Masha: I have made my choice long time ago. I want to be a teacher. Teachers do not only teach their subjects. They develop their pupils’ intellect; form their views and characters, their attitudes to life. It’s a great responsibility!

Dima: I want to become a computer programmer. I am interested in computers. I think this profession can give many opportunities. We are living in the age of information. I think our future is just filled with computers.

Ivan: I have already decided what career to choose. I would like to be a psychologist and I want to help people to solve their problems.

Anna: I decided to enter the department of sociology. I understand the difficulties of this profession. But I believe this specialty is really needed and hope that I can help a lot of people.

Max: I like the profession of a journalist. They try to understand what is going on in the world, or the country, or the city and try to explain it to other people. Journalists can influence the history.

II. Answer the questions.

1. What does finishing school mean?

2. Why is it so difficult to choose a future profession?

3. What profession did Masha choose? Why?

4. Why did Ivan decide to become a psychologist?

5. Why does Dima think that being a computer programmer gives many opportunities?

6. Why does Anna want to be a sociologist?

7. Why does Max like the profession of a journalist?

III. Make up short dialogues on the topic “Future profession” between:

• Masha and Ivan

• Ivan and Dima

• Dima and Anna

• Anna and Max

IV. Read and translate the text “My future profession”

My future profession

Hi, my name is Sasha. I finished my school and entered the Astrakhan College of Building and Economics. Usually, pupils’ plans for the future change many times during the school years. That’s what happened to me.

When I was about 10 years old I wanted to become a doctor, then I changed my mind and since I was enjoying playing computer games I decided to become a computer programmer.

But playing games and making programs is not the same. So I changed my mind again and didn’t know what profession to choose. And then I looked at my parents. They are engineers.

Their profession is always available, they help people the most, and they make their lives more comfortable. When I told my parents about my decision they were very excited because I followed their steps.

I decided to enter the Astrakhan College of Building and Economics and then continue my education in the university. I like the profession I will be given and I will try to make the life of the citizens of my city more comfortable.

V. Speak about how your plans for the future got changed.

VI. Read and translate the text “I want to be an economist”

I want to be an economist

My name is Oksana, I am sixteen. I study in the Astrakhan College of Building and Economics. I want to be an economist.

And I can explain why I think so. Russia for a long time had the command-and-administrative methods of management. (Every official had extensive power which he did not want to lose.) Economics and economic science were not developing.

The reconstructing of the economic system abolished many ministries and other departments. As a result of the reconstructing, the connections between different areas of our country were broken and our industry and agriculture gone down. However, the reconstructing opened up wide opportunities for a business and marketing economics.

Therefore I took the decision to become an economist.

Vocabulary

command - приказывать, командовать, управлять

extensive - экстенсивный, растущий вширь

official - чиновник, должностное лицо

power - власть, сила

economy - экономия, хозяйство

reconstructing - перестройка

to abolish - отменять, уничтожать

ministry - министерство

connection - связь, связи

however - однако

opportunity - удобный случай

marketing - рыночная торговля

therefore - поэтому, следовательно

decision -решение, решимость

to take a decision - принять решение

to become - становиться

VII. Discussion questions

1. What was your favorite subject at school? 2. Have you read any books on this subject? 3. Where your classes in this discipline interesting? 4. Have you decided what profession to choose? 5. What do you do to prepare for you future work or to get better changes for that profession? 6. Have you had talk with your parents on future profession? 7. What profession did your parents advise you to take up? 8. Do your parents say that it is up to you to decide which road you will take in life? 9. What will you be after graduating from the Institute? 10. If you are admitted to this faculty, what specialization would you like to take up?

VIII. Write down a composition called “My future profession” using the texts. You must touch upon the following problems:

1. What were your plans for the future when you were a child?

2. What made you choose this profession?

3. What do you like in your future profession?

GRAMMAR: Past Simple

Прошедшее простое время употребляется для:

• Описания действий, происходивших в прошлом, но не связанных с настоящим. Прошедшее действие может характеризоваться обстоятельством времени (yesterday – вчера, last week – на прошлой неделе, a month ago – месяц назад, on Sunday – в воскресенье):

EX: I met him last week

Я встречал его на прошлой неделе.

• Описания ряда последовательных действий в прошлом:

EX: She came up to the house, opened the door, and turned on the light in the hall.

Она подошла к дому, открыла дверь и включила свет в прихожей.

Образование Past Simple

Форма Past Simple правильных глаголов образуется прибавлением к основе инфинитива окончания – ed

EX: to end – ended; to work – worked; to open – opened

Форма Past Simple неправильных глаголов образуется различными способами (список неправильных глаголов):

EX: to speak – spoke, to meet – met, to know – knew

Для построения вопросительной и отрицательной формы используется вспомогательный глагол to do в Past Simple – DID:

I saw him before Я видел его раньше

I didn’t see him before Я не видел его раньше

Did I see him before? Видел ли я его раньше?

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1. Form the Past Simple Tense from the verbs given below

To bring, to blow, to do, to seem, to last, to draw, to break, to listen, to read, to jump, to feel, to hear, to sleep, to cry, to appear, to love, to show, to sing, to hide, to get, to understand, to forget, to remember, to tell, to ask..

EXERCISE 2. Put the verbs in the following sentences into negative and interrogative form

1. He knew her address. 2. This engineer needed help. 3. I liked my new apartment. 4. They found a new solution of this problem. 5. She worked very hard on this problem. 6. He realized that he was right. 7. I saw this movie yesterday. 8. I was in Moscow last year. 9. She decided to go to the country and left last month. 10. They moved to their new house.

EXERCISE 3. Translate into English

1. Ты был в колледже вчера? 2. Каким студентом он был? 3. В понедельник мы ходили по магазинам, выбирали подарки. 4. Вчера была очень хорошая погода. 5. В прошлом году я успешно сдал все экзамены. 6. Месяц назад мы ездили на море. 7. Я не успел все сделать вчера. 8.Было довольно темно, но мы не увидели звезд на небе. 9. Он хотел мне помочь, но я отказался. 10. Я вчера вспомнил, где я его видел.

EXERCISE 4. Make up a situation (10-15 sentences) with using the verbs in the Past Simple Tense

EXERCISE 5. Put the verbs in brackets in the Past Simple

1. The other day I (to meet) a friend of mine at the conference. 2. We (to listen) to almost all reports there yesterday. 3. They (to go) to the country last Sunday 4 Many specialists (to take part) in the last conference. 5. We (to buy) a new software program for the computer tlie day before yesterday. 6. He (to begin) to study Economics a year ago. 7 When I (to come) to the library yesterday, the librarian (to give) me a lot of books on this problem. 8. What salary you (to get) last month? 9. He (to get) a bad mark- at the exam because he hardly (to know) the subject and (to forget) many facts 10. Last time my colleague (to ask) me to help him with a difficult task. 11. Their company O be) quite successful in trading last season. 12. The men (to be) very busy, when I (to come) to ask them about their working conditions. 13. When Peter (to get) his new job?

EXERCISE 6. Open the brackets, using Present or Past Simple.

1. You (to read) English books? 2. My sister (to read) that book last term. 3. When the delegation (to arrive) in Moscow? It (to arrive) yesterday. 4. This train usually (arrive) at 7.30. 5. I (not see) Andrew at the lecture. 6. Where you (to put) my dictionary? 7. This little girl always (to put) her dresses in the wardrobe. 8. Who (to send) a resume to a computer firm? 9.When you (to graduate) from the University? 10. The job interviewer always (to ask) many difficult questions. 11. You (to like) the new candidate? 12. I (to be) very busy, when you (to enter) the office, that's why I (not to discuss) the matter with you.

EXERCISE 7. Translate into Russian

1. I was born in April. 2. Mr. Buckster worked in the USA in 1998. 3. - When did you marry? ~ Jack and I got married two years ago. 4. Max left the house for college, walked to the bus-stop, got on the bus and after some stops got off, had a sandwich in a cafe ... and decided to go back home. 5. I saw the sea long ago, in my childhood. 6. Roger went to University and lived in a hostel. 7. It often rained in the autumn of 1996. 8. The Scotts had dinner at six o'clock and went to a pub. 9. - When and where did you buy this ring? - Oh! It was long ago! 10. It happened on a sunny spring day. 11. I didn't read much during my vacations. 12. The guests said good-bye and left the house. 13. The brothers went to the same school, entered the same University, worked at the same company, and even fell in love with the same girl. - No wonder, they were twins, weren't they? 14. - Who painted this work of art? - It was Levitan. 15. - How long did she wait? - She waited for half an hour and left.

EXERCISE 8. Put the sentences into negative and interrogative form.

1. I was born in a big American family. 2. The students were busy preparing for the exams. 3. I was shy in my childhood. 4. Mrs. Sweet taught Geography at school. 5. We did all the work on time. 6. The scouts heard something strange. 7. My father read all the detective stories from the public library. 8. It started raining. 9. Our group liked the new teacher. 10. My little sister had a kitten. 11. We had a nice journey to Jamaica last year. 12. Our family had dinner early yesterday. 13. We had great fun at the Halloween party! 14. She had to get up at 7 o'clock in the morning. 15. It snowed a lot this winter.

EXERCISE 9. Open the brackets and put the verb into the right form

1. You (be born) in Moscow? 2. I always (be afraid) of flying by planes. 3. What (happen) last Monday? 4. The train (start) at ten o'clock sharp. 5. Where you (be) yesterday? I (phone) you all day long! 6. Somebody (copy) the top secret file. I wonder who (come) here last night? 7. It (rain) all day long the day before yesterday and I (not, go shopping). 8. What (make) you give up jogging? 9. They (talk) for only twenty minutes and (fall in love) with each other deeply. Two months later they (marry). 10. As I (leave) the money at home yesterday, I (not, have lunch). 11. They (come) to the bank on Friday evening, but they (have) no money. 12. When my parents (be young), they (not, have) their own flat and they (have to) rent a room. 13. The boy (work) at his father's farm, (go) to the Art Institute in Kansas City and many years later he (found) his own cartoon company. The boy was Walt Disney. 14. - Who (do) this perfect translation of Shakespeare's sonnet? - It (be) Marshak. 15. - You (pay) a fortune for this car last year, didn't you? - Who (tell) you this? It (cost) me almost nothing then! 16. As soon as the tourists (arrive) in Paris, they (buy) the tickets to the Louvre. 17. - When the plane (take off)? - It (take off) ten minutes ago. 18. James (offer) me to go to the piano concert. It (sound) good, so I (agree). 19. He (wait) in the rain till it (get) dark, but she (not, come). 20. It (rain) for many days and nights during the rainy season.

