Файл: УМП КОНКУРС.doc

Hi, my name is Adam Meadows. I live in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. My house is situated 10 miles away from the downtown Minneapolis in a very picturesque place.

There is a lake and some park areas around my house. My house is not very big, but very cozy. It is a two-storied house with a garage and a big terrace. There are 3 rooms on the first floor and 4 rooms on the second floor. And we also have a nice basement; we use it as a game room and a gym.

There is a living room, a dining room, a kitchen and a bathroom downstairs, and 3 bedrooms, a study and 2 bathrooms upstairs. The living room is the largest and the most comfortable room in my house. Between the two large windows there is a little table with a TV-set on it.

Near the TV-set there are two comfortable armchairs. A small round table, a couch and a standard lamp are in the left-hand corner. This small table is for newspapers and magazines.

My dad likes to have a rest sitting on the couch reading books or newspapers or watching TV programs. In the middle of the dining room we have a square table with six chairs round it. To the right of the dining table there is a wall unit, which has several sections: a sideboard, a wardrobe and some shelves.

The warmest place in our house is the kitchen, the place where the whole family gathers together every evening not only to have dinner together, but also to speak and rest. There is a small laundry room next to the kitchen.

As I’ve said there are 3 bedrooms and a study upstairs. The biggest one is my parent’s bedroom.

My elder sister occupies the other one. My bedroom is not very light as there is only one window in it. I have a bed and a bedside-table with a lamp on it.

In the left-hand corner of the room I have a built-in wardrobe with coat hangers to hang clothes on. I also have a writing table with a computer on it and an armchair in front of it.

In the right-hand corner there is a bookcase full of books, magazines and newspapers. I like the proverb says: “My home is my castle” because my house is, indeed, my little castle.

Vocabulary

downtown -центр города

picturesque - живописный

cozy -уютный

terrace - терраса

basement - подвал

game room - игровая комната

gym - спортивный зал

couch - диван

square table -квадратный стол

sideboard - сервант

wardrobe - шкаф

laundry room - прачечная

to occupy-занимать (комнату, помещение)

bedside-table - тумбочка

built-in wardrobe - встроенный шкаф

coat hanger - вешалка

Answer the questions

1. Where does Adam live?

2. What can you say about his family?

3. Does Adam live in an apartment or in a house?

4. Is Adam’s house big or small?

5. How many rooms are there in his house?

6. How is the living room furnished?

7. What does his dad like to do in the living room?

8. Is there a piano in Adam’s house?

9. What is the warmest place in the house?

10. Who occupies the 3 bedrooms?

11. What furniture does Adam have in his room?

12. How does Adam call his house?

TEXT 2

Kelly’s house

Hi, my name is Kelly, I live in London. I want to tell you about my apartment.

I live with my family in a two leveled apartment house on the second floor.

Our apartment has all modern conveniences: central heating, gas, electricity, running cold and hot water, telephone, an elevator, and a chute.

Our apartment consists of a great-room, a kitchen, a dinette zone, two bedrooms, master suite, a study and two balconies.

The living room is the largest and the most comfortable room in our apartment. It has a big balcony.

There are blue sofas with two blue armchairs, and a low table with a TV-set. There is a thick blue carpet on the floor, and there are light blue wallpapers on its walls. We call it a blue room.

My bedroom is smaller and not so light. There is a bed, a wardrobe, a dressing-table, a desk and an armchair in it. In the right-hand corner there is a bookcase full of books, magazines and girl stuff. I like to invite my friends to my room.

Our kitchen is handily arranged: there is a gas-stove, a fridge, a deep sink, built-up cupboards and a table that folds against the wall when not in use. I like to sit there with my mother late at night and drink hot chocolate. I like my apartment very much and I will miss my home when I go to college.

Vocabulary

convenience - удобствo

central heating - центральное отопление

running water - водопровод

elevator - лифт

chute - мусоропровод

to consist of - состоять из

wallpapers - обои

dressing-table - туалетный столик

Answer the questions

1. Where does Kelly live?

2. What can you say about her family?

3. Does Kelly live in an apartment or in a house?

4. Is her apartment big or small?

5. How many rooms are there in her apartment?

6. How is the living room furnished?

7. Who designed her apartment?

8. Is there a balcony in Kelly’s apartment?

9. What room do they call a blue one?

10. How is Kelly’s room furnished?

11. What do Kelly and her friends do when they are together?

12. How is the kitchen arranged?

TEXT III

Misha’s house

Hello, my name is Misha; I live in Astrakhan, Russia. I live in a new 9-storied apartment house. There is a big supermarket on the ground floor and it’s very convenient to do everyday shopping. Our apartment is on the fifth floor.

It’s very comfortable and well planned. There are three rooms, a kitchen, a bathroom and a hall in our apartment.

There is also a balcony and we enjoy a lovely view of the river. We use our living room as a dining room and as a sitting room, because it’s very large. In the middle of the room there is a big table and six chairs around it. Opposite the window there is a wall unit with lots of books, a TV-set and a DVD player.

