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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Міністерство освіти і науки україни
Legal texts for reading the legal profession
Types of Legal Professions: Great Britain
How does someone become a lawyer?
An outline of lawmaking process in great britain and the usa
The court system of england and wales
The united states of america the constitution
The Constitution and the Bill of Rights
The system of government The American System of Government
The President and Federal Departments
The system of checks and balances
Great britain the system of government
I. Basic concepts of American Jurisprudence
Law study in the u.S.A. Around the Law School (6-8)
Grammar reference and exercises
6. Present Simple vs Continuous
7. Future Simple and Present tenses with the future meaning
Finish, complain, fall off, be, miss, die, rain, drive, work, fail
The future of our solar system
10. Past Simple and Present Perfect
11. Present Perfect Continuous
4. Reported commands / requests / suggestions
Ship, pick, drink, take, dry, roast, prepare, sell, sort, plant Growing and preparing coffee.
Grown, cut, taught, locked, sent, explained, killed, given, built, driven
Cause, damage, hold, include, invite, make, overtake, show, translate, write
Cause, damage, hold, include, invite, make, overtake, show, translate, write
1. Many accidents are caused by dangerous driving.
2. Cheese ____ ____ from milk.
3. The roof of the building ____ ____ in a storm a few days ago.
4. There's no need to leave a tip. Service ____ ____ in the bill.
5. You ____ ____ to the wedding. Why didn't you go?
6. A cinema is a place where films ____ ____.
7. In the United States, elections for President ____ ____ every four years.
8. Originally the book ____ ____ in Spanish and a few years ago it ____ ____ into English.
9. We were driving along quite fast but we ____ ____ by lots of other cars.
1.5 Put the verb into the correct form, present simple or past simple, active or passive:
1. It's a big factory. Five hundred people are employed (employ) there.
2. Water __________ (cover) most of the Earth's surface.
3. Most of the Earth's surface __________ (cover) by water.
4. The park gates __________ (lock) at 6.30 p.m. every evening.
5. The letter __________(post) a week ago and it __________ (arrive) yesterday.
6. The boat __________ (sink) quickly but fortunately everybody __________ (rescue).
7. Ron's parents _____ (die) when he was very young. He and his sister __________ (bring) up by their grandparents.
8. I was born in London but I __________ (grow) up in the north of England.
9. While I was on holiday, my camera __________ (steal) from my hotel room.
10. While I was on holiday, my camera __________ (disappear) from my hotel room.
11. Why __________ (Sue/resign) from her job? Didn't she enjoy it?
12. Why __________ (Bill/sack) from his job? What did he do wrong?
13. The company is not independent. It _________ (own) by a much larger company.
14. I saw an accident last night. Somebody __________ (call) an ambulance but nobody __________ (injure) so the ambulance __________ (not/need).
15. Where _________ (these photographs/take)? In London? _____ (you/take) them?
2. Changing from active into passive
The object of the active verb becomes the subject in the passive sentence. The active verb changes into a passive form and the subject of the active sentence becomes an agent. The agent can be used (if it adds information) or omitted (if it does not add information).
|
|
Subject |
Verb |
Object |
Agent |
|
Active |
Bell |
invented |
the telephone. |
|
|
Passive |
The telephone |
was invented |
|
by Bell. |
The agent is introduced with “by” (to say who or what did the action) or “with” (to say what instrument or material the agent used):
e.g. He was knocked down by the lorry. (The lorry did the action.)
e.g. The door was locked by the man with a key. (The key is the instrument the agent used.)
e.g. The cake was made with flour, sugar and eggs. (They are the materials the agent used.)
