4. Look through the text and match the underlined English words and expressions with the following Russian equivalents:

1. 
   обращаясь к английским судам;
   
2. 
   при назначении;
   
3. 
   получают консультацию по вопросам права и судебного произ­водства;
   
4. 
   заслушивают дела и выносят решения по мелким правонару­шениям;
   
5. 
   занимаются слушанием дел более серьёзного характера;
   
6. 
   солиситор с опытом не менее 10 лет;
   
7. 
   не признают себя виновными в совершении преступления;
   
8. 
   определяет статьи (пункты) закона;
   
9. 
   что касается гражданского судопроизводства;
   
10. 
    суд первой инстанции;
    
11. 
    не имеет никакого отношения к ...;
    
12. 
    индивидуальные права, обязанности и обязательства по отно­шению друг к другу;
    
13. 
    уголовное судопроизводство низшей инстанции;
    
14. 
    дела большой общественной важности;
    
15. 
    обжалование судебного решения.
    

TEXT 1
The Judicial Power in Great Britain

The judicial system of Great Britain is pyramidal in organization.

The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the highest court in all matters under English law, Northern Irish law and Scottish civil law. It is the court of last resort and the highest appellate court in the United Kingdom, although the High Court of Judiciary remains the supreme court for criminal cases in Scotland.

The Supreme Court was established by Part 3 of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 and started work on 1 October 2009. It assumed the judicial functions of the House of Lords.

Because of the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty, the Supreme Court is much more limited in its powers of judicial review than the constitutional or supreme courts of some other countries.

The Court is composed of the President and Deputy President and 10 Justices of the Supreme Court. They are not subject to term limits, but may be removed from office on the address of Parliament. It hears only a small number of cases from the Court of Appeal.

The Supreme Court is housed in Middlesex Guildhall in the City of Westminster.

Turning to the English courts, one must first distinguish between criminal and civil jurisdiction, some courts having both jurisdictions, some only one.

Criminal jurisdiction. Criminal courts are concerned with wrongful acts harmful to community. A person charged by the police with an offence is sent to a Magistrates’ Court commonly known as a Police Court. Magistrates’ courts having only limited jurisdiction are presided over by groups of three unpaid, lay magistrates (also known as Justices of the Peace or JPs). Very often they have no legal qualifications, although they are given basic training when appointed. They are advised on points of law and procedure by a legally qualified clerk.

There are also a few stipendiary magistrates – full-time, legally qualified magistrates who sit alone. Magistrates hear and decide minor offences and refer more serious cases to the Crown Court, where a defendant can always choose to be tried by a jury.

The Crown Court, a court of general jurisdiction, deals with trials of a more serious nature or appeals from Magistrates’ Courts and is presided over by a judge, who must be a barrister or a solicitor with at least ten years experience.

Defendants who declare themselves not guilty of a crime are tried by a jury of twelve people. The judge decides on points of law, sums up evidence for the jury and instructs it on the relevant law. However, it is the jury alone that decides whether a defendant is guilty or not guilty.

---

Civil jurisdiction. As for the civil courts, there is a trial court for the whole England, with the unlimited jurisdiction in all civil cases – the High Court of Justice, which is both a court of first instance and of appeal.

Minor civil cases are tried in the County Courts. They have nothing to do with counties; the name was selected for historical reasons. These courts are of limited jurisdiction.

Civil courts are concerned with individual rights, duties and obligations towards one another: property rights, family relations, business, etc.

Appeals against the sentences given in the Crown Court are sent to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal is the intermediate appellate tribunal in England. It hears appeals from the High Court and criminal courts of inferior instance. Appeals on cases of great public importance are dealt with by the Supreme Court, the final court of appeals. The system in Northern Ireland is similar, but the system in Scotland is different.
5. Read the text and say if the following statements are true or false. Useful expressions:

No, it is not true, it’s false. Yes, it’s true. There’s a mistake in this statement. It says: ……… while it should be….. .

