3. Role-play the dialogue of text 3 with your partner. Use the phrases above.

UNIT 2

The United States Constitution

1. Grammar Focus:	The Passive (cont.)
2. Topic Activities (Reading & Speaking):	.Text 1. The US Constitution Text 2. The Bill of Rights Text 3. The American Constitution
3. Conversation & Writing Practice:	.Ways of Adding Extra Information

GRAMMAR FOCUS

Структура предложений со сказуемым в страдательном залоге

Affirmative (Утвердительные)
s ubject подлежащее e.g. The car The car The car The car	v erb соответствующая видовременная форма сказуемого isserved is being server has been served will have been served			a gent исполнитель действия (по ситуации) by an expert. by an expert. by an expert. by an expert.
Interrogative (Вопросительные)
1 -st auxiliary verb 1-й вспомогательный глагол e.g. Is Is Has Will		s ubject подлежащее the car the car the car the car	v erb(s) оставшаяся часть соответ­ствующей видовременной формы сказуемого served? being served? been served? have been served?

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Negative (Отрицательные)
s ubject подлежащее e.g. The car The car The car The car	1-st auxiliary verb + not 1-й вспомогательный глагол is not is not has not will not	v erb(s) оставшаяся часть соответ­ствующей видовременной формы сказуемого served. being served. been served. have been served.

1. Practice writing questions in the passive:

1. 
   Peter was born in a small town.
   
2. 
   The girl is not allowed to stay out later than 10 p.m.
   
3. 
   G.E. Hoover was appointed the Head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
   
4. 
   This cover letter is not well written.
   
5. 
   A curriculum vitae is used when you are applying for a senior position.
   
6. 
   The first Metropolitan Police Force was started with 3000 officers.
   
7. 
   Today London Police are quite well paid.
   
8. 
   The salary will be reviewed at the end of the year.
   
9. 
   The salary is reviewed every month in this firm.
   
10. 
    Public transport may be very crowded in the rush hour.
    
11. 
    All the cadets are being medically examined now.
    
12. 
    The applicant for promotion has been interviewed twice.
    

2. Role-play in pairs the dialogue in the following situation:

Detective Bailey is talking to a police officer about a burglary which happened early yesterday morning.

Ask and answer questions using the prompts below, as in the example:

Detective: Police officer: e.g. Detective: Police officer: Detective: Police officer: Detective: Police officer: Detective: Police officer: Detective: Police officer: Detective: Police officer: Detective: Police officer:

Have you dusted the house for fingerprints yet? (the house / dust / for fingerprints yesterday) Yes, the house was dusted for fingerprints yesterday. Have you found any evidence yet? (a piece of material / find / this morning) Have you interviewed the house owner yet? (they / interview / last night) Have you questioned the neighbours yet? (they / question / already) Have you arrested any suspects yet? (two men / arrest / yesterday evening) Have you interrogated the suspects yet? (they / interrogated / last night) Have you recovered the stolen goods yet? (they / recover / this morning) Have you written your report yet? (it / complete / in an hour)

Примечание: В некоторых предложениях глаголы sell, wash, wear, bake, read в пассивном значении употребляются в форме действительного залога. e.g. The pie is still baking. Пирогвсёещёпечётся. This cloth washes and wears well. Эта ткань хорошо стирается и носится. Иногда в разговорной речи в страдательном залоге используют глагол to get вместо глагола to be, сообщая о чём-то случайном, неожиданном, незапланированном: e.g. The child got run over by a car while he was crossing the street. Ребёнка сбила машина, когда он переходил дорогу.

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3. Analyze the use of the Passive in the following sentences, then translate them:

1) Detective stories sell well. 2) The suspects are being questioned.
3) The dog got run over by a cat. 4) Latin is taught at this school. 5) Ann got offered a good job quite by chance. 6) John has been promoted to senior manager. 7) My new white dress was totally ruined! 8) There was a fight at the party but nobody got hurt. 9) How did that window get broken? 10) Two teenagers were seriously injured in a car accident last night. 11) If you want to break the law, make sure that you don’t get caught. 12) These tennis courts don’t get used often. Not many people want to play. 13) The cows are milked twice a day. 14) Wine is made all over the world, but no two wines ever taste the same. 15) A new cinema is being built over there. 16) Criminals are always punished for their crimes. 17) The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.
18) The report reads well, but it doesn’t cover the most important points.

The Passive of Modal Verbs

Модальные глаголы в страдательном залоге

modal verb +	i nfinitive in the passive	s imple infinitive действие в настоящем и будущем This problem can be solved = Этупроблемуможнорешить. perfect infinitive действие в прошлом The problem must have been solved yesterday = Этупроблемунадобылорешитьвчера.
Перевод: безличным предложением с инфинитивом после модальных глаголов: The house can be built. Дом можно построить. Hemustbeasked. Его должны спросить.