2.1 Fill in "by" or "with":
1. The window was broken with a hammer.
2. He was knocked down _____ a car.
3. The lion was shot _____ a rifle.
4. That novel was written _____ D. H. Lawrence.
5. The garden was dug _____ a spade.
6. The city was attacked _____ the enemy.
7. The pudding was made _____ fruit and chocolate.
8. He was hit _____ a handbag.
9. The picture was painted _____ Jackson Pollack.
10. The house was built _____ wood and bricks.
2.2 Turn from Active into Passive:
1. An expert is restoring the antique car. – The antique car is being restored by an expert.
2. Steven Spielberg has directed a lot of successful films.
3. The judge has fined him £300.
4. A number of reporters will meet the professor at the airport.
5. A famous designer is going to redecorate the President's house.
6. The Romans founded Bath in the first century A.D.
7. A nightmare woke Mary up.
8. The Muslims celebrate Ramadan.
9. Van Gogh painted "Sunflowers".
10. Astronauts are exploring space.
2.3 Make the sentences passive. Use the by-agent only if it is necessary:
1. Shakespeare wrote 'Hamlet'.
2. A drunken motorist knocked her down.
3. They have arrested her for shoplifting.
4. Liverpool beat Manchester 3-0 yesterday.
5. They are repairing your car now.
6. People in Chile speak Spanish.
7. The Chinese invented paper.
8. Has anybody asked Peter?
9. You need hops to make beer.
10. My mother made this ring.
11. They don't sell stamps in bookshops.
12. Electricity drives this car.
13. The directors are still considering your application.
14. Somebody will tell you where to go.
3. Revision
3.1 Make sentences from the words in brackets. Sometimes the verb is active, sometimes passive:
1. There's somebody behind us. (I think / we / follow) – I think we are being followed.
2. This room looks different. (you / paint?) – Have you painted it?
3. My car has disappeared. (it / steal!) It __________!
4. My umbrella has disappeared. (somebody / take) Somebody __________.
5. Tom gets a higher salary now. (he / promote)
6. Ann can't use her office at the moment. (it / redecorate)
7. The photocopier broke down yesterday, but now it's OK. (it / work / again; it / repair)
8. The police have found the people they were looking for. (two people / arrest / last night)
9. A tree was lying across the road. (it / blow down / in the storm)
10. The man next door disappeared six months ago. (nobody / see / since then)
11. I was mugged on my way home a few nights ago. (you / ever / mug?)
3.2 Rewrite these sentences in the passive:
1. Someone broke this mirror last night. – This mirror was broken last night.
2. Someone washes the towels in the hotel every day.
3. Someone built the house ten years ago.
4. They grow this fruit in very hot countries.
5. They pay the office workers weekly.
6. Someone bought all this cheese in France.
7. Someone found Emily's bike in the river.
8. Someone visits most of the prisoners once a week.
9. Someone cleans this car every week.
10. They play a lot of sport on the beach.
11. Someone stole all my best jewellery.
12. They carried the children all the way home.
13. Someone watches the palace twenty-four hours a day.
14. They leave the grapes to dry in the sun.
3.3 Turn from Active into Passive:
1. The ancient Greeks built the Acropolis.
2. Martin is writing the company report this year.
3. Somebody will clean the room tomorrow.
4. They put fresh flowers in the hotel rooms every day.
5. Bad weather may delay your flight.
6. They gave Sandy a present.
7. They think the President is dying.
8. They made her cry.
9. The mechanic has repaired the car.
10. The bomb destroyed the building.
3.4 Circle a passive or active verb form:
1. Derek posted / was posted his letter to the university today.
2. We did a lot of work for the school, but we didn't pay / weren't paid.
3. My friend Douglas speaks / is spoken seven languages.
4. The letter H doesn't pronounce / isn't pronounced in French.
5. A new hospital will build / will be built in the town centre.
6. You can't come in here – the room is cleaning / is being cleaned.
7. We have invited / have been invited to John's party tonight.
3.5 Put simple present, simple past or future passive verbs into these sentences:
e.g. 'Frankenstein' was written by Mary Shelley. (write)
1. Butter ___________ from milk. (make)
2. Last night two men ___________ in a fight in a nightclub. (kill)
3. One day all our work ___________ by machines. (do)
4. English _________ as a second language by millions of people. (speak)
3.6 Circle the best way to continue:
5. I was really hungry. – A I ate six eggs. B Six eggs were eaten by me.
6. George Yeo's new book is very good. – A People bought 10,000 copies in the first week. B 10,000 copies were bought in the first week.
