Файл: Дрёмов С.В., Сёмин И.Р. - Измененные состояния сознания.pdf
ВУЗ: Не указан
Категория: Не указан
Дисциплина: Не указана
Добавлен: 10.10.2020
Просмотров: 2738
Скачиваний: 8
116
4/D-*I51+-
6/88-6.+21G:
3*-D4.528-1+0
4.51/2+.4;
.-,
,
9./
.
&1=
15C258
6/88-6.+21G,
7-4
-
4/C15.-8A1G,
.
*+1+,5;
*544@ID-1+;
.
&1=5
/ */D4.2-
5*:5+91G:
6/88-6.+21G:
3*-D4.528-1+0
4 =8@7+11G,
@*/21-,
34+:+6+
,
,G
24-
I-
1-
,/I-,
15C25.A
E./.
3/48-D1+0
7-44/C15.-8A1G,
,
3/46/8A6@
3/.-1
-
F+58A1/
+ /1
,/I-.
7G.A
/4/C151
.
./
,
/D156/
,
1-
3*/.+2/*-9+.
./,@
/74./;.-8A4.2@
,
9./
9-8/2-6
./.-,+4.+9-46/0
E3/:+
3*/1+C51
4/2*-,-11G,
-,@
./.-,+4.+9-46+,
,+*//?@?-1+-,
.
-8/2-6
1-/4/C1511/
@954.2@-.
2 6/88-6.+21G:
/7*;D5:
,
+43/81;-.
*+.@58G
+ 3/4.@35-.
/3*-D-8-11G,
/7*5C/,
,
3/46/8A6@
E./
3*+1;./
.
1
3/D9+1;-.4;
6/88-6.+21G,
@4.51/28-1+;,
,
/7G95;,
,
.56
656
3/
-
D*@=/,@
1-8AC;
,
/1
-
1-/.D-8+,5;
954.A
6/88-6.+25
,
I+2@?-=/
4/=8541/
C52-D-11/,@
3/*;D6@
.
@?-4.2/251+-
2 /D+1/96@
,
21-
6/=1+.+21/0
"
65*.G
"
6/88-6.+21G:
3*-D4.528-1+0
,
1-2/C,/I1/
.
./
7G8/
7G
42;C51/
4 56.@58+C5F+-0
2+.58A1/=/
45,/4/C151+;
+ 4./861/2-1+-,
4 .*-2/=/0
,
*/I
-
D-11/0
3*/.+2/3/4.528-1+-,
+1D+2+D@58A1/=/
4@?-4.2/251+;
,+*@
.
-*-I+251+-
E./0
.*-2/=+
1-4/3/4.52+,/
4 I+C1AH
,
3/E./,@
21-
6/1.-64.5
6/88-6.+21G:
3*-D4.528-1+0
+ 4/F+58A1G:
*-=
-
85,-1.5F++
I+C1A
1-2/C,/I15
.
5I-
2 7/8--
3/CD1+-
2*-,-15
+C/8;F+;
+1D+2+D5
7G85
*521/
-
F-115
4,-*.+
.
C=/+
,
,5*=+158G
,
-48+
/1+
1-
,/=8+
7G.A
3/8-C1G
=*@33-
+ 1-
@954.2/258+
2 C15
-
9+,G:
4 ./96+
C*-1+;
6/88-6.+21/0
F-*-,/1+;:
,
7G8+
/7*-9-1G
15
4,-*.A
8+7/
7/8-C1-11/-
,
656
3*52+8/
,
6*5.6/2*-,-11/-
4@?-4.2/251+-
2 659-4.2-
"
1-
-
8HD-0
".
*5C2+.+-,
5@./34+:+9-46/=/
@*/21;
6/88-6.+21/=/
45,/4/C151+;
+ 3*-D4.528-1+0
/ D@<-
2
51+,+4.+9-46/0
6@8A.@*-
3/.*-71/4.A
2 42;C+
4 ./.-,+4.+9-46+,+
3*-D4.528-1+;,+
1-
/4857-25
-
-.
+ 3/
-
3*-I1-,@
/4.5-.4;
1-/7:/D+,/4.A
2 +D-1.+B+65F++
4 *+*/D/0
.
/
2 51+,+C,-
E.5
+D-1
-
.+B+65F+;
3*+1+,5-.
@I-
42/04.2-11G-
51+,+4.+9-46/0
6@8A.@*-
9-*.G
.
)+25;
3*+*/D5
/D@:/
-
.2/*;-.4;
+ 15D-8;-.4;
9-*.5,+
9-8/2-9-46/0
34+:/8/=++
,
3/;28;H.4;
3*-D4.528-1+;
/ C8/2*-D
-
1G:
+ 3/,/=5H?+:
D@:5:
,
/ D@:5:
-
3*-D65:
+ D@:5:
/3*-D-8-11/0
,-4.1/4.+
+ .
.
D
.
"
11/25F++
"
2 6/88-6.+21G:
3*-D4.528-1+;:
42+D-.-8A4.2@H.
,
9./
15
51+,+4.+9-46/,
E.53-
6@8A
-
.@*1/0
E2/8HF++
+1D+2+D@58A1G0
@*/2-1A
45,/4/C151+;
@I-
/3*-D-8;-.4;
5@./34+:+9-46+,
@*/21-,
+ .-3-*A
/.1/<-1+;
9-8/2-65
4/
4*-D/0
/3/4*-D@H.4;
34+:+9-46+,
5335*5./,
.