EXERCISE 10. Ask your friend questions like it’s shown in the example:

- Did you clean your teeth yesterday? - Yes, I did. As usual, I cleaned my teeth yesterday.

1. go to school 2. listen to music 3. go to the cinema, 4. get a letter 5. vacuum your room 6. do morning exercises 7. take out your pet 8. wash your jeans 9. have a sweet dream 10. get up early 11. water the flowers 12. eat some chocolate 13. have your hair cut 14. have a date 15. say "Good Morning" to your neighbor 16. cook something delicious 17. have a shower 18. call your best friend 19. watch TV 20. buy something nice for yourself.

ADDITIONAL STUDY: Professions

I. Read and translate the text “I want to be a programmer”

I want to become a computer programmer. I am interested in computers. It is a whole new world.

Many people continue careers of their parents or grand parents but it is not the case with me. My mother is a teacher and my father is a doctor. But I don't want to be neither a teacher nor a doctor. My favorite subjects in school were mathematics, physics, and, of course, computer science. I am not interested in such subjects as geography, biology or chemistry.

My hobby is computer games and computer programming. I have a computer at home and can spend hours working at it. It is much easier to do things on computer, for example to write a composition. You can change the text as many times as you want and you don't need to rewrite everything if you changed something.

I think that the profession of programmer can give many opportunities. Computers are the most rapidly changing sphere of modern technology. Today, in England or in the US people can work, go shopping or even go on dates sitting at their computers.

So that’s why I finished school and entered the Astrakhan College of Building and Economics and now I study computer science.

II. Read and translate the text “I want to be a land manager”

I want to be a land manager. My dad is a land manager and he told me a lot about this profession.

Land management is the process of managing the use and development of land resources. If you work as a land manager you can improve the efficiency of land resource use to support the rapidly growing population of many countries.

Also you provide incentives for development, including the provision of residential housing and basic infrastructure such as sewer and water facilities.

I like the nature in my region very much and this job includes protecting the natural environment from degradation. I am interested in the economics and that’s the other reason I picked this profession because it provides equitable and efficient access to the economic benefits of land and real estate markets and supports government services through taxation and fees related to land and improvements.

So now I study land management in the Astrakhan College of Building and Economics.

III. Read and translate the text “I want to be a cadastre”

I decided to become a cadastre and I entered the Astrakhan College of Building and Economics. The Cadastre is the primary means of providing information about property rights.

More specifically, the Cadastre provides the private and public sector with: information identifying those people who have interests in parcels of land; information about those interests (e.g. nature and duration of rights, restrictions, and responsibilities); information about the parcels (e.g. their location, size, improvements, value).

I also know that graphical indices of these parcels, known as cadastral maps, show the relative location of all parcels in a given region. Large maps show buildings, irrigation units. Land value, ownership, or use, can be accessed by the unique parcel codes shown on the cadastral map.

The profession of a cadastre plays an important role in the regulation of land use. Land use regulations stipulate conditions for the initial establishment of a parcel, the use to which the land will be put, parcel size, the necessary access to water and sewerage, roads, etc.

I hope I will become a good specialist.

IV. Read and translate the text “I want to be an architect”

I was always fond of painting and sculpture. When I was little I used to draw plans of my dream houses. That’s why it wasn’t hard for me to decide what profession to choose.

An architect is a licensed professional who organizes space. Architects design houses, office buildings, banks, kindergartens, hospitals, trade centers, skyscrapers, landscapes, and even entire cities.

Architects are trained in many areas, from historic preservation to structural engineering.

Architects design buildings, but a "Building Designer" is not usually a licensed architect. I think it’s great to design a building and give it any shape I want, add windows and doors make a roof, and choose building materials I want.

I think I will be a professional building designer, or home designer, so I will specialize in designing single family homes. I can’t wait until I finish my education and get a job.

V. Read and translate the text “I want to be a builder”

I study in the Astrakhan College of Building and Economics and I will become a builder. I think that the profession of a builder is very important in nowadays.

This profession will always be available. Many houses are building in my city every day. I am sure that some day everyone will live in good conditions with all modern conveniences – such as central heating and ventilation, air-conditioning, hot and cold water system, gas, and electricity.

And this will be possible with the help of the builders. First of all the cadastres make a cadastral map, then land managers do their job. After the architect’s design of a future construction is done, the builders begin its work.

To be a builder means to know many things such as building materials, its properties and usage, methods of building, equipment and materials, many rules and so one. But I am sure I will learn about everything and be a very good builder.

UNIT 9

LEXICAL MATERIAL: My City

I. Read and translate the text “My city”

Hello! I am Vova, I am a native resident of Astrakhan. I like my city very much and the reason I was born here is not the main. I like Astrakhan because I feel it to be my city.

Astrakhan is situated on the Volga River near the Caspian Sea. It emerged hundreds of years ago on twelve islands at the place where the Great Russian River joins the Caspian Sea.

At present Astrakhan region covers 44.1 thousand square kilometers. 1 million people live in Astrakhan. The city has common borders with Kazakhstan, Kalmyk Republic and Volgograd region. The astrakhan region is situated near the Caucasus and there is a sea border with Azerbaijan, Dagestan, Iran and Turkmenia. That is why people of different nationalities live here.

Astrakhan is an important sea port and it is the center of ship-building. The city is famous for its fisheries.

There are many educational establishments in Astrakhan so a school leaver has many options where to study.

The climate is called continental so we have cold winters with really annoying winds and extremely hot summers. There is Astrakhan State Reserve located in the delta of the Volga where wide scientific-research work is being carried out, concerning many birds and rare plants, lotus included. Lotus is a very rare flower which can be found in a very few place and that is why the emblem of the city is Lotus.

I think my city is very unique and special and I love it very much.

II. Answer the questions

1. Why does Vova like Astrakhan?

2. Where did Astrakhan emerge hundreds of years ago?

3. How many kilometers does Astrakhan region cover?

4. What common borders does Astrakhan have?

5. Why do people of many nationalities live in Astrakhan?

6. How is the climate called and what’s the weather like in winter and summer?

7. What rare flower grows in Astrakhan region?

III. Find the equivalents in English in the text

Житель, чувствовать, располагаться, основываться, остров, соединяться, регион, общий, граница, национальность, выпускник, выбор, континентальный, заповедник, дельта, научно-исследовательская работа, редкий, эмблема, уникальный.

IV. Find in the text the lines that show the uniqueness of Astrakhan region.

For example: Astrakhan is famous for its fisheries.

V. Read the text “Astrakhan’s history” and answer the questions

Astrakhan’s history

The history of Astrakhan dates back to the 13^th century when a small settlement appeared on the banks of the river Volga. Astrakhan was founded in 1558 but it doesn’t mean there were no towns on the territory of modern Astrakhan region. Since old times there have been different settlements of nomadic tribes. There was a state of Khazars, with the capital Itil. At about 140 km from modern Astrakhan there was an ancient capital of the Golden Hords – Sarai-batu – that of the great and powerful empire of tatar-mongols. Great battles were on this territory among Slavs, Pechenegs, Khazars and Polovets.

The history of the present Astrakhan began only in the 16^th century. And it is closely connected with the history of the Kremlin. It was built in 1552 and this data is considered to the beginning of Astrakhan’s history, which is very rich.

The left bank of the river was chosen for the Kremlin and the center of the town because it was the most suitable place for the fortress where Astrakhan was at that time.

Answer the questions

1. When did the history of Astrakhan begin?

2. When was Astrakhan found?

3. What settlements lived on the territory of modern Astrakhan region?

4. What capitals were there?

5. What battles were on the territory?

6. When did the history of the modern astrakhan begin?

7. When was the Kremlin built?

8. Why was the left bank of Volga chosen for the Kremlin?

VI. Agree or disagree. Prove your point of view.

1. The history of Astrakhan dates back to the 11^th century when a small settlement appeared on the banks of the river Volga.

2. Astrakhan was founded in 1558 and there were no towns on the territory of modern Astrakhan region.

3. Since old times there have been different settlements of nomadic tribes.

4. At about 140 km from modern Astrakhan there was an ancient capital of the Golden Hords – Itil.

5. The history of the present Astrakhan began when the Kremlin was built.

6. The right bank of the river was chosen for the Kremlin.

VII. Retell the text “Astrakhan’s history”

GRAMMAR: The Past Continuous Tense

Прошедшее длительное время употребляется для:

• Выражения действия, протекавшего в определенный момент в прошлом, который обозначен либо обстоятельном времени, либо другим действием в прошлом:

EX: I was watching a TV show at 5 o’clock.

В 5 часов я смотрел ТВ-шоу.

I was watching a TV show when she came.

Я смотрел ТВ-шоу, когда она пришла.

• Выражения длительного действия, протекавшего в определенный период времени в прошлом (all day long last Saturday – весь день в прошлую субботу, the whole day yesterday – весь вчерашний день).

EX: I was watching a TV-show the whole day yesterday.

Вчера весь день я смотрел ТВ-шоу.

Прошедшее длительное время образуется:

TO BE (в Past Simple) + Participle I

EX: I was working at 5 o’clock.

Для построения вопросительной и отрицательной формы используется вспомогательный глагол to be в прошедшем времени (was, were)

EX: Was I working at 5 o’clock? I was not working at 5 o’clock.

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1. Make up your own examples (10 sentences) with the use of The Past Continuous Tense

EXERCISE 2. Explain the usage of the Past Continuous Tense. Translate the sentences.

1. It was snowing when we went out. 2. I wasn’t reading that book on holidays. 3. These people were being so kind to us when we visited them. 4. While my granny was making tea in the kitchen I laid the table. 5. She was helping me during my exam session. 6. It was December. Christmas was coming. 7. Jennie was having her gymnastic class at ten o’clock in the morning. 8. The phone rang when I was cooking supper. 9. Dennis was repairing the TV-set when I came. 10. They were discussing a very important question and that’s why they didn’t call you back.

EXERCISE 3. Complete the sentences like it’s shown in the example:

… at ten o’clock yesterday.

I was reading a book at ten o’clock yesterday.

1. … at 7 o’clock last Sunday.

2. … when you called me.

3. … when the postman came.

4. … last weekend on Saturday.

5. … when my mother cooked dinner.

6. … yesterday at four o’clock.

7. … last summer in June.

8. … in last October.

EXERCISE 4. Put the following sentences into interrogative form; give short positive and negative answers to them.

1. She was sending an email when I saw her. 2. He was talking to the teacher before the lunch. 3. They were laughing at him when he dropped the book. 4. The girl was crying when he broke her doll. 5. I was playing with my sister when my friend came up. 6. I was doing my homework the whole day yesterday. 7. I was sleeping until the alarm clock woke me up. 8. I was collecting stamps until I turned ten.