There are two comfortable armchairs and a small coffee table in the right-hand corner. There is also a sofa and an electric fire in our living room.

We like living room best of all because in the evening we gather there to have tea, watch TV, talk and rest.

There are two bedrooms in our apartment. The first one is our parent’s bedroom. I share a bedroom with my younger brother Anton. There are two beds, a wardrobe, a desk, an armchair and several bookshelves in my room. There is a thick carpet on the floor.

The walls of our bedroom are light-brown and there are some big posters on them. My brother and I like our bedroom very much, but from time to time we change it round. We quite often move our beds and change posters on the walls.

Our kitchen is large and light. It is very well equipped. We have a fridge, a freezer, a microwave oven, a coffeemaker and a toaster.

We haven’t got a dishwasher yet but we are going to buy it. My family and I like our apartment.

Vocabulary

apartment house - многоквартирный дом

convenient - удобный, подходящий

well planned - хорошо спланированный

lovely - красивый, прекрасный

wall unit- стенка

electric fire- электрический камин

to change it round - менять местами (мебель)

well equipped- хорошо оборудованный

Answer the questions

1. Where does Misha live?

2. What can you say about his family?

3. Does Misha live in an apartment or in a house?

4. Is his apartment big or small?

5. How many rooms are there in his apartment?

6. How is the living room furnished?

7. Why do they like the living room best of all?

8. Is there a balcony in Misha’s apartment?

9. How many bedrooms in the apartment?

10. What furniture does Misha have in his apartment?

11. What do Misha and his brother do with their bedroom?

12. What do they have in the kitchen?

II. Make up your own sentences using the vocabulary given after each text

III. Have a look at the speech patterns used in the texts

Speech patterns

1. to be situated – располагаться, находится

EX: My house is situated 10 miles away from the downtown Minneapolis in a very picturesque place.

Мой дом находится в десяти милях от центра Миннеаполиса в очень живописном месте.

2. there are/there is – есть (находится, располагаться)

EX: There are 3 rooms on the first floor and 4 rooms on the second floor.

На первом этаже расположены три комнаты, на втором- четыре

3. to use something as – использовать что-то в качестве.

EX: We use it as a game room and a gym

Мы используем ее как игровую комнату и спортзал.

IV. Make up your own sentences with each speech patterns.

V. Make a short summary of each text using the vocabulary and speech patterns.

VI. Role play “Tell me something about your house”. Make up dialogues between:

1. Adam and Kelly

2. Adam and Misha

3. Misha and Kelly

VII. Translate from English into Russian

1. I live in a house with the latest modern conveniences. 2. He lives in a four-room apartment with all modern conveniences. 3. I live in a two-storied house. 4. The house is not very large but comfortable. 5. The house is rather nice. 6. There is a shop in the ground story of the house. 7. Our apartment is on the sunny side of the house. 8. We have a house with a view of the sea. 9. We have moved into a new apartment. 10. This room is designed as a study. 11. What a nice and cozy room! 12. Do you have running water in your house? 13. The furniture is very comfortable.

VIII. Translate from Russian into English.

1. Встроенная мебель очень удобная. 2. Мне нравится, как у вас расставлена мебель в комнате. 3. Поставьте диван у стены между окнами. 4. У нас трехкомнатная квартира. 5. Мой дом расположен недалеко от озера. 6. Я сам расставил мебель в моей комнате. 7. Я купил новую кровать в спальню. 8. Мне очень нравится его новый обеденный стол. 9. В комнате три окна. 10. У них дома нет водопровода.

IX. Give full answers to the questions.

1. Do you live in a house or in a block of apartments?

2. Is your apartment well planned? Is it comfortable?

3. Which floor is your apartment on?

4. How many rooms are there in your apartment?

5. Have you got a dining room?

6. Where do you usually have your meals?

7. Is there much furniture in your apartment?

8. What is there in your room?

9. What is your kitchen like?

10. Do you like your apartment?

X. Draw a picture of your apartment or your house, or your dream house and describe it.

XI. Write a composition about your house using the vocabulary and speech patterns and some addition information.

XII. Retell your composition.

GRAMMAR: The Present Simple Tense and

The Present Continuous Tense

Настоящее простое неопределенное время образуется из первой формы глагола для всех лиц, кроме 3-го лица ед.ч. Для образования 3-го лица ед.ч. к основе глагола прибавляется окончание – s:

Ед.число

1-е лицо I work я работаю

2-е лицо You work ты работаешь

3-е лицо He (she, it) works он (она, оно) работает

Мн.число

1-е лицо We work мы работаем

2-е лицо You work вы работаете

3-е лицо They work они работают

Настоящее простое время употребляется:

1. для выражения общеизвестного факта, являющего неопровержимой истиной:

The Earth is round.

Земля круглая.

The Volga runs into the Caspian Sea.

Волга впадает в Каспийское море.

2. для выражения обычного, регулярно повторяющегося действия, относящегося к настоящему:

My mother teaches English. She is a teacher.

Моя мама преподает английский язык. Она преподаватель.

I write many letters every day.

Каждый день я пишу много писем.