51+
-
,+C,-
,G
21/2A
1578HD5-,
3/3G.6+
@.2-*ID-1+;
9-8/2-6/,
45,/=/
4-7;
4 3/,/?AH
6/88-6.+2
-
1G:
3*-D4.528-1+0
.
[7]
56
3+458
. .
&1=
(19936,
4
.159), "
5*:5+915;
34+:/8/=+;
;28;-.4;
34+:/8/=+-0
1-
./8A6/
3-*
-
2/7G.1/=/
,
1/
+ 4/2*-,-11/=/
,
F+2+8+C/2511/=/
9-8/2-65
:
/D156/
3/D
E.+,
3/1+,5H.4;
1-
.-
/.
-
D-8A1G-
3*/;28-1+;
5.52+C,5
2 4/2*-,-11/,
/7?-4.2-
,
5 46/*--
34+:/8/=+;
65ID/=/
F+2+8+C/
-
2511/=/
9-8/2-65
,
6/./*G0
,
1-4,/.*;
15
42/0
2G4/6+0
@*/2-1A
4/C151+;
,
2 7/8--
=8@7/6+:
48/;:
42/-0
34+:+6+
24-
-?-
/4.5-.4;
9-8/2-6/,
5*:5+91G,
".
[8]
+8A=-8A,
@1D.
(1832-1920) -
1-,-F6+0
34+:/8/=
,
B+C+/8/=
,
B+8/4/B
;
49+.58
,
9./
2G4<+-
34+:+9-46+-
B@16F++
(
*-9A
,
,G<8-1+-
,
2/8;
)
1-D/4.@31G
E643-*+,-1.@
+ ,/=@.
+C@95.A4;
6@8A
-
.@*1/
-
+4./*+9-46+,
,-./D/,
.
[9]
@:
./.-,+4.+9-46+:
3*-D4.528-1+0
,
2G*5I5H?+:
"
*/D4.2-11@H
"
42;CA
4 /6*@I5H?-0
D-04.
-
2+.-8A1/4.AH
,
15=8;D1/
2G*5I-1
2 48-D@H?-,
3/E.+9-46/,
.-64.-
: "
5ID5;
954.+F5
-,8+
42;
-
?-115
D8;
,/-=/
15*/D5
.
5ID5;
78-4.;?5;
4/41/25;
+=/865
,
65IDG0
3-4951G0
7-*-=
,
65IDG0
.@
-
,51
2 .-,1/,
8-4@
,
65ID5;
8@I5065
,
65ID/-
I@II5?--
154-6/,/-
.
4-
/1+
42;.G
2 35,;.+
+ /3G
-
.-
,/-=/
15*/D5
.
G
C15-,
4/6
D-*-2A-2
656
6*/2A
,
.-6@?@H
2 15<+:
I+85:
.
G
-
954.A
-,8+
,
5
/15
954.A
154
.
5:@9+-
F2-.G
-
15<+
4-4.*G
.
-D2-DA
,
/8-1A
,
2-8+6+0
/*-8
-
24-
/1+
15<+
7*5.A;
.
117
5,-1+4.G-
3-*-258G
,
1-6.5*
8@I5-6
,
.-38/
.-85
3/1+
+ 9-8/2-6
-
24-
3*+15D8-I5.
6 /D1/0
4-
-
,A-
.
46*;?5;4;
2/D5
,
.-6@?5;
2 *@9A;:
+ *-65:
, -
1-
3*/4./
2/D5
,
1/
6*/2A
15<+:
3*-D6/2
...
)@*
-
951+-
2/DG
-
E./
=/8/4
/.F5
,/-=/
/.F5
...
/CD@:
D5-.
42/0
D@:
24-0
I+C1+
,
D-*I5?-04;
15
1-,
.
-.-*
,
D52<+0
15<-,@
D-D@
3-*2/-
DG:51+-
,
3*+1+,5-.
+ -=/
3/48-D1+0
2GD/:
.
-.-*
.56I-
D5-.
15<+,
D-.;,
D@:
I+C1+
...
/.
9./
,G
C15-,
:
24-
2-?+
2C5+,/42;C51G
,
656
6*/2A
,
/7R-D+1;H?5;
154
24-:
2 /D1@
4-,AH
" (
3+4A,/
2/ID;
+E.85
*-C+D-1.@
'
!*5168+1@
+*4@
.
+.
.
3/
:
58+
-
,/2
,
1993,
4
.166-167).
[10]
-4/4./;.-8A1/4.A
E./0
./96+
C*-1+;
3/D*/71/
*544,/.*-15
.
-2+
-
.*/4/,
(1994,
4
.90-91).
[11]
/=8541/
*5C1G,
52./*5,
,
2+.58A1/-
45,/4/C151+-
-
E./
"
.-,1G-
"
/?@?-1+;
,
6/./*G-
4/3*/
-
2/ID5H.
2+.58A1G-
3*/F-44G
( . .
-9-1/2
);
/7?--
9@24.2/
4@?-4.2/251+;
( .
43-*4
);
9@24.2/
4/74.2-11/=/
,
6/./*/-
+49-C5-.
,
4/=8541/
.
'150D-*@
,
./8A6/
4 2G68H9-1+-,
4/C151+;
;
4-14/*
-
1/
-
3-*F-3.+21G0
@*/2-1A
( . .
-=*57;1
);
4/,5./8/=+9-465;
+D-1.+B+65F+;
8+91/4.+
( . .