EXERCISE 5. Open the brackets giving the right form of the verb – Past Simple or Past Continuous

1. Adam was not at home at six o’clock. He (to work) 2. The exam (to be) difficult, and he (to feel) sick. 3. While he (to have) a swim, somebody (to come) and (to take) away the clothes. 4. What you (to do) at eight o’clock last night? 5. It (to pour) when I (to decide) to walk out my dog. 6. When the telephone (to ring) she (to sleep). 7. Andy (to drop) the keys when he (to open) the door. 8. From nine to twelve they (to work) that night. 9. She (to feel) that something strange (to happen). 10. It (to be) a pleasant evening. The fire (to burn), the romantic music (to play).

EXERCISE 6. Translate into English, using The Past Continuous Tense.

1. Я спешил на работу, когда встретил своего старого друга. 2. Когда зазвонил телефон, они обсуждали этот вопрос. 3. Когда я вышел из комнаты, они играли в шахматы. 4. Они сидели за столом, когда я начал эту историю. 5. В 10 утра мы слушали радио. 6. Мы путешествовали, когда получили письмо от родителей. 7. Вы переводили статью или готовились к контрольной в 2 часа? 8. Когда я подошел к нему, он разговаривал по мобильному телефону (cell phone). 9. В машине никого не было, но мотор работал. 10. Когда девочка играла во дворе, она потеряла свои перчатки.

EXERCISE 7. Open the brackets using the verbs in The Present Continuous Tense or the Past Continuous Tense.

1. I (to write) an English exercise now. 2. I (to write) an English exercise at this time yesterday. 3. My little sister (to sleep) now. 4. My little sister (to sleep) at this time yesterday. 5. My friends (not to do) their homework now; they (to play) volleyball. 6. My friends (not to do) their homework at 7 o’clock yesterday. 7. You (to eat) ice cream now? 8. You (to eat) ice cream when I rang you up yesterday. 9. What your father (to do) now? 10. What your father (to do) from 8 till 9 yesterday.

EXERCISE 8. Open the brackets using the verbs in The Past Simple Tense or The Past Continuous Tense.

1. I (to play) computer games yesterday. 2. I (to play) computer games from 2 till 3 yesterday. 3. I (to play) computer games at 5 o’clock yesterday. 4. We (to play) computer games the whole evening yesterday. 5. What Nick (to do) when you came to his place? 6. What you (to do) when I rang you up? 7. I (not to sleep) at 9 o’clock yesterday. 8. What he (to do) yesterday? He (to read) a book. 9. What he (to do) the whole evening yesterday? He (to read) a book.10. She (to sleep) when you came home. 11. My brother (not to play) tennis yesterday. He (to play) tennis the day before yesterday. 12. When I came into the kitchen, mother (to cook). 13. He (to get up) at 7 o’clock yesterday. 14. Father (to come) home at 6 o’clock yesterday. 15. When the teacher (to open) the door of the classroom, the students (to sit) at their desks.

ADDITIONAL STUDY: Astrakhan

I. Read the text “Astrakhan’s cultural life”

Astrakhan’s cultural life

The cultural life of Astrakhan is very rich and many aspect. First of all we have the Kremlin, a very beautiful architectural monument. Many tourists come to see it from many other cities. The Kremlin has a great church.

There are also many museums in Astrakhan. People that visit a museum always find out something very interesting in the sphere of history, traditions and customs. The most popular and visited museums are Museum of Local Lore, Museum of Military Glory, Museum of Chernishevskyi, Kustodiev’s Picture Gallery and many others.

There are also many theatres in Astrakhan – Drama Theatre, Theatre of Young Spectator, Summer Touring Theatre, Puppet Theatre and so on.

As for young people and teenagers it’s obvious that nowadays they know what to do in the city. In the afternoon hundred of clubs and sport sections are opened for them. In the evening they may have fun in a thousand of cafes or go to see a movie, play bowling, billiard, slot machines. At night during weekends young people of the city like to spend in a night club, where you can dance, rest, communicate with the others.

So there are a lot of cultural places to visit in Astrakhan.

II. Answer the questions

1. What ancient architectural monument is there in Astrakhan?

2. What are the most popular and visited museums?

3. Are there any theatres in Astrakhan? Name them.

4. What can teenagers do in the daytime in the city?

5. Where can one go and enjoy oneself at night?

III. Make up dialogues about your cultural life in Astrakhan

For example: “I like to go to the cinema center ‘October’. I think it’s a great place to have a rest, see a new movie”

“I agree. When I go there I always visit winter garden. I like the exotic trees and birds”

IV. Read, translate and play out the dialogue

Anna: “Hey, how are you?”

Dima: “Good, thank you. And you?”

Anna: “Just great. I haven’t seen you for ages. Where were you hiding?”

Dima: “Well, you know here and there. I spend most of the time in my college”

Anna: “Yes, I know. Education takes a lot of time. Do you remember when we were in school we used to spend so much time together”

Dima: “I know what you mean. When it was warm in the spring right after the classes we went to the Swan Lake and did our homework there”

Anna: “Sometimes we could spend the whole Sunday in the center of the city. We met on the Lenin’s square near the large fountain, went for a walk to the Kremlin, and then went shopping in the Central Mall …”

Dima: “Right! Then we had a lunch in a cafe. Then we bought ice-cream and sat on a bench. And when it was getting darker we bought tickets and there …”

Anna: “Went to the cinema “October”, where we played in slot machines, got popcorn and went to see a movie’

Dima: “Those were very good times, don’t you think?”

Anna: “Absolutely. I think we should do it one more time. Let’s call our old classmates and have the best day n our life”

Dima: “What a great idea”

V. Read the text about Astrakhan Kremlin

Astrakhan’s Kremlin

The Heart of Astrakhan is the Kremlin, a wonderful architectural ensemble. It is a famous monument of the Russian architecture and military engineering art of the end of the 16^th century.

The Astrakhan Kremlin covers the territory of eleven hectares, the perimeter of it is 154 meters, and its walls are between seven and eleven meters high. The Kremlin was used as peculiar and the most absolute system for defense. There were three rows of cannon loop-holes. Through these loop-holes the defenders could deliver fire.

Uspenskyi cathedral is 75 meters high. It has 5 gold domes. In its outward mounting there are features of early baroque. From the west the place of execution, the so-called “Lobnoye Mesto” joined the cathedral. The Tsar decrees and sentences were announced here. Troitskyi cathedral consists of three churches: Troitskaya, Sretenskaya, Vedenskaya and two refectory chambers.

The Kremlin with its golden domes attracts everybody’s attention and makes a strong impression on tourists and quests of the city.

Vocabulary

ensemble - ансамбль

military - военный

peculiar - особенный

defense - защита

row - ряд

cannon - пушка

loop-hole - бойница

dome - купол

sentence - приговор

to announce - провозглашать

refectory - трапезная

to attract - привлекать

impression - впечатление

VI. Answer the questions

1. Why is the Kremlin called the heart of Astrakhan?

2. What territory does it cover?

3. How was the Kremlin used?

4. How does the Uspenskyi cathedral look like?

5. What does Troitskyi cathedral consist of?

VII. On the basis of the texts in this unit write a composition called “My Astrakhan” using some additional information

VIII. Retell your composition

UNIT 10

LEXICAL MATERIAL: My country

I. Read and translate the text

My country

Hi! My name is Olga. I live in the most beautiful and great country – Russia. My country is large, it occupies a large territory. It stretches almost ten thousand kilometers from east to west and nearly five thousand kilometers from north to south. Its population is one hundred and fifty million people.

My country is so huge that Russian people see the New Year in eleven times in one night. If you begin to travel in the Far East by air and fly eight thousand kilometers towards the west, you will land in Moscow on the same hour same day that you left the Far East. Russia is the world's largest country. Russia covers almost twice the territory of either the United States or China.

The capital of Russia is Moscow. It is a political, administrative, economic, industrial, educational and cultural centre of the country. The Kremlin is the centre of the city. It is the historical heart of Moscow. Its redbrick walls and towers were erected at the end of the 15th century. The former Senate building, the Kremlin Great Palace, and the modern Palace of Congresses are located within the walls of the Kremlin.

There is no over countries in which the climate differs so much from one part to another. And it makes Russia very unique. When it is still winter in the northern regions of our country the first warm days arrive in the south. In the central regions show storms and cold are still in power, while in the south people begin to think of spring crops. In the same season nature looks different in different parts of our country.

Today the state Russian flag is three colored. It has three horizontal stripes: white, blue and red. The white stripe symbolizes the earth, the blue one stands for the sky, and the red one signifies liberty. It was the first state symbol to replace the former symbols in 1991. The hymn of Russia is created by Alexandrov and Mikhalkov.

Russian is the official language in my country, but not the only language which people speak in the country. Members of more than 60 other ethnic groups who live in Russia speak their own languages.

Literature, music, and dance have always occupied the most important places in Russian cultural life. The country's best-known writers are - Aleksandr Pushkin, Nikolay Gogol, Ivan Turgenev, Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Anton Chekhov, Boris Pasternak. They are popular throughout the world. The greatest Russian composers are Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov, and Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky.

I love Russia warmly and the reason is it’s my homeland.

Vocabulary

to occupy – занимать

to stretch – простираться

population – население

to cover – покрывать

former – бывший

to symbolize – символизировать

II. Answer the questions to the text written below

1. How long does the territory of Russia stretch?

2. How huge is Russia in comparison with other countries in the world?

3. What is Moscow famous for?

4. What is the climate like in Russia?

5. What are the symbols of Russia?

6. Who created the hymn of Russia?

7. What languages do people speak in Russia?

8. Who are the best-known Russian writers and composers?

III. Speak about what else you know about Russia and how unique it is

IV. Make up a summary of the text and retell it

V. Association game. Speak about associations that come to your mind when you think about:

For example: Associations when I hear Russian nature: beautiful fields in the spring time, bright flowers, dark woods, long dark blue rivers, …

• Russian climate;

• Russian people;

• Russian humor;

• Russian way of life;

• Russia’s good sides;

• Russia’s bad sides

GRAMMAR: The Future Simple Tense

Будущее простое время употребляется для выражения однократного или повторяющегося обычного действия или ряда последовательных действий в будущем.

На будущее время в предложении могут указывать обстоятельства времени: tomorrow – завтра, next week (year, month) – через неделю (год, месяц), in a few days – через несколько дней, и т.д.

Образование The Future Simple Tense:

Shall (will) + инфинитив без частицы to

Shall употребятся для первого лица, т.е. I shall do, we shall do.

Для построения вопросительной и отрицательной формы используются вспомогательные глаголы shall (will):

EX: I shall go to the university tomorrow.

Shall I go to the university tomorrow?

