damage. Between 1978 and 1999, experts 6) restored / had restored the painting, and the public can now see it again.

13.2* Complete the sentence with the past simple or past perfect simple form of the verb in brackets:

1. When I (try) tried to use my laptop, I realized the battery (run) _______ down.

2. I (turn) _______ the computer off, but forgot that I (not save) _______ my work.

3. I only remembered I (not pay) _______ the bill when my Internet connection (stop) _______ working.

4. When I (receive) _______ the e-mail, I couldn't understand who (send) _______ it.

5. When I (check) _______ the instructions, I understood what I (do) _______.

6. I knew I (receive) _______ a virus when I (run) _______ the anti-virus program.

7. As soon as I (download) _______ the document, I knew I (make) _______ a mistake.

8. I could see what (go) _______ wrong as soon as I (look) _______ inside the printer.

9. I knew I (press) _______ the wrong key when nothing (happen) _______.

10. When the screen (go) _______ blank, I couldn't understand how it (happen) _______.

13.3* Read these sentences about Julius Caesar. Then complete the sentence with the past simple or past perfect form of the verb in brackets:

Julius Caesar 1) (come) came from an aristocratic Roman family, though his family was not rich by Roman standards. When he was 15 his father 2) (die) _______, and to avoid political problems in Rome, Caesar 3) (serve) _______ as a soldier in the east. By the time he 4) (return) _______ to Rome, he 5) (win) _______ awards for bravery. He 6) (become) _______ a member of the Senate, and governor of what is now Spain. By the age of 40 he 7) (rise) _______ to the top of the political world, and 8) (form) _______ a political alliance with a powerful general, Pompey, and a rich man, Crassus. Between 58 BC and 49 BC he 9) (fight) _______ a war against the people of what are now France, Belgium, Switzerland and parts of Germany. By the end of this war, according to the historian Plutarch, three million men 10) (die) _______. In 50 BC the Senate 11) (order) _______ Caesar to return to Rome. By that time, Crassus was dead and Pompey 12) (become) _______ Caesar's enemy. In the civil war that followed, Caesar 13) (defeat) _______ all his enemies. By the time a group of Roman senators 14) (murder) _______ him in 44 BC, he 15) (be) _______ the most powerful man in Rome for only a year.

13.4* Choose the correct form. A, B or C, to complete the sentences:

On 26 December 2004, Tilly Smith, a 10-year-old British schoolgirl, 1) C on the beach with her family. They 2) ___ Christmas in Thailand. Suddenly Tilly 3) ___ that something was wrong. She could see that the water 4) ___ and waves 5) ___ up the beach. The beach 6) ___ smaller and smaller. She 7) ___ that there had been an earthquake in Sumatra that morning, but she 8) ___ a geography lesson she 9) ___ at school just two weeks before. So she 10) ___ her mother what she 11) ___ about earthquakes and giant waves. Luckily for the Smith family, Tilly's teacher Andrew Kearney 12) ___ the class about earthquakes and 13) ___ them a video of a tsunami in Hawaii. Tilly 14) ___ screaming at her parents to get off the beach. They 15) ___ Tilly back to their hotel, which was not too close to the shore, and 16) ___ the alarm. One of the staff, who was Japanese, 17) ___ the word tsunami, and 18) ___ everyone to leave the beach. From their room on the third floor, the Smiths 19) ___ the terrible effects of the tsunami on the area. Thanks to Tilly, everybody from that beach 20) ___ that terrible day.

14. Past Perfect Continuous

Use

1. action continuing over a period up to a specific time in the past

She had been working as a clerk for 10 years before she resigned.

2. past action of certain duration which had visi­ble results in the past

They were wet because they had been walking in the rain.

3. the Past Perfect Cont. is the past equivalent of the Present Perfect Continuous

(She is going to the doctor. Her leg has been aching for two days.) She went to the doctor. Her leg had been aching for two days.

Time expressions: for, since, how long.

14.1* Read the sentences about two mountain climbers. Then complete the sentence with the past perfect simple or past perfect continuous form of the verb in brackets:

The two climbers stopped to rest. They 1) (climb) had been climbing for hours and were exhausted. Things were not looking good. They were very cold, because it 2) (snow) ____________ heavily since mid-morning, and one of them 3) (hurt) ___________ his ankle. They 4) (look) ___________ for shelter for the past two hours, because they realized that the weather was going to get worse. They 5) (already phone) ___________ the rescue centre for help. They 6) (also leave) ___________ details of their planned route at the village where they stayed the night. They were experienced climbers and they 7) (prepare) ___________ carefully for their trip. They knew there was a cave halfway up the mountain. They spent a long time searching for the cave before they realized that they 8) (head) ___________ in the wrong direction. Then the snow stopped, and they could see the dark entrance of the cave nearby. Luckily they 9) (bring) ___________ warm clothes and plenty of food with them, and they waited safely in the cave.

14.2* Underline the correct form:

1. When the police stopped / were stopping Smith's car for a routine check, they realized that he was the man who robbed / had robbed the bank.

2. I woke up in the middle of the night and turned on / was turning on the light. Someone or something climbed / was climbing in my window!

3. Unfortunately Jan arrived / was arriving at the station at 3.25, and found that she missed / had missed the train.

4. The doctors tried / had been trying their best, but while they were performing the operation, the patient died / was dying.

5. We'd been watching the film for half an hour before we realized that we were making / had made a terrible mistake. We went / had gone into the wrong cinema!

6. On the morning of the accident, Mr Davis just finished / had just finished a night shift at a local factory, and didn't have / hadn't had any sleep for 24 hours.

7. I’m sorry I didn't answer / wasn't answering the phone earlier, but I was painting / had been painting the ceiling in my bedroom.

8. The office Marlowe was visiting was on the 15th floor, and unfortunately the lift wasn't working / hadn't been working, so by the time he arrived at the top of the stairs, he was / had been out of breath.

9. On Christmas morning when they woke up / were waking up, the children looked eagerly out of the window. It snowed / had been snowing, and the garden was covered in a thick white carpet.

10. After the two film stars landed / were landing at the small airport, they left quickly in a van that was waiting / had been waiting for them since the early morning.