58+,/2
).
6.3
'
4/7G0
15<
+1.-*-4
6 <5,51+4.+9-46/0
6@8A.@*-
/7@48/28-1
.-,
,
9./
CD-4A
3*/+4:/D+.
/.9-.8+
-
25;
4/F+58A15;
D+BB-*-1F+5F+;
,
5 +1D+2+D@58A1/-
45,/4/C151+-
D/4.+=5-.
4/F+58A1/
-
*/8-2/=/
@*/21;
.
5*;D@
4 E.+,
2 <5,51+C,-
,G
24.*-95-,4;
4 3*+,-*/,
6@8A.@*1/
3*-D/3*-D-8-11/=/
/4@?-4.28-1+;
E6C+4.-1F+58A1/0
5D53.5F++
.
D+15,+6-
<5,5146/=/
4.51/28-1+;
,G
,/I-,
15
-
78HD5.A
+ 3-*-I+251+-
.*-2/=+
,
+ 6*+C+4
5@./+D-1.+91/4.+
4 34+:/35./8/=+9-46+,+
3*/;28-1+;
-
,+
,
5 2 +./=-
-
*5C2+.+-
+1D+2+D@58A1/=/
45,/4/C151+;
.
E.1/=*5B+9-46/0
8+.-*5.@*-
954./
+43/8AC@-.4;
/3*-D-8-1+-
<5,51+C,5
,
D511/-
'*-D-*/,
(1953,
F+.
.
3/
:
-2@1-16/25
, 1979,
4
.254): "
'5,51+C,
-
E./
@4.51/28-115;
/7?-4.2/,
+ 2G*5I-1
-
15;
2 /3*-D-8-11/0
B/*,-
E64.5.+9-465;
42;CA
8HD-0
4 3/.@4./*/11+,
,+*/,
,
48@I5?5;
+1.-*-
-
45,
24-=/
/7?-4.25
".
56+,
/7*5C/,
,
+,-11/
2 <5,51+C,-
,/I1/
150.+
+88H4.*5F++
6 +1.-*-
-
4@H?+,
154
3*/78-,5,
6/88-6.+21/
-
+1D+2+D@58A1/=/
2C5+,/D-04.2+;
+ 4/F+58A1G:
D-.-*,+15
-
F+0
.
48+
2 3*-D<-4.2@H?+:
<5,51+C,@
6@8A.@*5:
9-8/2-6
7G8
/./ID-4.28-1
4 4/F+@,/,
+
2,-4.-
4 1+,
7G8
3*/.+2/3/4.528-1
/6*@I5H?-0
*+*/D-
,
./
2 <5,51+C,-
,G
2+D+,
D2/01/-
3*/.+2/3/4.528-1+-
<5,515
:
4/F+@,@
+ *+*/D-
.
41/21G,
/.8+9+.-8A1G,
3*+C156/,
34+:/8/
-
=++
E./=/
6@8A./2/=/
D-;.-8;
;28;-.4;
2/C*54.5H?--
/4/C151+-
42/-0
+1D+2+D@58A1/4.+
+ 3*/.+
-
2/3/4.528-1+-
4-7;
D*@=+,
98-15,
*/D5
+ /6*@I5H?-,@
3*+*/D1/,@
,+*@
.
"
2/+,
C151+-,
+ +46@44.2/,
, -
3+<-.
.
&1=
(1993
7
,
4
.168-169)
/ <5,51-
, -
/1
D/8I-1
/7R;41;.A
24-
1-48G:511/-
+ -,@
3*/.+2/4./;.A
".
5*;D@
4 1-,1/=+,+
2 -=/
4/F+58A1/,
/6*@I-1++
<5,51
=/2/*+.
/ 4-7-
2 3-*2/,
8+F-
+ 3/8AC@-.4;
,-4./+,-1+-,
.
5
3/92-
E./=/
D2/01/=/
3*/.+2/3/4
-
.528-1+;
,
2 6/./*/,
3*/.+2/3/4.528-1+-
*+*/D-
;28;-.4;
@I-
21@.*-11+,
D8;
<5,515
(
/1/
3*+15D8-I+.
3*-D<-4.2/252<+,
<5,51+C,@
6/88-6.+21G,
3*-D4.528-1+;,
),
B/*,+*@-.4;
48/I
-
15;
2C5+,/@D/28-.2/*;H?5;
4+4.-,5
+1D+2+D@58A1/
-
6/88-6.+21/=/
2C5+,/D-04.2+;
.
9-,
C5
-
68H95H.4;
+ 656
*5C2+25H.4;
2C5+,/D/3/81;H?+-
6/,,@1+65F++
+1D+2+D@58A1/4.+
+ 6/88-6.+25
,
,/I1/
3*-D4.52+.A
2 42;C+
4 *544,/.*-1+-,
+1D+2+D@58A1G:
+ 6/88-6.+21G:
E6C+4.-1F+58A1G:
3/.*-71/4.-0
,
/7@48/2+2<+:
3/;28-1+-
4/F+58A1/0
*/8+
<5,515
.
4//.2-.4.2++
4 /7?-0
.-/*+
-
-0
5D53.5F++
,
5D53.+215;
@4./09+2/4.A
I+2/0
4+4.-,G
(
E.1+9-46/0
=*@33G
,
2 15<-,
48@95-
)
C5
-
2+4+.
/.
3/8+,/*B1/4.+
--
4/4.528;H?+:
.