3. для выражения ряда последовательных действий в настоящем.

Every day I get up at 7, get dressed and go to school.

Каждый день я встаю в семь утра, одеваюсь и иду в школу.

4. для выражения действия, совершающегося в данный момент настоящего времени (для глаголов, обозначающих чувства восприятия)

Now I see you very well.

Теперь я тебя отчетливо вижу.

I know what you mean.

Я понимаю, что ты имеешь в виду.

Настоящее простое время, как правило, используется с наречиями неопределенного времени: always, usually, sometimes, often, every day.

Для построения отрицательного и вопросительного предложения используется вспомогательный глагол DO.

Например:

I study in the Astrakhan College.

Do I study in the Astrakhan College?

I don’t study in the Astrakhan College.

Настоящее длительное время обычно передает действие в его развитии, происходящее или в момент разговора, или в данный период времени, рассматриваемый как момент совершения действия:

I am sitting at my table and writing.

Я сижу за столом и пишу.

Настоящее длительное время употребляется:

1. для выражения действия, протекающего в момент речи или в настоящий период времени.

В этом случае настоящее длительное время указывает на то, что действие совершается в настоящий момент, началось до этого момента и будет продолжаться после него. На длительный характер действия указывают обстоятельства времени now, right now, at this moment, today, this week, this month.

It’s raining today.

Сегодня идет дождь.

The children are playing with the ball.

Дети играют в мяч.

2. для выражения будущего действия. На будущее действие указывают наречия tomorrow, soon.

She is coming soon.

Она скоро придет

He is arriving tomorrow.

Он приезжает завтра.

Образование настоящего длительного времени.

Образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be + ParticipleI.

Например:

I am writing a letter now

You are writing a letter now.

He (she, it) is writing a letter now.

We are writing a letter now.

They are writing a letter now.

Для построения отрицательного и вопросительного предложения используется вспомогательный глагол TO BE.

Например:

Am I writing a letter now?

I am not writing a letter now.

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1. Make up ten sentences with the use of the Present Simple and the Present Continuous Tense

EXERCISE 2. Ask general questions to the sentences. Translate into Russian.

1. He plays tennis twice a week. 2. She learns French and German. 3. We keep our car in the garage. 4. They often make mistakes. 5. I help my mother around the house. 6. They do their shopping every day. 7. We go to the University by metro. 8. The classes begin at 8. 9. I stay at school until 2 o’clock. 10. It often rains in October.

EXERCISE 3. Put the sentences into the negative form, translate into Russian

1. Tom gets excellent marks in English. 2. Den studies at the University. 3. They usually buy newspapers in the morning. 4. The teacher asks many questions. 5. He enters the Law Faculty. 6. They go to the country by bus. 7. My friend wants to go to the cinema. 8. Nick works as a doctor. 9. I make coffee for my mother every morning. 10. They like gardening.

EXERCISE 4. Explain the usage of the Present Simple Tense, translate into Russian

1. It is warm today. 2. I am glad to meet them. 3. The days are rainy in October. 4. I am 17 years old. 5. We are busy now. 6. My father is at work. 7. You are late today. 8. There is much snow in winter. 9. There are many books in the library. 10. There is one theatre and five cinemas in our town. 11. There are three rooms in our flat. 12. We have many apple trees in our garden. 13. My sister has a nice cat. 14. You have little time left. 15. She has s good rest every summer. 16. They have no vacant rooms in the hotel. 17. Spring is always warm in our region. 18. The water in this lake is salt. 19. I don’t understand what you mean. 20. I know where she lives.

EXERCISE 5. Ask general questions to the sentences, translate into Russian.

1. The child is sleeping now. 2. Anna is having a lecture now. 3. The family is sitting at the table and having dinner. 4. I’m watching a movie. 5. The girl is reading a book. 6. The students are preparing for exams. 7. It is snowing hard. 8. The little boy is crying. 9. They are laughing. 10. I am waiting for my friend.

EXERCISE 6. Put the sentences into the negative form, translate into Russian

1. The bus is going to London. 2. I am cleaning my room. 3. The students are spelling the words. 4. My mother is laying the table. 5. They are having a picnic now. 6. My brother is making a barbeque. 7. He is learning the rules. 8. I am leaving tomorrow. 9. She is opening her presents. 10. I am meeting her at the station.

EXERCISE 7. Put the verb either in the Present Simple or Present Continuous Tense

1. Look at the sky; the clouds (move) slowly, the sun (appear) from behind the clouds; it (get) warmer. 2. «What you (do) here?” she asked. “I (wait) for an answer”. “I always (walk) here at this time of the day. 3. He (be) not well yet, but his health (improve). 4. “Alyssa (play) the piano in the next room?” – “No, it (be) Alyssa. I (know) she never (play) the piano so early in the morning”. 5. I (ask) my brother to put all his toys in the box because he (make) too much noise.