I shall not go to the university tomorrow.

He will be in the office next week.

Will he be in the office next week?

He will not be in the office next week.

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1. Make up your own examples with the usage of The Future Simple Tense (10 – 15 sentences)

EXERCISE 2. Read and translate the following sentences. Explain the usage of the Future Simple Tense.

1. Without your smile the sun won't shine, and if the sun doesn't shine, the birds won't sing. And if the birds don't sing, no one will bother to get out of bed, and if no one gets out of bed, the world will be a dull, lifeless place! 2. Wait a moment. I shall call my chief. 3. That's against the law! I shall complain to the sheriff. 4. Well, what shall we do next? 5. Let's go there, shall we? 6. Keep your mouth shut, will you? 7. - Drive carefully, it's foggy today. - Don't worry, I will. 8. Will you marry me? 9. I won't give you your money back. 10. They will be here soon. 11. When will the concert start? 12. - What about the bill? - He will pay by credit Card. 13. Will you follow me, please. 14. If someone calls, I shall be out in the garden. 15. - Shall I put the kettle on? - No, thank you, Mary will do it. 16. I'm afraid, it will be foggy tomorrow.

EXERCISE 3. Insert shall/will into the sentences and translate them

1. ... it rain tomorrow? If it does, I... take an umbrella. 2. - How old ... you be on your next birthday? - I ... be thirteen. 3. — ... I do shopping today, Mum? - Oh no, Dad ... do it. 4. There ... be a lot of interesting people in your life. 5. She has eaten three pizzas. I hope she ... be ill 6. Gloria ... be a superstar one day. 7. It's unjust! I ... complain to the director. 8. I ... do it. I ... certainly got good money for this work. 9. ... you shut up! 10. ... they join us? 11. - I hope you ... like my present, Mum. - I'm sure I ... . 12. When you are ready, I ... take you to dinner at the Continental. 13. I ... never forget tonight as long as I live. 14. - What ... we buy Dad for Ins birthday? - I ... think about it.

EXERCISE 4. Continue the following sentences

1. Catherine is going to visit her aunt when ... . 2. I'll call you as soon as ... . 3. When I'm in Paris next month, ... . 4. Before we go to bed tonight, ... . 5. My life will be easy after ... .6. Scott is going to call his friend as soon as ... .7. My mother will watch this serial till ... . 8. As soon as I get home tonight, ... . 9. She is going to eat dinner before ... . 10. The teacher will get here as soon as ... .11. Ann is going to buy a new pair of shoes when ... .12. We shall go on a picnic after ... . 13. I shall tell you something when ... . 14. If Mum goes downtown tomorrow morning, ... . 15. Unless you get up at 5 a.m., ... .

EXERCISE 5. Paraphrase the following sentences like its shown in the example and continue them

EX: Maybe it'll be nice tomorrow. - If it

is nice tomorrow, I shall go to the park.

1. Maybe it'll snow next week. 2. Perhaps it'll be too late in an hour. 3. Maybe the boss will have more time after lunch. 4. Maybe it won't rain in the morning. 5. Evidently everybody will leave at the end of the week. 6. Maybe we'll have enough money some day. 7. Maybe father will have some free time on Saturday. 8. Maybe David won't come to class tomorrow. 9. Perhaps you'll be hungry after class. 10. Maybe he'll win the contest. 11. Maybe she will marry this fellow. 12. Perhaps this doctor will help you.

EXERCISE 6. Choose the correct variant. Translate into Russian.

1. - I’ve got a terrible headache.
- Wait there and I (shall/will) get an aspirin for you.
2. - We’ve decided to re-paint the room.
- What color (will you/shall you) paint it?
3. - Look! There is smoke coming out of the house. It’s on fire.
- Oh, I (shall/will) call the fire brigade immediately.
4. - I don’t know how to use this camera.
- It’s easy. I (shall/will) show you.
5. - What would you like to drink?
- I (shall/will) have tea, please.
6. - Did you post a letter?
- Oh, I’m sorry, I forgot. I (shall/will) do it in a minute.
7. - What shall we have for dinner?
- I don’t know. Maybe we (shall/will) have some fried fish with potatoes.

EXERCISE 7. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Present Continuous, Present Simple or Future Simple

I. He (to go) to the theatre tomorrow. 2. We (to go) lo school in the morning. 3. Look! Kate (to go) to school. 4. You (to help) your mother tomorrow? 5.1 (not to play) the guitar now 6. My brother (to play) the guitar every evening. 7. They (not to take) care of the garden next sum­mer. 8. You (to like) apples? 9. You (to eat) apples tomor­row? 10. Nick (to read) many books. 11. Mother (to work) every day. 12. He (not to sleep) now. 13. Your brother (to go) to the exhibition next Sunday? 14. We (not to go) to the zoo tomorrow. 15. I (not to learn) the poem now. 16. She (to live) in San Francisco. 17. My father (to shoot) very well. 18. He is very strong. Look! He (to carry) a very heavy box. 19. My sister (not to like) coffee. 20. When you (to go) to bed every day? 21. What he (to read) now? 22. What he (to read) every day? 23. What he (to read) tomorrow? 24. Where she (to go) tomorrow? 25. You (to give) me this book tomorrow?

EXERCISE 8. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Present Continuous, Present Simple or Future Simple

1. When you (to get) up every day? - I (to get) up at 7 o'clock. 2. My brother usually (not to get) up at 7 o'clock. As a rule he (to get) up at 6 o'clock, but tomorrow he (to get) up at 7 o'clock. 3. Why she (to come) home so late tomorrow? 4. We (to go) to the country the day after to­morrow. 5. Our friends always (to go) to the country for the week-end. 6. Look! The kitten (to play) with its tail. 7. Your parents (to watch) TV now? 8. My sister (not to rest) now. She (to help) mother in the kitchen. She (to help) mother in the kitchen every day. 9. Where she (to go) to­morrow? 10. She (to go) to the country with us tomorrow? 11. They (to stay) at home tomorrow. 12. What you (to do) now? 13. When you (to finish) your homework? 14. How you usually (to spend) evenings? 15. What you (to do) in the country next summer? 16. We (not to drink) tea now. 17. What your father (to drink) in the evening?

EXERCISE 9. Translate into English using the verbs in the Present Simple or Future Simple

1. Я приду домой в 6 часов. 2. Когда я приду домой, я позвоню вам. 3. Она позвонит вам вечером. 4. Если она позвонит вам, попросите ее принести мне книгу. 5. Я увижу Тома завтра. 6. Как только я увижу Тома, я расскажу ему об этом. 7. Я поеду в Париж на будущей неделе. 8. Перед тем как я поеду в Париж, я позвоню вам. 9. Он не пойдет в библиотеку сегодня вечером.10. Если он не пойдет в библиотеку, он будет дома.11. Мы будем дома завтра. 12. Если мы будем дома завтра, мы посмотрим эту программу по телевизору. 13. Ее не будет завтра дома. 14. Если ее не будет завтра дома, оставьте ей записку. 15. Завтра погода будет хорошая. 16. Если завтра погода будет хорошая, мы поедем за город. 17. Когда она приходит в школу, она снимает пальто. 18. Когда она придет в школу, она снимет пальто. 19. Как только он вспоминает эту смешную сцену, он начинает смеяться. 20. Как только он вспомнит эту смешную сцену, он начнет смеяться.

EXERCISE 10. Open the brackets using the verbs in the one of the tenses: Present Continuous, Present Simple, Past Simple or Future Simple

1. Mother (to cook) a very tasty dinner yesterday. 2. To­morrow Nick (not to go) to school. 3. Look! My friends (to play) football. 4. Kate (not to write) letters every day. 5. You (to see) your friend yesterday? 6. Your father (to go) on a business trip last month? 7. What Nick (to do) yesterday? 8. When Nick (to get) up every morning? 9. Where your mother (to go) tomorrow? 10. I (to invite) my friends to come to my place yesterday. 11. He (not to play) the piano tomorrow. 12. We (to see) a very good film last Sunday. 13. You (to cook) every day? 14. We (to make) a fire last summer. 15. I (to spend) last summer at the sea-shore. 16. Where you (to spend) last summer? 17. Where he (to spend) next summer? 18. My friend (to help) me yesterday. 18. What mother (to do) now? - She (to cook) dinner. 20.1 (not to play) computer games yesterday. 21. Last Sun­day we (to go) to the theatre. 22.1 (to meet) my friend yes­terday. 23. I (to write) a letter to my cousin yesterday. 24. You (to write) a dictation tomorrow? 25.I (not to write) a report now.

EXERCISE 11. Insert the verb to be in the Present, Past or Future Simple

1. My father ... a teacher. 2. He ... a pupil 20 years ago. 3.1 ... a doctor when I grow up. 4. My sister ... not ... at home tomorrow. 5. She ... at school tomorrow. 6.... you ... at home tomorrow? 7. ... your father at work yesterday? 8. My sister ... ill last week. 9. She ... not ill now. 10. Yester­day we ... at the theatre. 11. Where ... your mother now? -She ... in the kitchen. 12. Where ... you yesterday? - I... at the cinema. 13. When I come home tomorrow, all my family ... at home. 14.... your little sister in bed now? - Yes, she .... 15.... you ... at school tomorrow? - Yes, I.... 16. When my granny ... young, she ... an actress. 17. My friend ... in Moscow now. 18. He ... in St.Petersburg tomorrow. 19. Where ... your books now? - They ... in my bag.

ADDITIONAL STUDY: Russia

I. Read and translate the text “Holidays in Russia”

Holidays in Russia

There are many holidays and traditions in Russia. One of them is Maslenitsa. This holiday lasts for a week. Russian people celebrate it at the end of February or at the beginning of March. They say "goodbye" to winter on this holiday. During "Maslenitsa week" Russians always cook pancakes. It is a tradition to cook pancakes and eat them with fish, sour cream, caviar, honey, sugar, butter. During this holiday people celebrate the beginning of spring. They prepare fires and burn straw scarecrows of winter.

The other holiday is the 8th of March. It is a happy and nice holiday. It is a good tradition in our country to give presents and flowers to women on this day. Each family celebrates this spring holiday. In the morning men go to the shops or markets to buy some flowers. They try to clean flats and help women to cook a holiday dinner. Sons and daughters help their mothers too: they make a cake, lay the table and wash dishes after holiday dinner.

Some families celebrate the 8th of March going to the theatres and concerts. They buy tickets beforehand. Others prefer to invite guests and stay at home. There is almost the same holiday in England. It is called Mothers' Day and celebrated also in spring. Sons and daughters come and give gifts to their mothers on this day. If it is not possible to see a mother, one can send presents and cards to her. Flowers and cakes are the traditional gifts for all mothers in England.