*+
E./,
+,-11/
34+:+9-46+-
25*+5F++
+=*5H.
2
5D53.+21/0
15D-I1/4.+
6/88-6.+25
2-D@?@H
*/8A
.
*@33/25;
3/.*-71/4.A
2 E6C+4.-1F+58A1/0
C5?+?-11/4.+
4/=854@-.4;
2 3-*2@H
/9-*-DA
4 4/:*51-1+-,
.*5D+F+/11/=/
@685D5
,
48/I+2<-=/4;
118
656
15+7/8--
@D/28-.2/*+.-8A1G0
43/4/7
3/DD-*I51+;
4.57+8A1/4.+
.
8;
=+8;6/2
,
3+458
. .
'.-*17-*=
(1933,
4
.107), "
42;CA
,-ID@
I+2@?+,+
3/6/8-1+;,+
4/*/D+9-0
4 +:
7/I-4.2-11G,+
4/*/D+95,+
-
785=/D-.-8;,+
=8@7/6/
I+25;
,
*-58A15;
...
@CG
E.+
6/*-1;.4;
...
2 45,/,
+14.+16.-
45,/4/:*51-1+;
".
!@16F+;
3/4*-D1+9-4.25
/4@?-4.28;-.4;
+C7*511G,+
8HDA,+
-
<5,515,+
.
C7*511+9-4.2/
656
6@8A.@*1/
-
34+:/8/=+9-46/-
;28-1+-
/C1595-.
1-
./8A6/
F-8-153*528-11G0
2G7/*
/3*-D-8-11/=/
8+F5
6/88-6.+2/,
,
1/
+ /4/7@H
34+:+9-46@H
/*=51+C5F+H
7@D@?-=/
+C7*511+65
.
8;
./=/
,
6./
7G8
+C7*51
D@:5,+
,
/.65C
4.5.A
<5,51/,
28-9-.
,
3/
.*5D+F+/11G,
3*-D4.528-1+;,
,
D8+.-8A1@H
7/
-
8-C1A
8+7/
4,-*.A
(Loeb, 1935,
F+.
.
3/
:
-2@1-16/25
, 1980,
4
.152;
'+75-25
, 1977,
4
.139).
/C1+65H?+-
"
42+D-.-8A4.25
"
7@D@?-0
3*/B-44++
-
3*+CG2
D@:/2
,
*5C1//7*5C1G-
15*@<-1+;
3/
-
2-D-1+;
-
2/43*+1+,5H.4;
+C7*511+6/,
656
6*501-
1-I-85.-8A1G-
;
+ D-8/
CD-4A
1-
./8A6/
2 3/
-
48-D@H?-,
6/88-6.+21/,
3*+1@ID-1++
6 2G3/81-1+H
*/8+
<5,515
,
1/
+ 2 3*+9+15:
+1.*534+:+
-
9-46/=/
42/04.25
.
+D+,/
,
,G
D/8I1G
=/2/*+.A
/ 2/C1+65H?+:
2 +1+F+58A1G0
3-*+/D
<5,5146/=/
48@I-1+;
D-C+1.-=*5.+21G:
3*/F-445:
2 34+:+6-
,
/ 6*+C+4-
45,/+D-1.+91/4.+
.
-/B+.
.-*;-.
42/04.2-11G-
D*@=+,
98-15,
*/D5
3*+C156+
45,/+D-1.+B+65F++
,
42+D-.-8A4.2@H?+-
2 /41/21/,
/ =*@33/2/0
3*+15D8-I1/4.+
.
42/-,
6/88-6.+2-
/1
4.51/2+.4;
,5*=+158/,
,
+ -=/
E6C+4.-1F+
-
58A15;
C5?+?-11/4.A
D/4.+=5-.4;
@I-
1-46/8A6/
+1G,
,
9-,
@ D*@=+:
98-1/2
*/D5
,
43/4/7/,
.
.*@D1/4.+
1/2/=/
/7*-.-1+;
E6C+4.-1F+58A1/0
C5?+?-11/4.+
42+D-.-8A4.2@-.
C5,-951+-
/D1/=/
+C
+C2-4.1G:
+448-D/25.-8-0
4+7+*46/=/
<5,51+C,5
: "
D-85.A4;
<5,51/,
1-8AC;
.
5851.
<5,5
-
15
1-
D5*
,
5 7*-,;
" (
'.-*17-*=
, 1933,
4
.77).
"
-*-D
.-,
656
4.5.A
<5,51/,
, -
3+<-.
. .
'.-*17-*=
(
.5,
I-
)
/ C156/,/,
<5,51-
, -
/1
7/8-8
7/8--
D2@:
,-4;F-2
,
2 .-9-1+-
6/./*G:
/1
8-I58
1-3/D2+I1/
...
-
@43-258
/1
/91@.A4;
/.
/D1/=/
3*+35D65
,
656
235D58
2 D*@=/0
".
-*-I+251+;
@I-
D-04.2@H?-=/
<5,515
-
=/8AD5
*546*G25H.4;
2
-=/
*54465C-
/ D@:-
-
3/6*/2+.-8-
: "
)+2-.
/15
/D+1/6/
,
7-C
4/*/D+9-0
,
2 H*.-
15
=/*-
,
1/
954./
,-
-
1;-.
42/-
,-4./3*-7G251+-
.