EXERCISE 8. Translate into English, using the Present Simple or Present Continuous Tense

1. «Что сейчас делает твоя сестра?» «Я не знаю». 2. Я всегда готовлю обед для сестры. 3. Не приходи ко мне завтра, я буду готовиться к докладу. 4. Я не понимаю, почему сейчас светит солнце. Ведь уже вечер, а вечером солнце не светит. 5. Я знаю, что ты имеешь в виду. 6. Я буду встречать его не автовокзале. 7. Я спешу домой, ко мне сегодня зайдет друг. 8. Мама обычно приходит с работы в шесть вечера, но уже половина седьмого, а она не приходит. 9. Ты придешь сегодня на вечеринку? 10. Я всегда прихожу вовремя.

EXERCISE 9. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Present Continuous or in the Present Simple Tense

1.I (to read) now. I (to read) every day.

2. He (to sleep) now. He (to sleep) every night.

3. We (to drink) tea now. We (to drink) tea every morn­ing.

4. They (to go) to school now. They (to go) to school every morning.

5.1 (not to sleep) now. I (not to sleep) in the daytime.

6. She (not to drink) coffee now. She (not to drink) coffee after lunch.

7. We (not to watch) TV now. We (not to watch) TV in the morning.

8. They (not to eat) now. They (not to eat) at the lesson.

9. My mother (not to work) now. My mother (not to work) at an office.

10. You (to work) now? You (to work) every day?

11. He (to play) now? He (to play) in the afternoon?

12. They (to eat) now? They (to eat) at school?

13. Your sister (to rest) now? Your sister (to rest) after school?

14. What you (to do) now? What you (to do) every morn­ing?

15. What you (to read) now? What you (to read) after dinner?

16. What they (to eat) now? What they (to eat) at break­fast?

17. What your brother (to drink) now? What your brother (to drink) in the evening?

ADDITIONAL STUDY: House and apartment plans

I. Have a look at the house plan given below and describe it using the following plan:

• Speak about the house plan in general: the number of rooms, bedrooms, bathrooms;

• Speak about the architectural design: if the house is well-planed or not;

• Speak about the furniture in each room;

• Speak about your likes or dislikes about this house plan.

II. Read and translate the text.

I am Jamie. I live in Annandale, Minnesota. That’s my house plan. As you can see I live there all by myself. That’s why I have only one bedroom.

So, when you enter my house you get right into the living room. There is a sofa and an armchair in it and a TV site in front. Then you may use the stairs and get into the dining zone. There is a table with four chairs in the middle of it. But I don’t have my meals there. Only if I have a company we gather at that able and celebrate.

If you go further you can see a kitchen zone. It’s well-equipped. In the middle of the kitchen zone you can see a bar with stalls – that’s the place where I usually have my meals.

There are two doors in the dining zone. The first one leads into my bedroom. The other one leads into the bathroom. My bedroom is large, but not much furnished. I have a double bed, a night stand and a wardrobe in it.

There are two more doors in my bedroom. The one goes into my wardrobe room, where I keep all my clothes and my other stuff. The other door leads into my bathroom. In my bathroom I have a bath, a sink-site and a toilet. I don’t have a shower because I am not a shower-lover.

What I like the most in my apartment is that I have two large built-in closets in it. I have one in the living room where I keep my coat and shoes. There other one is in the bathroom. There I keep my personal shower belongings, cleaning stuff, laundry powder and other stuff.

I really like my house. That’s the perfect house a young man can dream of.

III. Look at the following houses’ pictures and describe them. Think where these houses are situated and what makes you think so.

A

B

C

IV. Look at the picture of a mansion and its plan and describe it.

V. Look at the plan of a farm house and describe it

UNIT 7

LEXICAL MATERIAL: Education

I. Read the text, translate it and make the tasks

The British Educational System

All state schools in Britain are free, and schools provide their pupils with books and equipment for their studies. About nine million kids attend 35.000 schools in Britain. Education is compulsory from five till sixteen years.

Parents have a choice – to send a child to a nursery school or a pre-school playground to prepare him or her for compulsory education.

Children go to primary school at five and continue until they are eleven.

Primary school is divided into infant school – from five to seven (where they learn to read and write, and the basis of arithmetic) and junior school – from eight to eleven (where they learn geography, history, biology, foreign languages and other subjects).

Seven percent of British schoolchildren go to private schools where they study from five to eighteen years. There are 2.400 private schools and they have been growing in number or popularity since the mid-1980s. Parents pay for these schools, and fees vary from about 250 pounds a term for a private nursery to 3.000 pounds a term or more for a secondary boarding school. Most private schools are called prep-schools because they prepare the children for the Common Entrance Exam which they take at the age of 11. This exam is for the entry into the best schools.

The most famous schools are called “public schools” and they have a long history and traditions. It is often necessary to put your child’s name on a waiting list at birth to be sure he or she gets a place. Children of wealthy or aristocratic families often go to the same public school as their parents and their grandparents. Eton is the best known of these schools.

At the age of sixteen pupils take a national exam called General Certificate of Secondary Education and then they can leave school if they wish. This is the end of compulsory education.

Some 16-year-olds continue their studies in the sixth form at school or at a six form college. The sixth form prepares pupils for a national exam called “A” level (that means – advanced) at 18.