1. 
   The Supreme Court was set up in 2005.
   
2. 
   It hears a great number of appeals from the Court of Appeal.
   
3. 
   A person charged by the police with an offence is sent to the Crown Court.
   
4. 
   Magistrates’ courts have unlimited jurisdiction.
   
5. 
   Magistrates’ courts are presided over by groups of three Justices of the Peace.
   
6. 
   Magistrates’ courts hear and decide serious offences.
   
7. 
   The Crown Court deals with minor offences.
   
8. 
   In the Crown Court a defendant can always choose to be tried by a jury.
   
9. 
   In the Crown Court it is the judge alone that decides whether a defendant is guilty or not guilty.
   
10. 
    The High Court of Justice has limited jurisdiction in civil cases.
    
11. 
    Minor civil cases are tried in the County Courts.
    

6. Match the following English and Russian equivalents:

1) The court is presided over..; 2) to hear a limited number of appeals; 3) appeals on the points of law; 4) to be concerned with wrongful acts harmful to community; 5) to be concerned with duties and obligations towards one another; 6) to sum up evidence for the jury; 7) to decide on the points of law; 8) to have no legal qualification; 9) to be advised by a legally qualified Clerk; 10) to deal with minor offences; 11) to refer serious cases and appeals; 12) the points of law and procedure

а) рассматривать обязанности и обязательства по отношению друг к другу; b) подытожить результаты судеб­ного расследования для присяж­ных; c) не иметь квалификации юриста; d) в суде председательствует …; e) направлять серьёзные дела и апелляции; f) рассматривать мелкие правонару­шения; g) консультироваться у юридически квалифицированного служащего; h) заслушивать ограниченное число апелляций; i) иметь дело с незаконными дейст­виями, наносящими вред обществу; j) определять статьи законы; k) апелляции по вопросам закона; l) вопросы права и судебного производства

---

7. Use prepositions correctly in the following fragments of the sentences:

1. 
   It’s pyramidal … structure
   
2. 
   It’s the highest court … English law
   
3. 
   It is the Supreme Court … criminal cases …Scotland
   
4. 
   Because … the doctrine … Parliamentary sovereignty
   
5. 
   They are not subject … term limits
   
6. 
   To remove smb … office … the advice of the Prime Minister
   
7. 
   It hears cases … the Court …Appeal
   
8. 
   The wrongful acts are harmful … society
   
9. 
   To declare oneself not guilty … a crime
   
10. 
    To appeal … the sentence
    
11. 
    A person charged … the police … an offense is sent … a Magistrate’s Court
    
12. 
    To advise smb … points of law -- to decide … points of law
    

8. Answer the following questions:

1. 
   How is the judicial system of GB organized?
   
2. 
   What body is the highest court in England?
   
3. 
   What Lords is the highest judicial power composed of?
   
4. 
   Who is the House of Lords presided over by?
   
5. 
   Who is the Highest Judge?
   
6. 
   What cases do the House of Lords hear?
   
7. 
   What appeals does the Court of Appeal hear?
   
8. 
   What jurisdiction do the English courts have?
   
9. 
   What acts are criminal courts concerned with?
   
10. 
    What kind of cases are civil courts concerned with?
    
11. 
    What courts does the criminal jurisdiction include?
    
12. 
    Who does the Crown Court consist of?
    
13. 
    What are the functions of a judge in the Crown Court?
    
14. 
    How many people is a jury composed of?
    
15. 
    What cases does the Crown Court deal with?
    
16. 
    Who are the Magistrates’ Courts presided over by?
    
17. 
    Do Justices of the Peace have legal qualification?
    
18. 
    Who are they advised by on the points of law and procedure?
    
19. 
    What cases do the Magistrates’ Courts deal with?
    
20. 
    Where do the Magistrates’ Courts refer serious cases and appeals to?
    

9. Read text 2 for more information about the judiciary system of the UK.

How Does Judiciary Work?

A.: In what does statute law differ from common law?

B.: Statute laws are made by Parliament or other bodies acting on its behalf (от его имени), while common laws have developed from the decisions based on custom and precedent.

A.: If a man commits a crime, he is sent to a magistrates’ court. How does it work? Who presides over it?

B.: Magistrates’ courts deal with minor offenses. They are presided over by two kinds of magistrates or justices of the peace (JPs for short): lay magistrates who are unpaid, often without legal qualifications and a few stipendiary magistrates who are full-time and legally qualified.

A.: But isn’t it a bit risky if a case is heard and decided by a judge who has no special legal qualifications?

B.: I’d like to remind you (хотел бы вам напомнить) that, on their appointment, lay magistrates are given basic legal training and in their work they are advised on points of law and procedure by a legally qualified clerk

A.:And what courts hear more serious cases?