1/=D5
/15
;28;-.4;
2 2+D-
4.5*@:+
,
+1/=D5
2 2+D-
2/865
,
4,/.*-.A
4.*5<1/
!
1/=D5
2 2+D-
6*G85./=/
.+B5
,
; 45I@4A
15
1-=/
,
+ /1
2/C+.
,-1;
,
9./7G
3/65C5.A
*5C1G-
4.*51G
...'' (
.5,
I-
,
4
.144).
<5,5146/0
7/8-C1+
15*/9+./
3/D9-*61@.G
1-
./8A6/
34+:+9-465;
1-
-
4.57+8A1/4.A
(
*5C/./ID-4.28-1+-
4 5@./34+:+9-46+,
@*/21-,
45,/4/C151+;
),
1/
+ C159+.-8A1G-
B+C+9-46+-
4.*5D51+;
,
3*-D4.528-11G-
4+,2/8+9-46+,
@1+9./I-1+-,
.-85
(
*5C/./ID-4.28-1+-
4
4/D-*I51+-,
2+.58A1/
-
E6C+4.-1F+58A1/=/
@*/21;
). .
8+5D-
(1998,
4
.39-57),
5158+C+*@;
+1+F+
-
58A1G-
7/8-C1+
<5,51/2
2 24.*58++
,
+7+*+
,
&I1/0
,-*+6-
+ 2 D*@=+:
*-=+/15:
,
2GD-8;-.
/7?+-
6/14.51.G
:
<5,51G
2-*;.
2 ./
,
9./
+:
@7+25H.
D@:+
3*-D6/2
,
=/./2;.
+:
.-85
2 3+?@
,
3/48-
9-=/
C5,-1;H.
6/4.+
+ 3/6*G25H.
+:
38/.AH
.
3/81-
C56/1/,-*1/
,
9./
48/I1G-
34+:+9-46+-
;28-1+;
,
4/3*/2/ID5H?+-
3-*+/D
+1+F+58A1/=/
6*+C+45
,
48@I+8+
3/2/D/,
D8;
34+:/35./8/=+9-46+:
.*56./2/6
.
511+-
+448-D/25.-8+
3*/4./
3*+
-
9+48;8+
<5,51/2
6 *5C*;D@
D@<-21/7/8A1G:
(
*52+046+0
, 1927;
+F6-2+9
, 1929). "
'5,514.2/
-4.A
34+:/35./8/=+9-46/-
;28-1+-
, -
3+458
. .
G96/2
(1914,
4
.3), -
42;C51/
4 +4.-*+-0
,
E3+8-3.+
-
9-46+,+
+ *-C6/
2G*5I-11G,+
1-*21G,+
3*+35D65,+
.
'5,51G
-
1-*21/
-
+,3@8A4+21G-
8HD+
,
4
6*501-
7/8-C1-11/0
2/C7@D+,/0
1-*21/0
/*=51+C5F+-0
...
56+,
/7*5C/,
,
2 2/C1+61/2-1++
<5,51
-
4.25
+=*5H.
4@?-4.2-11@H
*/8A
B56./*G
9+4./
34+:/35./8/=+9-46+-
".
/
. .
'.-*17-*=@
(1933,
4
.142), "
9./7G
4D-85.A4;
<5,51/,
,
1-/7:/D+,/
4.*5D5.A
2 ./0
+8+
+1/0
4.-3-1+
+4.-*+91/4.AH
".
60-
- ==
.
2*59
-
34+:+5.*
. .
5,4/1/2
/748-D/258
13
;6@.46+:
<5,51/2
,
<-4.-*/
4*-D+
6/./*G:
7G8+
/3*-D-8-1G
+,
656
4.*5D5H?+-
;21G,+
34+:+9-46+,+
7/8-C1;,+
(
@DD+046+0
,+*
, 1994,
4
.130-131).
7/8--
3/CD1+:
*57/.5:
,/I1/
24.*-.+.A
C568H9-1+;
/
"
<5,51+C,-
656
<+C/B*-1++
"
119
(
/*.1/25
,
'5:1/2+9
, 1967),
/ 3/4.3*/F-44@58A1/0
34+:/35.++
6@8A./2G:
D-;.-8-0
(Schuttler,
1971),
+1.-*3*-.5F+H
<5,5146/=/
3/2-D-1+;
2 42;C+
4 /3*-D-8-11G,+
B/*,5,+
<+C/B*-1++
(Silverman, 1967).
'5,5146+0
3*+CG2
6 48@I-1+H
,
/285D-1+-
D@:5,+
CD-4A
,
3/
,1-1+H
1-2*/8/=5
,
2G*5I5-.
4/7/0
"
+4.-*+9-46+0
1-2*/C
" (
52+D-16/2
, 1947),
5 2 4//.2-.4.2++
4 34+:+5.*+9-46+,
./86/251+-,
-
52./,5.+C,G
,
34+:/.+9-46+0
*-=+4.*
35./8/=++
.
7*;D/2/-
@-D+1-1+-
3/42;?5-
-
,/=/
1-/B+.5
,
21-<1+-
5.*+7@.G
D-04.2@H?-=/
<5,515
,
2 954.1/4.+
,
=/8/21/0
@7/*
4 8-1./965,+
(
75:*/,/0
),
C56*G25H?+,+
8+F/
,
2 68+1+9-46/,
6/1.-64.-
,/=@.
7G.A
*54F-1-1G
656
3*+C156
5@
-
.+C5F++
.