If a young man would like to enter the university he needs “A” level. Other 16-year-olds choose to go to a college of further education to study for more practical diplomas relating to the word of work such as hairdressing, typing or mechanics.

Universities and colleges of higher education accept students with “A” levels from 18. Students study for a degree which takes an average three years of full-time study. Most students graduate at 21 or 22 and are given their degree at a special graduation ceremony.

In England there are 47 universities, including the Open University which teach via TV and radio, about 400 colleges and institutes of higher education. The Oldest universities in England are Oxford and Cambridge. Generally, universities award two kinds of degrees: the Bachelor’s degree and the master’s degree.

Vocabulary

free – бесплатный

to provide – обеспечивать

compulsory – обязательный

nursery school – дошкольное обучение (детсад)

primary school – начальная школа

infant school – младшая начальная школа

junior school – старшая начальная школа

private school – частная школа

secondary school – средняя школа

the Common Entrance Exam – Единый Вступительный экзамен

General Certificate of Secondary Education – Аттестат о получении среднего образования

Answer the questions

1. What education is considered to be compulsory?

2. What is a primary school?

3. What is a private school like?

4. What is a public school?

5. What exam do the children pass at the age of sixteen?

6. What can the pupils do when they are sixteen?

7. What can you say about universities in Britain?

• Make up your own examples with the vocabulary:

For example: private school – частная школа

My best friend goes to the private school and she really likes to study there but unfortunately I can see her only on weekends.

• Find the equivalents in the text for:

1. Школы обеспечивают учащихся учебниками и необходимым оборудованием.

2. Обучение является обязательным с пяти до шестнадцати лет.

3. Около семи процентов британских детей учатся в частных школах.

4. Этот экзамен считается вступительным в самые лучшие школы.

5. Дети аристократов и богатых людей, как правило, учатся в тех же частных школах, что и их родители.

6. Они могут закончить обучение, если пожелают.

   • Retell the text under following plan:

1. Name the types of schools in Britain

2. Name the difference between these schools

3. Speak about higher education in Britain

II. Read about two famous Universities in England

Oxford and Cambridge are the most beautiful and oldest universities in England. Every year hundreds of young people whose parents have enough money to pay for university education come to Oxford or Cambridge from school. They spend three or four years at the university.

People from other countries like to visit Oxford while they are in England because it has many interesting buildings. The most important street in Oxford is High Street. Cambridge consists of many different colleges which make a picture of Cambridge as one of the most amazing towns in Great Britain. Parts of the town of Cambridge have not changed since they were built hundreds of years ago.

III. Read the text, translate it and make the tasks

The USA Educational System

Each state in the USA has its own system of schools but there are some common features in the organization of school education in the country. Schools can be divided into state or public schools and private schools. State schools are free and private are fee-paying. Four of five private schools are run by churches, synagogues and other religious groups.

Most schools start at nursery level at the age of three. Elementary education starts at the age of six and continues till eleven years. Secondary education is provided from the age of twelve. It is divided into junior (from twelve to fourteen) and high school (from fifteen to eighteen). High schools may be classified in three major categories: comprehensive, general, and vocational. Comprehensive offers a broad program of academic education. General offers a limited program. Vocational is for those who want to get a general education plus some training.

There are also specialized schools for children who are interested in a particular area of study and ho are artistically or musically gifted.

Out of more than three million students who graduate from high school each year, about one million go on for higher education. A college might receive applications from the school graduates and then decide who enters and who doesn’t. They chose on the basis of their high school records and recommendations from high school teachers. The system of higher education in the USA comprises three categories of institutions:

1. The university that may contain several colleges – the students get bachelor (four years of education) or master or doctorial (five to seven years) degrees;

2. The technical training institutions – the students take courses ranging from six month to four years in duration and get technical skills,

3. The two-year college – the students get the basis of any profession and may transfer to four-year College.

The most selective are Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Princeton, Cornel and other universities.

Vocabulary

common features – общие черты

to be divided – различаться

elementary – начальный

comprehensive – общеобразовательный

general - общий

vocational – профессиональный

to receive – получать

application – заявление

to transfer – переводиться

selective - выбираемый

Answer the questions

1. What is a system of schools in the USA?

2. What types of schools are there in the USA?

3. What age do the children go to school?

4. What is the difference between comprehensive, general, and vocational?

5. What is a specialized school?

6. How many students go on for higher education?

7. What categories does the USA system of higher education comprise?

8. What are the most selective universities?

   • Make up your own examples with the vocabulary

For example: elementary – начальный

My younger sister Hailey goes to the elementary school, where she studies the ABCs and plays active group games with other children.

• Find the equivalents in the text for:

  1. В каждом штате США есть своя собственная система образования

  2. Во многих школах обучение начинается с трехлетнего возраста.

  3. Существуют специализированные школы для детей с особыми наклонностями.

  4. Колледж получает заявления от выпускников и принимает решение о поступлении каждого отдельного студента.

  5. Это университет, состоящий из нескольких колледжей.