The 1st of May is a spring holiday in our country. Usually it is warm during this day. The weather is fine. The trees are green. You can see some flowers in the parks and gardens.

Christmas falls on the 7th of January by the Orthodox Church. This holiday means the beginning of the New Year and the new life. Russian people celebrate this holiday with the evergreen tree - Christmas tree.

New Year's Day is the most popular holiday in Russia. Peter the First changed the Russian calendar in 1699. He made the 31st of December, 1699 the last day of the year. The first of January 1700 became New Year's Day. The New Year's Day is always connected with our new hopes and dreams.
It is a pleasant moment to get presents on the New Year's Eve.

II. Name other Russian holidays that you know how the Russians celebrate it

III. Speak about your favorite Russian Holiday and explain why you like it

IV. Prepare written reports on the following topics:

• Russian economy;

• Russian political life;

• Russian history;

• Russian culture;

• Russian literature;

• Russian painters;

• Russian meals;

• Russian sport

V. Retell your report

VI. Write a composition on the basis of the material learnt in this unit

VII. Retell your composition

UNIT 11

LEXIACAL MATERIAL: Great Britain

I. Read and translate the text

The UK

Hi, my name is Andrew. I am from the UK. The full name of my country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Island. It is situated on the British Isles not far from Europe. It consists of the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of Ireland and a great number of small islands.
If you look at the map of Europe you will see that Great Britain is not large. It takes 6 hours to travel in a fast train, from London, the capital of England, to Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland.

There are 4 parts of Great Britain: England with the capital is London, Scotland with the capital Edinburgh, Wales with the capital is Cardiff and Northern Island with the capital Belfast. Great Britain lies not far from continent. It is separated from Europe by the North Sea and England Channel.

Great Britain has a very good geographical position, as it lies on the crossways of the sea routes from Europe to other parts of the World.
The sea connects Britain with most European countries such as: Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Norway, Russia and some other countries.

British climate is mild and damp. It often rains frogs are quit frequent especially in the West and south-west. The Gulf Stream a warm ocean current warms to seas around the British coast moderating the climate, giving it cold summers mild winters. The temperature in winter seldom falls below zero and the field and meadow are green all year round.

Great Britain is my homeland and I like it.

II. Answer the questions

1. What is the full name of the UK?

2. What does the UK consist of?

3. What capitals does each part of the UK have?

4. How is Great Britain separated from Europe?

5. Why does Great Britain have a very good geographical position?

6. What countries does the sea connect Britain with?

7. What is climate like in Britain?

III. Association game. Speak about what associations come to your mind when you hear:

• Great Britain;

• London;

• British people

IV. Read and translate the text “British food”

British Food

British food has a bad reputation in Europe. This is not entirely justified. Traditional home-cooked British food is as good as European cooking. A good example is the traditional British Sunday lunch, consisting of roast beef, roast potatoes and pudding. There is also a large variety of excellent British cheeses. British people eat a lot of meat but they rarely eat raw ham. Although not many people in Britain eat rice as a first course, they sometimes eat it as a second course. Wine is expensive so not many people drink it with their meals. Mineral water is not very common either. One of the most popular drink with meals in Britain is tea.

The meal for which Britain is most famous is the traditional breakfast, which usually consists of cornflakes with milk, toast with marmalade or honey and tea. Some people also eat sausages, eggs and bacon with their breakfast.

For lunch they usually have soup, fruit juice, cold meat and salad, or fish, or roast meat and vegetables, and then goes an apple tart, or hot milk pudding, cold fruit salad or ice-cream.

From four to six there's a very light meal called afternoon tea. It consists of a cup of tea and a cake. This became a kind of ritual. At this time 'everything stops for tea' in England. The whole nation is at ease drinking tea. Dinner is much like lunch and is in many families the last meal of the day. For supper they have tea or coffee with biscuits. Almost every meal finishes with tea with or without milk, cheese and butter.

The English people like fish and chips. Everybody seems to have a fish and a chip supper at home at least once a week. There are fish and chip shops in the side streets of every English town.

If you want to eat out in a restaurant in Britain, there is an enormous variety of both British and foreign restaurants to choose from.

V. Compare British and Russian food

For Example: For breakfast Russians usually have a cup of tea or coffee and a sandwich with butter and cheese. Some prefer to have yoghurt or porridge. British people usually have cornflakes with milk, toast with marmalade or honey and tea. Some people also eat sausages, eggs and bacon with their breakfast.

VI. Prepare written reports on the following topics

• British climate;

• British people;

• British humor;

• British way of life;

• British’s good sides;

• British’s bad sides

GRAMMAR: The Future Continuous Tense

Будущее длительное время выражает будущее действие в процессе его совершения, т.е. незаконченное длительное время.

The Future Continuous Tense употребляется:

• Для выражения длительного действия, которое начнется до определенного момента в будущем, и все еще будет продолжаться. На него может указывать обстоятельства времени: at 5 o’clock – часов, at that moment – в этот момент:

EX: I shall be having an exam at 9 o’clock tomorrow.

Завтра в 9 я буду сдавать экзамен.

• Для выражения намерения совершить действие в будущем:

EX: I shall be working tonight.

Я собираюсь поработать сегодня вечером.

Образование The Future Continuous Tense:

shall / will be + Participle I

Для построения вопросительной и отрицательной формы используется shall / will be:

EX: I shall be sleeping tomorrow at 10 o’clock.

Shall I be sleeping tomorrow at 10 o’clock?

I shall not (shan’t) be sleeping tomorrow at 10 o’clock.

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1. Give your own examples with the usage of The Future Continuous Tense (10 – 15 sentences)

EXERCISE 2. Open the brackets using The Future Continuous. Translate.

1. Will you have a cup of tea? – No, thank you. I (to have) lunch soon. 2. I hope I (to sleep) well tonight). 3. My boys (to go) back to college in a week, and I (to be) alone again. 4. I must go now. They (to worry) what has happened to me. 5. I’m sure they (to meet) me there. 6. I don’t want to disturb you. I know you (to pack). 7. It’s just the time to see him. He (to work) in his little garden. 8. He is supposed to be very busy then. He (to prepare) for his exams. 9. What game he (to play) tomorrow. 10. I suppose you (to meet) your friend.

EXERCISE 3. Translate into Russian and explain the usage of the Future Continuous

1. I'll be still working when you arrive. 2. This time tomorrow he'll be lying on the beach. 3. They will be watching television from eight o'clock till midnight. 4. I will be buttering the bread while my mother is slicing the tomatoes. 5. We'll be arriving at Heathrow at 6 o'clock. 6. What will your family be doing at this time tomorrow? 7. I am not coming to the party as I shall be taking my driving test. 8. - Why must I take a book? - You'll be sitting on the train for hours.

EXERCISE 4 Give interrogative and negative transforms of the following sentences.
For Example:

1.I’ll be working at my French at 12 o’clock tomorrow. 2. She’ll be making a report at this time tomorrow. 3. You’ll be waiting for me at 3 p.m. tomorrow. 4. He will be working in the lab at the usual time. 5. I’ll be seeing her tomorrow. 6. They will be leaving for Rome soon. 7. My uncle will be leaving in a few days.

EXERCISE 5. Choose the right variant. Use Future Continuous or Future Simple.
1. This time tomorrow they (will sit)/(will be sitting) in the train on their way to Chicago.
2. I (will be)/(will being) at home if you need anything.
3. Don’t phone Jim from 5 till 6 he (will be having)/(will have) English.
4. He (will come)/(will be coming) at eight in the evening.
5. – I’m not sure I’ll recognize Eve. I haven’t seen her for ages.
– She (will wear)/(will be wearing) a dark blue pullover and jeans.

EXERCISE6. Translate into Russian
1. Go home child, or your parents will be worrying about you.
2. We are going to the conference today. You will be sitting next to me. 3. We have to be back at ten o’clock. Nelly will be
waiting for us in the library. 4. Will you have lunch with me on Monday? – I’d love to, but I’m afraid I’ll be taking my exam then. 5. I don’t feel well enough to go to the station to meet John. – I shall meet him for you. Tell me how I shall recognize him. – He will be wearing a blue suit and a black cap.
6. Maurice is tired. He will be coming to bed soon. 7. “Today is the 1st of September. The evenings will be getting long soon” said my aunt.

EXERCISE 7. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Continuous Tense. Watch the use of the Future Continuous Tense

1.I’ll call for her at eight. – No, don’t. She still (have) breakfast then. 2. I (wait) for you when you come out. 3. He (fly) over England tomorrow at 2.00 p.m. 4. She (plant) roses when he comes. 5. Joan (play) ping-pong in the recreation room after school. 6. When you arrive I probably (pick) fruit. 7. I’ll come at three o’clock. – Good, I (expect) you. 8. What do you think the children (do) when we get home? – I expect they (have) their supper. 9. The garden (look) its best next month. 10. The doctor is over sixty, but he doesn’t want to retire. I think he still (working) when he is seventy. 11. Don’t call for me at six. I (have a bath). 12. Don’t ring them up at seven in the morning. They (sleep). 13. Don’t write Mother about the accident. She (worry). 14. Don’t leave the child alone. He (cry). 15. Don’t tell Granny about it. She (grumble). 16. Don’t expect him to come next Saturday. He (work).

EXERCISE 8. Answer the questions in the Future Continuous Tense, using the given suggestions

1.What will she be doing on Sunday? (make a dress). 2. What will you be doing at this time next week? (bathe in the Black Sea). 3. What will grandfather be doing when we arrive? (work in the garden). 4. What will he be doing at the University for five years? (study chemistry). 5. What will they be doing at this time tomorrow? (fly to Kiev). 6. What will she be doing at the concert tomorrow? (sing Russian folk-songs). 7. What will he be doing at this time the day after tomorrow? (interview a foreign delegation). 8. What will she be doing next term? (lecture at the Institute of Foreign languages).

EXERCISE 9. Translate into English using The Future Continuous

1. Я должна идти, он будет меня ждать. 2. Я легко могу представить, что случится, когда я приеду домой. 3. Он сейчас заграницей, но он пишет, что приедет через неделю. 4. Останься еще немного, мы скоро будем пить чай. 5. Мы, как обычно, встретимся с ним вечером. 6. Полагаю, он опять будет говорить об этом. 7. Он скоро снова придет повидаться с нами. 8. Я буду звонить ему в восемь.

EXERCISE 10. Translate into English using The Future Continuous or Future Simple

1.Мы будем ждать вас у памятника. 2. Интересно, что она будет делать завтра в это время. 3. Они покажут этот фильм завтра в это время. 4. Я уверена, она все поймет. 5. Как вы будете добираться туда? 6. Собака залает, если чужой (stranger) подойдет к двери. 7. Говорят, что зима будет холодной. 8. Завтра в это время корабль будет приближаться к Ливерпулю. 9. Официант принесет кофе, мороженое и фрукты через пару минут. 10. Завтра мы увидимся.