B.: More serious criminal cases are heard in the Crown Court. Civil cases of lesser value, importance and complexity are tried by County Courts. The High Court deals principally with more substantial and complex civil cases.
10. Role-play the conversation with your partner. Reproduce this interview as close to the original as possible.
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
1. Read and translate the text:

The British Judiciary

Actually (в действительности) there is no such thing as the Ministry of Justice in Britain. The things that such a ministry takes care of in other countries are shared (делятся) between a number of authorities, in particular, the Home Office, which administers prisons and supervises (контролирует) the police, and the office of the Lord Chancellor, which oversees (следит за) the appointment of judges, magistrates and other legal officers.

---

If it is someone’s first offence, and the crime is a small one, even a guilty person is often unconditionally discharged (освобождается). He or she is set free without punishment.

The next step up the ladder (следующая ступенька вверх по лестнице) is a conditional discharge. This means that the guilty person is set free but if he or she commits another crime within a stated time, the first crime will be taken into account (будет принят в зачет). He or she may also be put on probation (условное осуждение), which means that regular meetings with a social worker must take place.

There is no death penalty in Great Britain, except for treason. It was abolished (отменена) for all other offences in 1969. Although public opinion polls often show the majority of MPs has always been against it. For murderers, there is an obligatory life sentence. However, “life” does not normally mean life.

CONVERSATION & WRITING PRACTICE
1. TranslatethefollowingfromRussianintoEnglishinwriting:

1. В королевском суде председательствует профессиональный су­дья – барристер или солиситор. 2. Статуты принимаются, как пра­вило, парламентом. 3. Лицо, обвиненное в совершении преступле­ния, направляется в магистратский суд. 4. Магистратские судьи мо­гут быть как профессиональными судьями, так и не имеющими про­фессиональной подготовки. 5. Магистратские судьи без правового образования иначе называются мировыми судьями. 6. Парламент и другие органы, действующие от его имени, несут ответственность за принятие законов. 7. Магистратские суды имеют дело с определен­ными мелкими нарушениями. 8. Высокий Суд Правосудия является как судом первой инстанции, так и апелляционным судом.

2. Learn to structure a summary:

КАКПОДГОТОВИТЬРЕФЕРАТ

1. Прочитайте внимательно текст, предложенный для реферирования. Выясните значения неизвесных слов по словарю. Определите структуру данного текста.

2. Перечитайте текст заново, разбейте его на логические подразделы (часто они соответствуют авторской разбивке на параграфы). Выделите ключевые мысли и слова.

3. Каждую основную мысль сформулируйте одним предложением.

4. Сформулируйте тезис, отражающий главную мысль (идею) всего текста.

5. Напишите черновик реферата, включив туда главную идею текста, предложения с основными мыслями и существенными деталями, при этом избегайте включение несущественной информации, мелких деталей и повторения. Старайтесь давать информацию в обобщенной форме.

---

6. Сравните полученный реферат с оригиналом на предмет полноты и точности. Отредактируйте черновик, вставьте связки, чтобы сделать реферат более логичным и последовательным, проверьте стиль, правописание и пунктуацию.

a) Speak on the information contained in text 3 along the following lines:

1. 
   Is there the Ministry of Justice in the UK?
   
2. 
   What are the functions of the Home Office?
   
3. 
   What are the functions of the Office of the Lord Chancellor?
   
4. 
   What usually happens to a first offender?
   
5. 
   When will the first offence be taken into account?
   
6. 
   What is in store for an offender who was put on probation?
   
7. 
   Is there death penalty in GB?
   
8. 
   Since when has it been abolished?
   
9. 
   What’s the attitude of the majority of MPs to the abolition of death penalty?
   
10. 
    Who is given life sentence?
    
11. 
    What do you make of the phrase ““life” does not normally mean life”?
    

b) Make up a plan of text 3 as a preparation for retelling:

1. 
   How many parts can you divide the text into?
   
2. 
   What are their names/subheadings?
   
3. 
   Arrange logically the following points:
   

- to be unconditionally discharged

- types of punishment

- a conditional discharge

- to be put on probation.

4. 
   Is there a “death penalty” problem in the UK? What is it?
   

c) Retell the text in short. Make use of the phrases given below.

3. 
   Learn the following phrases:
   

Giving further information Furthermore, .... An additional point is .... Another point is .... A further point is .... A similar point is .... In addition, .... Moreover, .... Similarly, .... Apart from ..., .... Not only ., but .... We can add .... I could add that .... Further, .... As well as....... Besides, .... ..., as well; ..., too; ..., also.

Giving background information As we know, .... As we have already seen, .... As we have all read, .... It's clear that, .... It goes without saying, .... We all understand, .... It is understood, .... You’ll remember, ....

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