     • Retell the text under following plan:

       1. The system of schools in the USA

       2. The system of higher education in the USA

IV. Read the text, translate it and make the tasks

Russian Education System

Russians have always shown a great concern for education. The right to education is stated in the constitution f the Russian Federation. There are compulsory secondary schools, vocational schools, and higher educational establishments.

In Russia children begin going to school at the age of seven. First they study at the elementary school. It lasts three or four years. At the elementary school children get the elementary education, they learn to read, write and count. From the fifth form the secondary education begins. Children begin learning different subjects, such as Literature, Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Computing, Foreign Languages and so on.

The nine-year secondary education is compulsory in our country, but after completing the nine-year schooling pupils face the first serious decision in their lives. They have to decide either to continue their studies in the tenth and eleventh forms at a general secondary school, or to transfer to specialized colleges, that is to say, choose a particular career.

Colleges give young people a secondary education plus trade training. This means that after finishing a college they are educated and financially independent, able to go straight to a job.

Except general secondary schools there are a lot of specialized schools, where more attention is paid to a particular subject, mostly to a foreign language. Besides, there are many private schools now, where the education is not free of charge.

After finishing school or college young people may enter institute or university to get the higher education. After finishing the fourth course they get the bachelor's degree and after graduating from the higher educational establishment — the master's degree.

To study is not an easy thing, of course, but nowadays it is quite necessary to be highly skilled and educated specialist.

Vocabulary

elementary school - начальная школа

education - образование

compulsory - обязательный

to complete - завершить, закончить

to face - столкнуться, встать перед лицом

to have to - быть вынужденным

to continue - продолжать

particular - определенный

career - карьера

trade training - обучение профессии

financially independent - материально независимый

to pay attention - уделять внимание

free of charge - бесплатный

to enter - поступать (в институт)

higher education - высшее образование

bachelor's degree - степень бакалавра

higher educational establishment - высшее учебное заведение

master's degree - степень магистра

skilled - квалифицированный

Answer the questions

1. What types of schools are in Russia?

2. What age do children go to school?

3. What do the children study in elementary school?

4. What may children do after the nine-year schooling?

5. What may children do after finishing school or college?

   • Find the equivalents in the text for:

1. В России всегда большое внимание уделялось образованию

2. В России дети начинают ходить в школу в возрасте семи лет

3. С пятого класса начинается среднее образование

4. Девятилетнее образование считается обязательным в нашей стране.

5. В колледжах молодежь получает помимо среднего образования получение какой-либо профессии.

6. Сейчас существует большое количество частных школ, где обучение платное.

   • Retell the text under following plan:

     1. The system of schools

     2. The compulsory education

     3. The higher education in Russia

GRAMMAR: Modal Verbs

В отличие от других глаголов, модальные передают отношение говорящего к действию, выраженному инфинитивом. Модальные глаголы можно условно поделить на три группы:

1. can (could); may(might) – используются для выражения возможности или способности выполнить действие, но модальные глагол can (could) выражает физическую возможность или умение, а may(might) выражает возможность совершения действия, но как разрешение, позволение.

EX: I can swim. Я могу (умею) плавать.

He may help you. Он может тебе помочь (т.е. ему позволено)

2. must, should, ought to – выражают значение долженствования, но отличаются в значениях:

must – долженствование категорично

should – долженствование с раздражением

ought to – долженствование с (дружеской) рекомендацией.

EX: I must study. Я должен заниматься.

She should go there. Ей бы лучше пойти туда.

You ought to be with her. Тебе лучше быть с ней.

Кроме модальных глаголов, в английском языке существуют эквиваленты:

To have to – выражает необходимость в силу обстоятельств

EX: I have to ask for help. Мне приходится просить о помощи.

To be able to – выражает возможность совершения в будущем.

EX: I will be able to help you. Я смогу тебе помочь.

To be to – выражает долженствование, необходимость, договоренность.

EX: She is to come at 5 o’clock. Они должны прийти в 5 часов.

EXERCISES

EXERCISE1. Make up 10 sentences with any modal verbs or equivalents

EXERCISE 2. Analyze the usage of modal verbs in the following contexts. Translate the sentences.

1. Nick can run long distances. 2. He can speak many foreign languages. 3. You may join our group. 4. I must excuse myself. 5. You mustn’t park the car here. 6. The boy must see a doctor. 7. You may take this book for a week. 8. You may stay at your friend’s house over the weekend. 9. It may be cold. 10. Jake shouldn’t have laughed at Jon. 11. He ought to be more careful in the future. 12. You are to be at school at 8 in the morning. 13. She is to take her exam in a month. 14. We are to meet her at home. 15. I have to take a taxi in order not to be late. 16. I will be able to do it tomorrow. 17. I have to talk to him about the matter. 18. You must always come in time. 19. May I have a glass of milk? – no, you may not. 20. You should take care of him. 21. Can I have a banana? Could I have a look at the prices? 22. Can you travel anywhere you like without a visa? 23. Can you drive? May you drive us to the school? 24. Can you lend me your bike? 25. Can we cross the street here? 26. Mum, may I have another sweet? 27. What a perfect morning! Who can feel sad at heart on a day like this? 28. fashions may be changing but style remains. 29. Don’t throw it away; it may become useful some day. 30. I can do it for you, it’s not hard anyways.