ADDITIONAL STUDY: British people

I. Read, translate and play out the dialogue

Kostya: “Daniel, I’ve heard a lot about your country and I am absolutely amazed because not every country has a queen”

Daniel: “Yes, at present the Royal family is headed by Queen Elizabeth”

Kostya: “When did she become a queen?”

Daniel:“ She was born on the 21^st of April 1926. She got married to Philip Duke of Edinburgh in November 1947. She was crowned in Westminster abbey in June 1953 and since that time she is the queen”

Kostya: “How many children does the Queen have?”

Daniel: “Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, is the heir of the Queen. He was married to Princess Diana who unfortunately died in a car accident. He has two children Prince William and Prince Harry. The Queen also has three more children – Princess Anna, Prince Andrew and Prince Edward”

Kostya: “I’ve heard about Princess Anna, she has required the reputation for being arrogant “

Daniel: “Yes, but in recent years she has become quite popular with the general public”

Kostya: “Does Prince Andrew have any children?”

Daniel: “Yes, he has two daughters. Prince Edward doesn’t have children”

Kostya: “That is so interesting to live in a country ruled by the Queen!”

Daniel: “It really is”

II. Summarize the information learnt from the dialogue about the Queen’s family

III. Read and translate the text “What is it like to be a queen?”

Being Queen is a really busy job. Elizabeth П gets up early and begins the day by looking through the newspapers. Then she reads letters from the public. She gets more than 1000 each week, and tells her staff how she would like them to be answered.

The Queen has daily meetings with her Private Secretary who helps her to go through her paperwork, and lots of meetings with ambassadors, new judges, and bishops.

In the afternoon Elizabeth П often goes out on public engagements – she gets thousands of invitations each year. She opens new hospitals, bridges and factories.

Being Queen is not a 9 to 5 job, and Elizabeth П has to work from early in the morning until late at night. And people watch her all the time.

Of course, she has some free time, and some private life, but less than most people.

In her spare time Elizabeth П enjoys horse racing, fishing, and walking in the countryside. She also enjoys photography and likes taking photos on her travels. In 50 years the Queen has been on 251 official visits to 128 different countries.

IV. Speak about your point of view. Do you think if it easy to be Queen or King? Would you like to be Queen or King and why?

V. Listen to the text “Princess Diana”

,, A light has gone out on Earth -

and a new star shines brightly in the Heaven,,

Chris de Burgh

Diana Spencer was born on the first of July 1961 in Sandrinham in England. She had two older sisters and a younger brother. In childhood she liked swimming, running and dancing. She wanted to become a dancer.

Diana became princess when Prince Charles asked her to be his wife. They got married. For the first time they seemed to be a happy couple but Diana wasn't happy at all. They had two sons prince William and prince Harry. Diana felt depression about her marriage because her husband didn't understand her in many ways. Why was she so famous the most beautiful and the most photographed woman in the world? Why her death did was a real shock to many people? Why did it make the whole world cry? Why do we still remember her?

The answer is so simple. She was a very kind woman. She liked ordinary people. She was always ready to help. She visited hospitals for people with AIDS, she wasn’t afraid to communicate with them. She worked on children's charities. It doesn’t mean she just wanted to give her money. She wanted to share a part of her soul. She wanted to give love because she needed love herself.

Rock and movie stars like Sting, Elton John, George Michael, Nicole Kidman and others were her closest friends plus she had many friends among ordinary people. When she died many people came to London to say goodbye to her and brought her beautiful flowers. People watched the funeral and cried. They listened to Elton John's song “Goodbye, England’s rose”

Names

Diana Spencer

Sandringham

Prince Charles

Prince William

Prince Harry

Sting

Elton John

George Michael

Nicole Kidman

Words and phrases

to get married - жениться

death - смерть

ordinary - обычный

AIDS - СПИД

to communicate - общаться

charity - благотворительность

to share - делиться

soul - душа

to say goodbye - прощаться

funeral - похороны

Retell the text using the following plan:

• Biography;

• Diana's marriage;

• Why is Diana famous?

• What did Diana do?

• Diana's friends;

• Diana's funeral

VI. Read and translate the text “Margaret Thatcher”

Margaret Robins was born in 1925. Her father had a grocer’s shop but he was also very interested in local politics. Margaret was a good student and won a scholarship to Oxford to study chemistry. Then she worked as a chemist until she met and married Denis Thatcher, a successful businessman.

Then she decided to study law. She was elected to the Parliament in 1959. From 1970 to 1974 she was Secretary of State for Education. In 1975 she became the leader of the Conservative Party which was the opposition. In 1979 she beat the Labor Party and took office as Prime Minister, Britain’s first Prime Minister.

Margaret Thatcher was facing unemployment, inflation and problem with Northern Ireland in the early 1980’s. After solving many problems she had the image of a strong, authoritative leader. On November 22, 1990 Margaret Thatcher resigned. Her name will stay in the history of Great Britain as “Iron Lady”

Vocabulary

scholarship - стипендия

chemist - химик

secretary of State for Education – министр образования

Labor Party- Лейбористская партия

unemployment - безработица

to resign – подать в отставку

UNIT 12

LEXIACAL MATERIAL: The USA

I. Read and translate the text and answer the questions

The USA is the most powerful and highly developed country of the world. It is situated in the central part of the North American continent. Its western coast is washed by the Pacific Ocean and its eastern coast is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico.

The USA is separated from Canada in the north by the 49th parallel and the Great Lakes and from Mexico in the south by a line following the Rio Grande River and continuing across the highlands to the Pacific Ocean. The total area of the USA is over 9 million square kilometers.

The continental part of the USA consists of the highland regions and two lowland regions. The highland regions are the Appalachia Mountains in the east and the Cordillera in the west.

Between the Cordillera and the Appalachian Mountains are the central lowlands which are called the prairie and eastern lowlands called the Mississippi valley.

The Principle Rivers in the USA are the Mississippi, the longest river in the world (7,330 km) and the Hudson River.

The climate of the USA differs greatly from one part of the country to another one. The coldest climate is in the northern part, where there is heavy snow in winter and the temperature may go down to 40 degrees below zero. The south has a subtropical climate, with temperature as high as 49 degrees in summer.

The population of the United States of America is about 250 million people, who are called Americans.

The capital of the USA is Washington. It is situated in the District of Columbia. The USA is a federal country of 50 states and the District of Columbia. The political life of the country has always been dominated by the two major parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The President, elected by the whole nation for four years is the head of the state and the Government.

Vocabulary

powerful – мощный

highland region – возвышенность

lowland region – низменность

prairie – прерия

valley – долина

Answer the questions

1. Where is the USA situated?

2. How is the USA washed?

3. What is the total area of the USA?

4. What does the continental part of the USA consist of?

5. Where is the Mississippi valley situated?

6. What are the principle Rivers in the USA?

7. What is the climate in the USA?

8. Where is Washington situated?

II. Association game. Speak about what associations come to your mind when you hear:

• The USA

• American people

• American way of life

III. Read and translate the text “American symbols”

The American flag is often called “The Stars and Stripes”, it is also called “Old Glory”. It represents the growth of the nation. It has 13 horizontal stripes, 7 red and 6 white which stand for the original 13 states. In the top left hand corner there are 50 white stars on a blue background: one star for each state. The national anthem of the USA is “the Star Spangled Banner”. The words written during the Anglo- American war in 1812-1814 and set to the music of an old star. Every state has its own flag, its own emblem and has its own anthem too.

The eagle became the national emblem of the country in 1782. It has an olive branch (a symbol of peace) and arrows (a symbol of strength). You can see the eagle on the back of a dollar bill.

The Stature of Liberty is the symbol of American democracy. It stands on Liberty Island in New York. It is one of the first things people see when they arrive in New York by sea. This National Monument was a present from France to America in 1884 as a symbol of friendship. Liberty carries the torch of freedom in her right arm. In her left hand she is holding a tablet with the inscription “July, 4, 1776” – American Independence Day.

Vocabulary

to represent - представлять

background - фон

anthem - гимн

eagle - орел

olive branch – оливковая веточка

to arrive - прибывать

torch - факел

Answer the questions

1. How do people often call American flag?

2. What are the colors of the American flag?

3. How many stripes does the flag have?

4. What is the national emblem?

5. Where is the statue of Liberty placed?

6. What country did gift to the USA?

IV. Read the article about the Values Americans Live By

Most Americans would have а difficult time telling you, specifically, values which Americans live by. A foreign anthropologist could observe Americans and produce а list of common values, which would fit most Americans. The list of typically American values would stand in sharp contrast to the values of people in many other countries.

 1. Personal Control over the Environment

Americans nо longer believe in the power of Fate. In the United States people consider that Man should control Nature, rather than the other way around. More specifically, people believe every single individual should have control over whatever in the environment might potentially affect him or her.  

2. Change

In the American mind change means development, improvement, progress, and growth. Many older, more traditional cultures consider change as а disruptive, destructive force, to be avoided if at all possible.

3. Time and Its Control

Time is, for the average American, of utmost importance. To the foreign visitor, Americans seem to be more concerned with getting things accomplished on time. Schedules for the American are meant to be planned and then followed in the smallest detail. Americans' language is filled with references to time, giving а clear indication of how much it is valued. For example: To be on time, to use time, to waste time, to spend time, to give time and so on. It is considered very rude to be late — even by 10 minutes — for an appointment in the United States.

4. Equality/Еgalitarianism

Equality for Americans is one of their most cherished values. This concept is very important for Americans. Most Americans believe that God views all humans alike without regard to intelligence, physical condition or economic status. In secular terms this belief is translated into the assertion that all people have an equal opportunity to succeed in life.

5. Self-Неlp Concept

In the United States, а person can take credit only for what he or she has accomplished by himself or herse1f. Americans get no credit for having been born into а rich family. In the United States, that wou1d be considered "an accident of birth." The American social system has made it possible for Americans to move, relatively easily, up the social ladder.

6. Future Orientation

Valuing the future and the improvements Americans are sure the future will bring what they need at the present. Americans hope that the future would bring even greater happiness they have now. Almost all energy is directed toward realizing that better future.

7. Action/Work Orientation

"Don’t just stand there," goes а typical bit of American advice, "do something" Americans routinely plan and, schedule an extremely active day. Any relaxation must be limited in time, pre-planned, and aimed at "recreating" their ability to work harder and more productively once the recreation is over. The first question one American will ask another American when meeting for the first time is related to his or her work "What do you do?" "Where do you work?"