D-1.+B+65F++
<5,515
4 D@:5,+
3*-D6/2
,
./.-,1G,
I+2/.1G,
2GCG25H.
544/F+5F++
4
D-3-*4/158+C5F+-0
,
5 /7,/*/6+
1-/B+.5
+ 3/48-D@H?--
E64.5.+9-46/-
3@.-<-4.2+-
<5,515
-
4
/1-0*/+D1/0
4+,3./,5.+6/0
.
28-65;4A
68+1+9-46+,
E.+6-.+*/251+-,
,
,/I1/
8+<A
C51/2/
"
/.6*G.A
",
9./
24;
<5,51+4.+9-465;
6@8A.@*5
4 --
*-8+=+/C1G,+
3*-D4.528-1+;,+
,
/7*;D5,+
+ *+.@585,+
-4.A
1-
7/8--
656
"
6@8A.
4@
-
,54<-4.2+;
" (
4-1/B/1./2
, 1929).
3G.
3*+,-1-1+;
68+1+9-46+:
;*8G6/2
6 ;28-1+;,
6@8A.@*G
7-43-*43-6.+2-1
656
3/3G.65
/7R;41+.A
/D1/
1-+C2-4.1/-
D*@=+,
.
9-,@
2-D-.
/71/28-1+-
.*5
-
D+F+/11G:
2G*5I-1+0
"
/285D-1+-
D@:5,+
", "
24-8-1+-
DA;2/85
"
2 3/1;.++
"
E1D/=-11/-
C57/8-25
-
1+-
"?
/91/4.A
4/2*-,-11/0
B/*,@8+*/26+
*521/F-115
4*-D1-2-6/2/0
,
*-9A
+D-.
8+<A
/ 4,-1-
*-8+=+/C1/0
,-.5B+C+6+
15
,5.-*+58+4.+9-46@H
.
-0*/,-D+5./*G
,
=-1-.+9-46+-
6/,38-64G
,
4/
-
,5./.+3+9-46+-
3*+C156+
+ 3*/9--
21-
6*+.+9-46/=/
2/43*+;.+;
+:
3/D9+1-11/0
7+/8/=+9-46/0
*/8+
8-=6/
/D@<-28;H.4;
+ 2 4/C151++
+448-D/25.-8;
3*-2*5?5H.4;
2 56.+21G-
5=-1.G
CD/*/2A;
+8+
7/8-C1+
-
24-
.-
I-
,
9./
+ 2 5*:5+6-
3/,/=5H?+-
+ 2*-D/1/41G-
D-,/1G
(
5158/=+;
.
&
.
52A;8/25
).
54./09+2/4.A
,
4 6/./*/0
2 68+1+9-46/0
35*5D+=,-
+C7-=5H.
@65C511G:
+ 3/D/71G:
+,
B56./2
,
/7@48/28-15
/=*51+9-1+;,+
/7R-6.+2+*@H?-0
,-./D/8/=++
,
3*+*521+25H?-0
68+1+9-46+0
515
-
8+C
6 -4.-4.2-11/15@91G,
+448-D/251+;,
.
68+1+6/
-
34+:/35./8/=+9-46/,
+C@9-1++
<5,5146/0
7/8-C1+
,
656
+ 2 68+1+9-46/,
3/D:/D-
2 F-8/,
,
+=1/*+*@-.4;
268H9-1+-
4@7R-6.+21/=/
B56./*5
2
"
/7R-6.+21G-
"
,-./DG
+448-D/251+0
.
.*-,8-1+-
8/=+9-46/=/
,G<8-1+;
3*/2-4.+
6/12-1F+58A
-
1/-
*5C=*51+9-1+-
1/*,G
+ 35./8/=++
+ 2/C*/D+.A
6 I+C1+
5*:-.+3+9-46/-
*5CD-8-1+-
"
42/+
-
9@
-
I+-
"
*521/F-11/
/:*51+.-8A1G,
*+.@585,
.
@7R-6.+21/-
C159-1+-
,-D+F+146/0
,/D-8+
,
--
*/8A
2 4/CD51++
E6C+4.-1F+58A1/0
C5?+?-11/4.+
5D-3.5
9-*-C
D+4.51F+*/251+-
=8@7+11G:
543-6./2
4/74.2-11/=/
4/C151+;
/4.5H.4;
1-/4/C1511G,+
.
+./=-
+448-D/25.-8A465;
3/C+F+;
2 /.1/<-1++
6 +1/0
6@8A.@*-
C5D5-.4;
3*+,+.+2+C+*@H?+,
<578/1/,
4@7R-6.
-
/7R-6.1G:
/.1/<-1+0
6 35F+-1
-
.5,
-
34+:/.+65,
,
+ ./
,
9./
1-
@685DG25-.4;
2 68+1+9-46+-
6/14.*@6.G
,
/3*-D-8;-.4;
656
+C7G./9
-
1/-
D8;
34+:+5.*5
.
E./,
25*+51.-
"
68+1+9-46/-
,G<8-1+-
"
3*-D4.528;-.
4/7/0
48@950
"
.@1
-
1-8A1/=/
,G<8-1+;
",
6/./*/-
+=1/*+*@-.
7/8A</-
6/8+9-4.2/
+1B/*,5F++
" (
+1-2+9
,
/I6/2
,
1995).
9-1G0
,
/3+4G25;
6@8A.@*@
,
:*/1/8/=+9-46+
+ E.1+9-46+
/.D58-11@H
/.