EXERCISE 3. Insert modal verbs may or can. Translate the sentences.

1. You … come in when you have taken off your shoes. 2. Be careful: you … spill the milk. 3. Most children … slide on the ice very well. 4. … you see anything in this darkness? 5. You … go when you have finished your test. 6. … I use your pen? 7. You .. read this book. You know the language well enough. 8. You … take this book, I don’t need it any more. 9. Do you think you … do it? 10. What time is it? – It … be about 6 o’clock, but I am not sure. 11. You … take a horse to the water, but you … not make him drink. 12. Where nothing is, nothing … be had there. 13. Love … neither be bought nor sold; its only price is love. 14. Man … not live by bread alone. 15. You … take control of your schedule. 16. ... you tell me the time, please? 17. No more for me thanks. I ... eat another thing. 18. Who is that outside? It ... be the postman - he has already been here. 19. We loved the cake. ... you give us the recipe for it? 20. My aunt ... tell fortunes from tea leaves.

EXERCISE 4. Analyze the usage of modal verb must in the following contexts. Translate the sentences.

1. Who says A must say B. 2. Knowledge must be gained by ourselves. 3. What everybody says must be true. 4. What can't be cured must be endured. 5. I felt sure it must be a ghost, a visitor from another world. 6. I think we must rely only on ourselves. 7. We must not look for a golden life in an iron age. 8. Caesar's wife must be above suspicion. And so should Caesar. 9. Well, I must have looked an ass. 10. My matches have fallen out. I must go and buy some. 11. At work today, my boss told me that I must stop sleeping. 12. He realized he must do it. 13. Henry must be still sleeping. 14. - Must I send the fax and write the contract today? - You needn't send the fax, but you certainly must write the contract.

EXERCISE 5. Translate into English using a modal verb must

1. Я должна упорно работать над своим английским. 2. Вы должны внимательно слушать учителя на уроке. 3. Ты должен заниматься каждый день. 4. Вы не должны забывать о своих обязанностях. 5. Вы должны быть осторожными на улице. 6. Сейчас она должна быть дома. 7. Я должна написать письмо брату. 8. Я должна купить продукты на обед.

EXERCISE 6. Analyze the usage of modal verb have to in the following contexts. Translate the sentences.

1. Have a seat, please. I have to make a call before we leave. 2. You've just broken the law and you shall have to answer for it. 3. Norris had to learn a couple of hard lessons on his road to the top. 4. We'll have to label all the goods which we have to sell. 5. Do I have to have another check-up, doctor? 6. He had to raise his voice to be heard through the rising storm. 7. You don't have to cheer up if you don't want to! 8. Jane has to get up early to catch the coach. 9. You'll have to say it to his face. 10. I had to run for my life! But for my feet I would have long been dead! 11. You'll have to be very cautious, it wouldn't do for you to get caught. 12.From now on, my son, you'll have to earn your own living. 13. Mary had to invent a story to escape from the house. 14. I understand, darling. Work has to come first. 15. It was something she had to agree to.

EXERCISE 7. Insert modal verbs to be to or to have to. Translate the sentences.

1. She … to send a telegram because it was too late to send a letter. 2. They decided that she … to send them a telegram every tenth day. 3. You … to learn all the new words for the next lesson. 4. Do you know this man? – He … to be our new teacher. 5. Who … to go to the library to get the new books? – I was, but I couldn’t. 6. It is raining. You … to put on your raincoat. 7. I told her she … to open the window for a while every day. 8. I … to wear glasses as my eyesight is very weak. 9. You … to learn this poem by heart. 10. She … to tell him the truth, there were no other way.

EXERCISE 8. Insert modal verbs should или must. Translate the sentences.

1. You … have studied the material very well. I see you have made no mistakes in the test paper. 2. You … have studied the material very well. Then you will not make so many mistakes. 3. She … have forgotten to take her medicine. 4. She … have remembered to take her medicine. 5. I … have got on the wrong bus. I cannot recognize the places we are passing.

EXERCISE 9. Analyze the usage of modal verbs should and ought to in the following contexts. Translate the sentences.

1. A gentleman should be honest in his actions and refined in his language. 2. Children should be seen and not heard. 3. Law makers should not be law breakers. 4. People should reflect how tender is the Earth's environment. 5. Is it vitally important that I should say "yes"? 6. Well, you should be working now instead of relaxing. 7. Kings ought to be kings in all things. 8. A liar it to have a good memory. 9. We ought to weigh what we can only once decide.10. He ought to have been more tactful.

ADDITIONAL STUDY: My College

I. Read and translate the texts about students from England, translate them and answer the questions

TEXT A

Hello, my name is John Green, I am eighteen and I live in England. When I was four my parents decided it would be good for me to go to the nursery school.

In my country children do not have to go to school until they reach the age of five but there is some free nursery education before that age.

But I liked to go to school when I was little; we had a lot of fun playing group games. Then the teacher taught us how to read, write and count.