8. Informality

Americans are one of the most informal and casual groups of people in the world. As one example of this informality, American bosses often urge their employees to call them by their first names and even feel uncomfortable if they are called bу the title "Мг." or "Mrs."  

9. Directness, Openness and Honesty

Many other countries have developed highly ritualistic ways of informing other people of unpleasant information. Americans, however, have always preferred the direct approach. They are likely to be completely honest in delivering their negative evaluations. If you come from а society, which uses the indirect manner of conveying bad news or uncomplimentary evaluations, you will be shocked at Americans' bluntness.

10. Practicality and Efficiency

Americans have а reputation for being an extremely realistic, practical and efficient people. The love of "practicality" has also caused Americans to view some professions more favorably than others. Management and economics, for example, are much more popular in the United States than philosophy or anthropology, law and medicine more valued than the arts.

11. Materialism/Acquisitiveness

Foreigners generally consider Americans to be very materialistic. Americans would like to think that their material objects are just the natural benefits, which always result from hard work and serious intent — а reward, they think, which all people could enjoy. But by any standard, Americans are materialistic. This means that they value and collect more material objects than most people would ever dream of owning. It also means they give higher priority to obtaining, maintaining and protecting their material objects.

V. Summarize the information you’ve got from the article and speak about every point from it in general.

For example: Point 1 - Personal Control over the Environment. That means that Americans are sure that they must control nature and take care of the environment by themselves.

VI. Read a short text about what the modern ordinary American typically owns.

We all own something. For example nowadays in Russia it is considered to be absolutely necessary to have a cell phone and a computer at home. But several years ago many people couldn’t’ afford it. Let’s see what the modern ordinary American typically owns. On the first place that is one or more color television sets. That is so because television is a great entertainment in the USA.

The second place goes to an electric hair dryer. If the family consists of four persons it means that’s everyone’s got a hair-drier. Thirdly, each family thinks it’s necessary to have а clothes-washer and dryer, а vacuum cleaner and а refrigerator, stove and dishwasher at home.

Mostly Americans prefer to live outside the city and have a nice two or three-storied house with a lovely lawn in front. That is why the forth place goes to а power lawn mower for cutting grass.

Since Americans value newness and innovation, they sell or throw away their possessions frequently and replace them with newer ones. А car may be kept for only two or three years, а house for five or six before trading it in for another one.

VII. Read and translate the text “USA Holidays”

USA Holidays

Holiday is a day set apart for religious observance or for the commemoration of some extraordinary event or distinguished person, or for some other public occasion. National holidays are days set aside by official government proclamation to celebrate different occasions.

The U.S. has no national holidays. Legal holidays – days on which banks, schools, or other public institutions and most places of business are closed.

Memorial Day is a legal holiday, observed annually on the last Monday in May in most of the United States, It honors the nation's armed services killed in wartime. The holiday, originally called Decoration Day, is traditionally marked by parades, memorial speeches and ceremonies, and the decoration of graves with flowers and flags. Memorial Day was first observed on May 30, 1868, on the order of General John Alexander Logan for the purpose of decorating the graves of the American Civil War dead. It was observed on May 30 until 1971, when most states changed to a newly established federal schedule of holiday observance.

Independence Day is an annual holiday commemorating the formal adoption by the Continental Congress of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, in Philadelphia. Although the signing of the Declaration was not completed until August, the Fourth of July holiday has been accepted as the official anniversary of United States independence and is celebrated in all states and territories of the USA.

The Fourth of July is traditionally celebrated publicly with parades and pageants, patriotic speeches, and organized firing of guns and cannons and displays of fireworks. Family picnics and outings are a feature of private Fourth of July celebrations.

Thanksgiving Day, a legal holiday in the U.S., was first celebrated in early colonial times in New England. The actual origin is probably the harvest festivals that are traditional in many parts of the world. After the first harvest was completed by the Plymouth colonists in 1621, Governor William Bradford proclaimed a day of thanksgiving.

In 1863 President Abraham Lincoln appointed a day of thanksgiving, and since then each president has issued a Thanksgiving Day proclamation, generally designating the fourth Thursday of November as a holiday.

New Year's Day is the first day of the year, January 1 in the Gregorian calendar. In the Middle Ages most European countries used the Julian calendar and observed New Year's Day on March 25, called Annunciation Day and celebrated as the birth to the Son of God. With the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in 1582, Roman Catholic countries began to celebrate New Year's Day on January 1.

The custom of visiting friends, relatives and neighbors on New Year’s Day is one of the Old World traditions that has taken on a new form in the United States. A favorite place to see the old year out is New York City’s Time Square.

Christmas is an annual festival, held on December 25, to celebrate the Nativity, or birth of Christ. The Christmas tree, an evergreen trimmed with lights and other decorations, is derived from the so-called paradise tree.

Saint Valentine's Day, a holiday honoring lovers, is celebrated on February 14. There is a custom of sending greeting cards or gifts to express affection. The cards, known as valentines, are often designed with hearts to symbolize love. The holiday probably derives from the ancient Roman feast of Lupercalis (February 15). The festival gradually became associated with the feast day (February 14) of two Roman martyrs; both named St. Valentine, who lived in the 3rd century. St. Valentine has traditionally been regarded as the patron saint of lovers.

VIII. Compare Russian and American holidays. Do we have common holidays?

IX. Prepare written reports on the following topics

• American food

• American holidays

• Sport in the USA

• The USA government

GRAMMAR: The Present Perfect Tense

Настоящее совершенное время употребляется:

• Для выражения действия, завершившегося к моменту речи (преднастоящее):

EX: I have seen this girl before.

Я уже ранее видел эту девушку.

• Для выражения действия, которое завершилось, но тот период, в которое оно происходило, еще продолжается, и может быть обозначен обстоятельством времени today - сегодня, this week - на этой неделе, this month - в этом месяце:

EX: I have seen this movie twice this week.

Я дважды видел этот фильм на этой неделе.

The Present Perfect Tense может употребляться с наречиями, обозначающими частотность действия: always - всегда, often - часто, ever - когда-нибудь, never - никогда, и т.д.

Образование The Present Perfect Tense

to have + Participle II

Для построения вопросительной и отрицательной формы используется вспомогательный глагол to have:

EX: I have done this before.

Have I done this before?

I have not (haven’t) done this before.

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1. Give your examples with the use of The Present Perfect Tense (10 – 15 sentences)

EXERCISE 2. Read and translate

1.I have already done my work. 2. We have already written our term papers. 3. They have come back today. 4. My father has just left for his native town. 5. I have just got this letter. 6. We have never been to England. 7. He has not finished his work yet. 8. Sorry, I have forgotten to bring you the book. 9. My mother has not come yet. 10. She has not watched TV since Sunday.
11. I have got something interesting to tell you.

EXERCISE 3. Insert has or have

1.As for me I … already had coffee. 2. What … you cooked for dinner, Mum? 3. … you had a shower yet? 4. We … already
practiced this text at the laboratory. 5. What are you going to do?
I am going to sew the button on your jacket. – Thank you. I … just done it myself. 6. … Mary left for Japan? 7. I’m sorry I’m late. It … taken me too long to get there. 8. What kind of mistakes … Mary made in her dictation? 9. You … corrected all the mistakes in yesterday’s homework, haven’t you? Yes, I … .

EXERCISE 4. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect

1.Where is Nick? – He just (go) out. 2. Don’t worry about the letter. I already (post) it. 3. I don’t know this man. I never (meet) him. 4. Let’s go to the cinema. “War and Peace” is on. – I already (see) it. 5. I know Kursk perfectly well. I (be) there several times. 6. Where is the key? – I (put) it on the table. 7. Do you know where he lives? – No, he recently (move) to a new flat. I (not be) there yet.

EXERCISE 5. Make the sentences interrogative, negative and
interrogative- negative

1.You have read the book. 2. She has met her colleagues today. 3. They have gone to the tennis court. 4. You have returned the book to him. 5. The friends have accepted the invitation. 6. They have been to Britain twice. 7. He has finished eating. 8. They have lived here for twenty years. 9. Lucy has taken a cold shower.

EXERCISE 6. Complete the following sentences with the given
alternatives using since or for

1. I haven’t seen you … .
a) May; b) three years.
2. We have been here … .
a) an hour and a half; b) January.
3. She hasn’t spoken to me … .
a) more than two weeks; b) last week.
4. They have lived in this street … .
a) 1998; b) a long time.
5. I haven’t bought new magazines … .
a) a month; b) last September.
6. Nobody has written to me … .
a) many weeks; b) my birthday.
7. I’ve asked you to come and see us … .
a) over a month; b) the beginning of the year.
8. The boy hasn’t ridden a bicycle … .
a) ages; b) his childhood.

EXERCISE 7. Insert already, ever, just, yet into the appropriate
sentences

1.Have you … been to South Africa? 2. Shall I pay the waiter? – No, I’ve … paid the bill. 3. Have you … spoken to a famous person? 4. Ann, lay the table. I’ve … cooked dinner. 5. They don’t know what the problem is. They have … arrived. 6. Is it a good film? – Yes, it’s the best I have … seen. 7. The post hasn’t come … . 8. She has … explained the situation to me. 9. He hasn’t invited me to the party … . 10. Nobody has found the city of Atlantis … .

EXERCISE 8. Open the brackets using the Past Simple or Present Perfect

1. I (to meet) several of my group-mates today. I (to meet) them in the street on my way to school. 2. Several weeks ago my uncle (to build) a new house in the country. We (to visit) it recently and (to enjoy) ourselves greatly. 3. Andrew (to forget) to close the window when he (to leave) the house. 4. Mike (to write) several letters within this week. 5. “Where Tom (to go)? I don’t see him here”. – “He (to go) home five minutes ago.”

EXERCISE 9. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Past Simple or Present Perfect.

1. The sun (not to rise) yet, but the sky in the east is getting lighter every minute. 2.I (to see) you walking along the street the other day with a heavy bag. 3.I (not to read) the newspaper today. 4. It is very late, and trams (to stop) running: we must find a taxi to get home. 5. How many times you (to be) to St. Petersburg? 6. At last I (to trans­late) this article: now I shall have a little rest. 7. We (to go) to the country yesterday, but the rain (to spoil) all the pleasure. 8. My watch was going in the morning, but now it (to stop). 9. The lecture (not yet to begin) and the stu­dents are talking in the classroom. 10. She just (to go) out. 11. She (to leave) the room a moment ago. 12. We (not yet to solve) the problem. 13. When it all (to happen)? 14. The morning was cold and rainy, but since 10 o'clock the weather (to change) and now the sun is shining brightly. 15. Show me the dress which you (to make). 16. Oh, how dark it is! A large black cloud (to cover) the sky. 17. Oh, close the window! Look, all my papers (to fall) on the floor because of the wind. 18. When you (to open) the window? I (to open) it ten minutes ago.