1-=/
,
/7G91/
"
3*+,-1;-.
6
1-0
,-*6+
,
+D-+
,
3*-D4.528-1+;
,
3/*/ID-11G-
4/2-*<-11/
D*@=/0
E3/:/0
+ D*@=/0
6@8A.@*1/0
.*5D+F+-0
...
-,@
2 C159+.-8A1/0
4.-3-1+
9@IDG
4.*@6.@*5
4/C151+;
+ 1*52G
D58-6+:
/.
1-=/
15*/
-
D/2
" (
-2@1-16/25
, 1974).
56
,/I1/
C5,-.+.A
,
E.5
4+.@5F+;
/9-1A
78+C65
@I-
/74@ID52<-,@4;
,-./D/8/=+9-46/,@
3*+-,@
,
*543*/4.*51-11/,@
2
68+1+9-46/0
34+:+5.*++
.
.,-9-11G0
. .
+1-2+9-,
+ 4/52./*5,+
(1992,
4
.203)
-2*/3/F-1.*+C,
,
3*/;28;-,G0
34+:+5.*5,+
3*+
4./86
-
1/2-1++
4 ;28-1+;,+
+1/0
6@8A.@*G
,
,/I-.
7G.A
E64.*53/8+*/251
15
D/,+1+*@H?+-
@4.51/26+
45,/0
68+1+6/
-
34+:/35./8/=+9-46/0
35*5D+=,G
.
/8A<+14.2/
CD/*/2G:
8HD-0
,
3+<-.
.
&1=
(19936,
4
.187),
4.*-,+.4;
6 ./,@
,
9./7G
"
I+C1A
7G85
3*/4./0
,
15D-I1/0
+ */21/0
,
+ 3/./,@
3*/
-
78-,G
-
E./
.57@
...
5,
,
=D-
+D-.
*-9A
/ 3*/78-,5:
,
,G
+14.+16.+21/
/.65CG25-,4;
3*/:/D+.A
120
462/CA
.A,@
+ 1-+C2-4.1/4.A
".
/8A<5;
954.A
15<+:
+1D+2+D@58A1G:
3/.*-71/4.-0
23/81-
@D/2
-
8-.2/*;-.4;
5D53.+*/2511/4.AH
2 4/F+58A1/,
/6*@I-1++
.
*+,-*
I-
<5,514.2@H?+:
8+F
3*+
-
,-95.-8-1
2/C,/I1/4.AH
D-,/14.*5F++
./=/
,
656
4/F+58A15;
5D53.5F+;
,/I-.
*5C2+25.A4;
1-
./8A6/
3@.-,
@42/-1+;
3*+1;.G:
6/88-6.+21G:
3*-D4.528-1+0
,
1/
+ 9-*-C
*5D+658A1/-
*5C/./I
-
D-4.28-1+-
4 3*+2G91G,+
45,/+D-1.+B+65F+;,+
+ 3/+46
1/2G:
,
/785D5H?+:
4/F+58A1/0
C159+
-
,/4.AH
.
56
/.,-95-.
.
+87-*
(1998,
4
.143),
*544@ID-1+;
/ *5C/./ID-4.28-1++
+ /
"
*54<+*-1++
"
45,/./ID-4.2-11/4.+
-4.A
D25
43/4/75
=/2/*+.A
/7
/D1/,
+ ./,
I-
.
4+:+9-465;
3*-D@=/./28-11/4.A
+ 28+;1+-
21-<1+:
4/F+58A1G:
B56./*/2
-
D/4.5./91G-
3*+9+1G
D8;
*5C2+.+;
45,/4/C151+;
<5,515
9-*-C
6*+C+4
45,/./ID-4.2-11/4.+
.
1-/B+.5
3*56.+9-46+
1-.
2G7/*5
,
./91--
,
/1
1-46/8A6/
+1/0
,
9-,
@ 15<-=/
4/2*-,-11+65
,
852+*@H?-=/
,-ID@
.*@D1/
-
4.;,+
45,/*-58+C5F++
+ 3*+7-I+?-,
2 4/F+58A1/
.+3+9-46/,
.
*+
1-I-851++
3*+1;.A
<5,51
-
46/-
48@I-1+-
+C7*511+6
1-
./8A6/
8+<5-.4;
3/8/I+.-8A1G:
4/F+58A1G:
+D-1.+B+65F+0
,
1/
+
/65CG25-.4;
"
2G9-*61@.G,
"
+C
I+C1+
.
./
58A.-*15.+25
,-ID@
"
48@I-1+-,
"
+ 3/81/0
3/.-*-0
65
-
6+:
-
8+7/
45,/+D-1.+B+65F+0
,
2G7/*
,-ID@
2GI+251+-,
+ 4,-*.AH
.
*-C@8A.5.-
3/.*-71/4.A
2
4/F+58A1/0
5D53.5F++
/7/*59+25-.4;
D8;
"
+C7*511+6/2
"
3/.*-71/4.AH
2
-
1-/7:/D+,/4.AH
+1.-=*5F++
1-
./8A6/
56.@58A1G:
/7GD-11G:
4.-*-/.+3/2
,
1/
+ 24-:
+,-2<+:4;
2 6@8A.@*1/0
+4
-
./*++
*511+:
43/4/7/2
D/4.+I-1+;
E6C+4.-1F+58A1/0
C5?+?-11/4.+
.