Later I went to the primary school where we began to study other subjects plus foreign languages – German and French. When I turned eleven it was the right time for me to pass an Eleven Plus exam, and I passed it successfully. There were kids in my class who didn’t want to pass this exam or who failed to pass it – so they went to secondary modern schools straight.

I went to the grammar school where I continued to study foreign languages plus some compulsory subjects. Three months ago the school was over and I passed an “A” level exam and entered the Oxford University.

Answer the questions

1. Why did John go to school at the age of four?

2. What did John do in the nursery school?

3. What did John study in the primary school?

4. How did John pass an Eleven plus exam and what school did he go?

5. Did John continue his education after the school?

TEXT B

Hi, my name is Regina MacDougal; now I am a student of one of the best universities in Britain – Cambridge.

Even before I was born my parent decided that I would get the same education that my mom had got.

When I turned five I went to the private school for girls that is called St. Augusta Private School.

There are a lot of private schools in my country.

These schools are very expensive and they are attended by about 5 percent of the school population. I studied in my school until I turned eighteen. I loved to study in my school. There were a lot of subjects there – music, foreign languages, theater class, and gymnastics. The saddest part was that I had to be apart from my family – I went home only during holidays. But I had made a lot of friends in school and they replaced me a family.

Now I am in the university and I am very happy, plus I have a lot of friends from my private school here.

Answer the questions

1. Why did Regina go to the private school?

2. What was the name of the school?

3. What subjects did Regina study there?

4. Did Regina like to study in her school?

5. Who studies together with Regina?

II. Read and translate the texts about students from England, translate them and answer the questions

A

Hi, my name is Kevin Steward. I am from Annandale, a small town in Minnesota.

When I was three and a half I began to go to the nursery Annandale school and I really enjoyed it – we played games outdoors and when the weather was bad we went inside where the teacher read us fairy-tales.

When everyone in my class turned six we went to the Annandale Elementary School – there we got our class teacher who taught us ABCs first and then other subjects.

When I turned twelve I finished my elementary school and we had a real graduation ceremony. Then I went into Annandale Junior School. There I studied a lot of subjects and took special courses in art because I liked it. When I studied in High School I had to have general program material plus my personal studies in art studio.

Then my art teacher advised me to enter Art College. I fulfilled a lot of applications and fourteen universities gave me an answer “yes”, but the universities were very far from my native town – they were in San Diego, New York, Miami, and Richmond.

But I decided to stay in my Minnesota and applied to Minnesota State University and I entered the Art College there.

It takes me about an hour and half to get there from home and I am pleased because I can go home on weekends.

Answer the questions

1. What nursery and elementary education did Kevin get?

2. Who taught Kevin in the Elementary school?

3. What subjects did Kevin take in Junior school?

4. What universities did Kevin apply?

5. Where does Kevin study now?

B

Hey, I am Miranda Tailor. I live in New York. Until I turned five my nanny educated me a little bit.

My parents though it would be great for me to study in a private school so they sent me to the St. Anna Private School in New Jersey. That’s a school for both girls and boys. The school is run by a Catholic Church.

So I studied in this school until I got seventeen. I went home on weekends and holidays, but when I grew older I preferred to spend my holidays at school with my friends. In school I shared a room with a girl named Lora and we became bet friends.

It was very hard for me to decide what college or university to enter. I was good in many subjects – in Mathematics, Physics, Foreign Languages, and Literature and so on. So I entered the Columbia University College and I study on the first course now – I don’t major in any subject for now. During the first year I get the general education and on the next year I will have to decide what specialty I want to study.

Answer the questions

1. Who taught Miranda until she turned five?

2. What school did Miranda go to?

3. Where did Miranda spend her weekends and holidays when she grew older?

4. What subjects were Miranda’s best ones?

5. Where does Miranda study now?

III. Read the text “Typical student” and answer the question:

What type of student do you consider yourself to belong to?

Typical Student

Who are they and how they look? In the streets, in parks, cafes, on discos, everywhere you can see young people standing together and talking about something with great interest. What are they talking about? They talk about studying, music, and clothes and about money, which will finish soon. But in spite of the problem they are never sad. At the same time students walk in town, go to cafes, discos and concerts. Students become friends very fast and forever.

There are some different types of students. One part does nothing but study. Others have time for studying and for things they love to do. Someone likes going in for sport, some are fond of playing computer games, others like singing or dancing and so on. And there are some students who don’t want to study and want to graduate the university with good and excellent marks.

Students wear everything that is comfortable to them. They listen to different types of music. Pop, rock, rap these are only few types they listen to. And all students like sleeping. So they are very different.

UNIT 8

LEXICAL MATERIAL: My future profession

I. Read and translate the text “Choosing a future profession”

Finishing school is the beginning of the independent life for millions of school leavers. Many roads are open between them: vocational and technical schools, institutes and universities. But it is not an easy thing to choose a profession out of more that 2000 existing in the world. Some pupils follow the advice of their parents, others can’t decide even after leaving school. Let’s have a look at what some school leavers think about their future profession.