EXERCISE 10. Translate the following sentences using the Present Perfect, Present Continuous or Present Simple

1. Надень пальто и шапку. На улице холодно. 2. Сегодня на обед придет Майкл. – Я давно его не видел. Он очень изменился? – Не очень. 3. Ты что-нибудь слышишь? – Нет, я ничего не слышу. 4. Сегодня мы играем в теннис. 5. Они уже уехали? – Нет, они уезжают трехчасовым поездом. 6. Ты ходил в кино на этой неделе? – Нет, я очень занят в последнее время? 7. По дороге на работу я обычно встречаю этого человека.

EXERCISE 11. Find the mistakes and correct them.

1.She has been a teacher since three years. 2. Helen isn’t here. She is gone to the cinema. 3. He has already came home. 4. Have you been ever to Paris? 5. Has you ever been toLondon? 6. Peter has been here since 5 days. 7. I have study English since 2000. 8. How long have you have your car? – I have it since Christmas. 9. Have you finish eating? – I haven’t even started already. 10. Jack has just finish his work, so his books are still on the table.

EXERCISE 12. Translate into English.

1. Я никогда не был в этом театре. 2. Мы только что говорили с ним об этом. 3. Он только что ушел. 4. Собрание только что началось. 5. Моя сестра еще не пришла. 6. Мы уже просмотрели газеты. 7. В этом семестре она не болела. 8. Я уже показала ему дорогу на станцию. 9. Я не был в кино с сентября. 10. Извините, я забыл Вашу фамилию. 11. Мы не видели его в последнее время. 12. На этой неделе он не посещал занятий. 13. За последнее время она перевела несколько статей по архитектуре на английский язык. 14. Мы еще не обсудили этого вопроса. 15. Эти часы всегда хорошо ходили.

ADDITIONAL STUDY: Cities in the USA

Read about famous cities in the USA, summarize the information you’ve got and retell it

Philadelphia - historical city of independence

Philadelphia which was founded in 1682 by William Penn, prominent statesmen, was a large city in colonial America. Even now some parts of the old city remind one of the past. Visitors can walk the old streets; see old houses and public buildings.

Here in 1774 the first Congress of delegates from all colonies was held. Among the delegates were men of great fame, such as George Washington and John Adams, the first and second presents of the USA. The main decision of the first continental congress was to unite the efforts of all colonies against Great Britain.

The second continental congress, held in Philadelphia a year later, decided to organize an army to defend the colonies. George Washington was chosen commander-in-chief and the War for Independence began. The congress named a committee of five to draw up the Declaration of Independence. The work was actually done by Thomas Jefferson, then 33 years old. On July the 4, 1776 the Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. Celebration of the fourth of July as Independence Day began the next year.

Philadelphia was the city where the US constitution was adopted in 1788-1789. In 1790 the first Congress met in Philadelphia and decided that Philadelphia would be the capital of the USA while the federal capital in Washington, D.C. was being built. It remained the capital for the next ten years.

Capital of the USA. Washington

The beautiful city of Washington D.C. is the capital of the United States and the centre of its government. The capital was named after the first president George Washington and was founded in 1790. It is situated on the Potomac River in the District of Columbia. Washington is not the largest city in the USA. It has a population only 900 000.

Washington D.C. has nothing characteristically American in it, as its conception is purely French. It has long wide avenues, gardens, beautiful parks and no skyscrapers at all.

Washington is the residence of the President and the Con­gress of the USA. The White House is the President's residence, the Capitol — the seat of the American Congress. The largest and the tallest among the buildings is the Capitol with its great House of Representatives and Senate Chamber.

There are no skyscrapers because no other building must be taller than the Capitol. All American presidents except George Washington (the White House was not yet built in his time) have lived in the White House. It was built in 1799.

Washington is a large scientific and cultural centre, where there are many research institutes, five universities, the Na­tional Academy of Science and the Library of Congress.

There is one more well-known building in Washington — Pentagon, the residence of the US Military department. It is situated in the suburbs to the south of the Potomac.

Capital of the World. New York.

There is a proverb that Paris is the capital of Europe and New York is the capital of the world. Of course after well-known events of 11 of September New York lost a lot of its power but anyway it remains one of the biggest cities of America.

New York is the largest city in the USA and the biggest seaport. It is the business centre of the United States. New York is situated in the mouth of the Hudson river.

In comparison with such ancient historical cities as, say, Rome, London, Moscow or Paris, New York is quite young. It was founded in 1613 by Dutch settlers. There are five districts in the city. Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn and Richmond. Manhattan is the central and the oldest part of the city. It is the district of business and finance. It is here in Wall Street that many business offices, banks and the world famous New York stock exchange are situated. The New York stock exchange dominates business life of many countries.

The total area of New York is 365 square miles or 900 square kilometers. Its population together with the population of its suburbs amounts to 16 million people.

Among the inhabitants of New York one can meet people of almost all nationalities. They settled here during the immigration in the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century.

A traveler who visits New York for the first time wonders at the modern architecture. The Statue of Liberty, which is on Liberty Island, was a present from France in 1876 on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of American independence. This statue and a few 18th and 19th century churches, hospitals, newspaper offices and other buildings are the only examples of "old" architecture in New York. Wherever your eyes travel, everywhere you can see sky-scrapers.

New York, one of the USA leading manufacturing cities, is the home of great firms and banks. The most important branches of industry are those producing vehicles, glass, chemicals and all kinds of machinery. The city has very busy traffic. Its streets and highways are full of cars and buses.

The mouth of the Hudson River makes an excellent harbor for numerous passengers and cargo ships from all over the world.

Speaking about New York one can't but mention the outstanding role, the city plays, in the cultural life of the country. New York has many museums and art galleries which have collected works of art of many peoples and of all times. Many of them are on constant display in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Whitney Museum of Art.

Most of the theatres and cinemas are in or near Broadway, the longest street and the biggest shopping district in New York. The Metropolitan and Modern Arts Museums attract many visitors.

Anchorage. The Russian soul.

The history of America is the history of immigrants. They had brought their own culture and rules to the territories where they inhabited. It is very interesting to see America like a mosaic of different cultures, and without the every part of that mosaic it cannot be the full picture. But for us, for Russian people, the most interesting part of America is of course Alaska. There we feel the presence of Russian spirit.

On March 30, 1867, the United States purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million, about two cents an acre. On January 3, 1959, Alaska, with a land mass larger than Texas, California and Montana combined, became the 49th state in the union. It is a large state.

The name "Alaska" is taken from the Aleut word that refers to an object to which the sea is directed, in this case the mainland. The biggest city of Alaska is Anchorage. Anchorage has a maritime climate modified by its 61 degree north latitude and by continental influences. Summers are cool and winters are cold too.

However, Anchorage does not experience the seasonal temperature extremes of interior Alaska or the north-central U.S. Total precipitation for Anchorage is only 15.91 inches per year. Total snowfall averages 69.3 inches.

LA. City of Angels

Los Angeles - the City of Angels - is a city built on dreams. The dream of the immigrant seeking a new beginning, the dream of Hollywood with its promise of a life of glamour and riches, the dream of wide open spaces and sunny golden days.

In the Bunker Hill/Historic Core Angels Walk you will experience these dreams in the L.A. that exists today, in an L.A. that thrived almost a century ago and in an L.A. that existed only in imagination.

You'll see a Victorian's view of what a futuristic building would look like in the year 2000 and its splendors will take your breath away. Hear water fountains crash like ocean waves in a dramatic water garden that covers more than an acre.

Boston. City or University ?

Boston University - independent, coeducational, and non-sectarian -- is an internationally recognized institution of higher education and research located along the banks of the Charles River and adjacent to the historic Back Bay district of Boston.

With more than 30,000 students from all 50 states and 135 countries, it is one of the largest independent universities in the United States. For over 150 years, Boston University has anticipated the changing needs of its students while serving the greater needs of society.

As one of the nation's premier research universities, Boston University believes that all students benefit by learning from dedicated teachers who are actively engaged in original research. The University's learning environment is further enriched by an extraordinary array of direct involvements with the broader artistic, economic, social, intellectual, and educational life of the community.

Miami. Wellcome to Paradise!

Miami has it all. A great climate which makes it a great vacation spot all year round, exciting attractions, professional sports teams, art, history, museums, and all of the nature parks and education you could ask for. The tropical climate provides attractions that are found on only a few places. Ocean life, alligators, snakes, and tropical vegetation are found in many exhibits and museums around Miami.

Miami has many local activities & attractions. Amusement parks, deep-sea fishing, boat rides, sightseeing, fine dining, professional football, dolphin watching, marine museums, and that is not all. You can spend hours, days, or weeks entertaining yourselves and your family without having to travel more than a few minutes in any direction. Nighttime entertainment includes: music and dance clubs with music ranging from smooth sounding jazz to lively disco, comedy clubs, concerts, theater, opera, symphony and movies. Even with all that to do, virtually no one comes to Miami without taking a stroll along the beach. Come, have fun, and enjoy.

Whether you're on budget or not, you should be able to find affordable accommodations in Miami anytime of the year.

СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

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2. Аракин В.Д. Практический курс английского языка (для 1 курса англ.фак.пед.вузов. М.: Высшая школа, 1978. 448 с.

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4. Бабенко А.П., Христенко Е.В.Американский вариант английского языка. Учебное пособие. Харьков: Рубикон, 1991. 256с.

5. Бойко В. 200 тем английского языка. М.: БАО – ПРЕСС, 2004. 448 с.

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10. Занина Е.Л. 95 устных тем по английскому языку. М.: Рольф, 1997. 320 с.

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ИНТЕРНЕТ ИСТОЧНИКИ

1. http://www.anglik.net

2. http://www.better-english.com

3. http://www.center.fio.ru

4. http://www.english.ru

5. http://www.english-at-home.com

6. http://www.englishclub.narod.ru

7. http://www.festival.1september.ru

8. http://www.freeenglish.com

9. http://www.globalenglish.com

10. http://www.ict.edu.ru

11. http://www.intourlux.ru

12. http://www.lang.ru

13. http://www.linguarama.com

14. http://www.realenglishspb.ru

15. http://www.study.ru

16. http://www.world-english.org

Учебное пособие

Гетмиченко Наталья Игоревна

Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку для студентов первого и второго курса средних специальных учебных заведений

Редактор: Н.И. Гетмиченко

Технический редактор:

Компьютерный набор: Н.И. Гетмиченко

Подписано к печати Формат

Тираж

Отпечатано в типографии

2006

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