7-C
D/8I1/0
4/F+58A1/0
3/DD-*I6+
,
4@?-4.2/252<-0
2 <5,51+4.+9-46/,
/7?-4.2-
,
E6C+4.-1F+58A15;
5D53.5F+;
<5,515
+ /7*-.-1+-
1/2G:
45,/+D-1.+B+F+*@H?+:
/41/251+0
7G8+
7G
1-2/C,/I1G
.
<5,51+4.+9-46+:
3*-D4.528-1+;:
15*;D@
4 3*+1;.+-,
<5,5146/0
7/8-C1+
1-/B+.5
C56*-3+854A
3/C+F+;
,
4/=8541/
6/./*/0
<5,51
1-
./8A6/
,5*=+158
,
1/
+ 9*-C2G9501/
C159+,G0
, "
F-1.*58A1G0
"
98-1
6/88-6.+25
(Sharfetter, 1985).
./
15<8/
2G*5I-1+-
2 7+15*1G:
:5*56.-*+4.+65:
,
6/./*G-
<5,51
3/8@95-.
2 .*5D+F+/11/,
/6*@I-1++
.
1
/D1/2*-,-11/
I-*.25
+ =-*/0
,
+C=/0
+ 8+D-*
+ .
.
D
.
4/7/
1@I1/
/.,-.+.A
,
9./
34+:/8/=+9-46+0
3/*.*-.
<5,515
,
@I-
+43/81;H?-=/
42/+
4/F+58A1G-
*/8+
,
:5*56.-*+C@-.4;
2G4/6+,
@*/21-,
34+:+9-46/=/
B@16F+/1+*/251+;
,
4/:*51;H?+,4;
D/
=8@
-
7/6/0
4.5*/4.+
.
I-
2
1919
=
.
15
E./
2 42;C+
4 +448-D/251+-,
.@1=@446/=/
<5,514.25
/7*5.+8
21+
-
,51+-
. .
'+*/6/=/*/2
(1919,
4
.60-61).
1
3+458
,
9./
"
1-*21/-
+ 34+:+9-46/-
C57/8-251+-
2 *-
-
<+.-8A1G0
,/,-1.
,/=8/
7G
2/43*-3;.4.2/25.A
3/DD-*I51+H
E64.5C5
+ 24-
65,851+-
3*-2*5.+.A
2 /7G61/2-11G0
1-*21G0
3*+35D/6
".
<5,5146/,
34+:+9-46/,
4/4./;1++
6*541/*-9+2/
=/2/*+.
3/8+B@16F+/158A15;
4/F+58A15;
*/8A
<5,515
.
42/-,
/7?-4.2-
<5,51G
7G8+
+C2-4.1G
656
34+:/.-*53-2.G
(
-2+
-
.*/4
, 1983; Oppits, 1993;
5,/:258/2
, 1994),
@,-8/
+43/8AC@H?+-
+C,-
-
1-11G-
4/4./;1+;
4/C151+;
(Jilek, 1982; Scharfetter, 1985),
D*5,5.+9-46+-
56.-*G
,
/785D5H?+-
:/*/<+,+
2/658A1/
-
/*5./*46+,+
D511G,+
(
-2@1-16/25
, 1992),
,54.-*5
48/25
+ 351./,+,G
(Kirby, 1977),
:*51+.-8+
15@91G:
.*5D+F+0
(
&1=
, 19936,
*@6/2/D+.-8+
3/42;?-1+-,
H1/<-0
2 .5
-
+14.25
6@8A.@*G
(
5*51:/
, 1995).
'5,515,
7G8/
3*+4@?-
CD/*/2/-
9@24.2/
H,/*5
,
;28;H?--4;
2G*5I-1+-,
=-.-*/=-11/4.+
,G<8-1+;
@,-1+-
42;C5.A
1-;21/-
+ /7GD-11/-
(Kuranchik, 1977).
+D-*4.2/
<5,515
3*/;28;8/4A
1-
./8A6/
2 456*58A1/0
,
1/
+ 2 42-.46/0
I+C1+
*/D5
.
'5,51G
:/
-
*/</
*5C7+*58+4A
2 I+C1-11G:
;28-1+;:
,
+,-8+
3*56.+9-46+0
/3G.
+ 3*+9+48;8+4A
6 15+7/8--
,G48;?+,
8HD;,
2 6*@=@
4/38-,-11+6/2
(
+:508/2
, 1987,
4
.143). "
*/,-
-,-1/25
, -
3+458+
2
20-
- ==
.
*57/.1+6+
5*.-8+
"
-=+D58-F
"
/ 42/-,
<5,51-
, -
4*-D+
154
1-6/=/
6/,51D+*/25.A
2 3*52+
-
.-8A4.2-11G-
/*=51G
D8;
2G;41-1+;
1@IDG
15<-0
" (
F+.
.
3/
:
@=/8@6/2
, 1969,
4
.173).
5*5D/6
-
458A1/-
4 ./96+
C*-1+;
68+1+9-46+:
4.51D5*./2
+C,-1-1+-
2 34+:+9-46/0
/*=51+C5F++
<5,515
,
154.@35H?--
248-D
C5
/7*-.-1+-,
456*58A1/=/
4.5.@45
,
7G8/
/3*-D-8-1/
.
8+5D-
656
"
7-=4.2/
+C
7/8-C1+
".
*+/7*-.-1+-
<5,5146+:
43/4/71/4.-0
3*-D3/85=5-.
*5C*-<-1+-
34+:+9-46/=/
6*+
-