7. This milk tastes funny. – A I think someone has left it out of the fridge for too long. B I think it's been left out of the fridge for too long.
8. Zoe takes good care of her car. – A She checks the oil and tyres every week. B The oil and tyres are checked by her every week.
3.7 Put present perfect or present continuous passive verbs into these sentences:
e.g. 'Is the Army Museum still in Green Street?' – 'No, it has been closed.' (close)
1. Don't look now, but I think we __________ . (follow)
2. Hello, police? I'd like to report a theft. My handbag __________. (steal)
3. 'Why did you take the bus?' 'My car __________.' (repair)
4. I think someone's been in my room – some books __________. (move)
5. 'There's nobody here.' 'No, all the students __________ home.' (send)
6. 'When _____ you _____.' 'Tomorrow morning.' (interview)
3.8 Use the words in italics as the subjects and verbs of passive sentences:
e.g. Nedjma is sure she's going to get a pay rise. (promise) – Nedjma has been promised a pay rise.
22. All the passengers received meal tickets. (give)
23. Ellen has seen the plans for the new building. (show)
24. Someone has promised all the office workers a week's holiday. (promise)
25. Someone sent a bill for the repairs to Laura. (send)
Active Voice: Formation
|
|
Simple |
Continuous |
Perfect |
Perfect Continuous |
|
Present |
V, V(es)
e.g. She studies at this university. |
am/is/are + P1
e.g. She is studying English now. |
have/has+ PP
e.g. He has repaired her car. |
have/has been + P1 e.g. He has been waiting for her for 10 minutes. |
|
Past |
V-ed, V2
e.g. She studied at this university. |
was/were + P1
e.g. She was studying English when I came. |
had + PP
e.g. He had repaired her car by the time she came. |
had been + P1
e.g. He had been waiting for her for 10 minutes yesterday. |
|
Future |
will + V
e.g. She will study at this university. |
will be + P1
e.g. She will be studying English at this time tomorrow.
|
will have + PP
e.g. He will have repaired her car by Monday. |
will have been + P1 e.g. He will have been waiting for her for 10 minutes by the time she gets home |
Note: V = verb
V2 = the second column of the Irregular Verbs Table
P1 = Participle One (verb + ing)
PP = Participle Two or Past Participle (regular verbs + -ed; irregular verb – see the third column of the table)
Irregular Verbs
|
Infinitive |
Past Simple |
Past Participle |
Infinitive |
Past Simple |
Past Participle |
|
be bear beat become begin bite blow break bring build burn burst buy can catch choose come cost cut deal dig do draw dream drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find fly forbid forget forgive freeze get give go grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep know lay lead learn leave lend let |
was bore beat became began bit blew broke brought built burnt burst bought could caught chose came cost cut dealt dug did drew dreamt drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found flew forbade forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knew laid led learnt left lent let |
been born(e) beaten become begun bitten blown broken brought built burnt burst bought (been able to) caught chosen come cost cut dealt dug done drawn dreamt drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen got given gone grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept known laid led learnt left lent let |
lie light lose make mean meet pay put read ride ring rise run say see seek sell send set sew shake shine shoot show shut sing sit sleep smell speak spell spend spill split spoil spread spring stand steal stick sting strike swear sweep swim take teach tear tell think throw understand wake wear win write |
lay lit lost made meant met paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shone shot showed shut sang sat slept smelt spoke spelt spent spilt split spoilt spread sprang stood stole stuck stung struck swore swept swam took taught tore told thought threw understood woke wore won wrote |
lain lit lost made meant met paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen sought sold sent set sewn shaken shone shot shown shut sung sat slept smelt spoken spelt spent spilt split spoilt spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung struck sworn swept swum taken taught torn told thought thrown understood woken worn won written |