4. Read and translate the sentences with modal verbs and passive infinitives:

1. 
   Grey walls can be brightened up with graffiti.
   
2. 
   Judges must be elected on the basis of their qualification.
   
3. 
   The crime must have been investigated more thoroughly.
   
4. 
   My bicycle has disappeared. It must have been stolen.
   
5. 
   There is a road accident. A driver can be hurt. An ambulance should be phoned for.
   
6. 
   The driver is badly hurt. He must be taken to hospital.
   
7. 
   The room should have been cleaned two hours ago.
   
8. 
   The football match shouldn’t have been played in such bad weather.
   
9. 
   The book must be returned tomorrow.
   
10. 
    The young “graffers” must have been punished.
    
11. 
    This mistake can be forgiven.
    
12. 
    What is done cannot be undone.
    
13. 
    Lost time can never be found again.
    
14. 
    The fire can have been caused by an electric fault.
    
15. 
    Criticism should be well founded.
    
16. 
    You can’t wash this dress. It must be dry-cleaned.
    
17. 
    He never broke a promise in his life. He could always be relied on.
    
18. 
    She is always breaking things in the kitchen! She must be spoken to about her carelessness.
    
19. 
    The child is very ill. The doctor must be sent for.
    
20. 
    This secret must not be revealed to anyone.
    

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Changing from Active into Passive

Преобразование действительного залога в страдательный

Active	1 subject C olumbus	2 a ctive verb discovered	3 object America
Passive	3 subject America	2 p assive verb was discovered	1 a gent by Columbus
NB! Объектные местоимения преобразуются в личные: e.g. He gave this book to me. I was given this book. С глаголами (ask, award, bring, buy, feed, grant, hand, give, lend, offer, pay, pass, post, promise, show, sell, send, show, take, teach, tell, throw, write), которые сочетаются с 2-мя дополнениями, можно образовать два варианта пассивной конструкции. 1 ) Tomwas offered a good job. e .g. The firm offered Toma good job. 2) A good jobwas offered to Tom. Первый вариант применяется чаще. Только один вариант пассивной конструкции возможен с глаголами announce, dictate, describe, explain, mention, point out, read, repeat. e.g. The rulewas explained to us. The bookwas read to me. The placewas described to them.

5. Change from the active into the passive:

1) They are tuning my piano at the moment. 2) The guests ate all the sandwiches and drank all the lemonade. They left nothing. 3) She didn’t introduce me to her mother. 4) Visitors leave umbrellas and sticks in the cloakroom. 5) They waste a lot of time discussing unimportant things. 6) The examiner will read the passage three times. 7) People often take him for his brother. 8) They will see him off at the airport. 9) They sent me full details of the job. 10) They offer a free sightseeing trip to all passengers. 11) They brought her the news of their success yesterday evening. 12) The teacher has repeated the sentence to us twice. 13) I don’t like people pointing at me. 14) Who built the Pyramids? 15) The police are questioning the suspect. 16) Did your next-door neighbours see the thieves? 17) A lot of children use computers nowadays. 18) They won’t have completed the work by the end of the month. 19) The people hope that the President will take control of the situation. 20) Someone should tell Peter to stop being rude to people.

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6. Rewrite the following passages in the passive:

A. Someone broke into the National Gallery late last night. The thieves had broken the alarm system before they climbed through a window. They stole some priceless works of art. They used a getaway car to escape. The police have questioned some suspects. They have not caught the thieves yet. The press has given much publicity to the burglary.

B. A few days ago someone stole Keith Dunn’s motorbike. Keith had left his motorbike outside his house. Keith reported to the police. The police told him they would try to find his motorbike. This morning, the police called Keith and asked him to go to the police station. They had found his motorbike. The thieves had painted it and sold it to someone else. The new owner had parked the motorbike outside the police station. The police arrested the thieves.

TOPIC ACTIVITIES

READING & SPEAKING
1. Learn the following words:

to trump	превосходить, быть более важным
prior to	до
preamble	преамбула
constitution	конституция
creation	создание
to govern	управлять
Articles of Confederation	Статьи о конфидерации
subordinate	подчиненный
purpose	цель
to preserve	сохранять
to emanate	исходить
checks and balances	сдержки и противовесы
whereby	посредством которого
branch of power	ветвь власти
to abuse	злоупотреблять
trade	торговля
Navy	ВМФ
foreign affairs	иностранные дела
the Bill of Rights	Биль о правах
to retain	сохранять, оставлять
to vote	голосовать
to propose	цель
inherent	присущий, заложенный
circumstance	обстоятельство, условие
amendment	поправка
dual	двойственный
concise	краткий
issue	вопрос
current	текущий, современный
event	событие
to infer	выводить
the Supreme Court	Верховный суд
to exercise	использовать
ruling	постановление, решение
invalid	недействительный
inconsistency	несоответствие
to adopt	принимать (о законе)

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