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107
come
came
come
cost
cost
cost
creep
crept
crept
cut
cut
cut
deal
dealt
dealt
dig
dug
dug
do
did
done
draw
drew
drawn
dream
dreamt /dreamed
dreamt /dreamed
drink
drank
drunk
drive
drove
driven
eat
ate
eaten
fall
fell
fallen
feed
fed
fed
feel
felt
felt
fight
fought
fought
find
found
found
fly
flew
flown
forbid
forbade/ forbad
forbidden
forecast
forecast/forecasted
forecast/ forecasted
foresee
foresaw
foreseen
foretell
foretold
foretold
forget
forgot
forgotten
forgive
forgave
forgiven
freeze
froze
frozen
get
got
got,
gotten
give
gave
given
go
went
gone
grow
grew
grown
hang
hung/ hanged
hung/ hanged
have
had
had
hear
heard
heard
hide
hid
hidden/ hid
hit
hit
hit
108
hold
held
held
hurt
hurt
hurt
keep
kept
kept
kneel
knelt
knelt
knit
knit /knitted
knit /knitted
know
knew
known
lay
laid
laid
lead
led
led
learn
learnt/ learned
learnt/ learned
leave
left
left
lend
lent
lent
let
let
let
lie
lay
lain
light
lit/ lighted
lit/ lighted
lose
lost
lost
make
made
made
mean
meant
meant
meet
met
met
melt
melted
melted/ molten
mislead
misled
misled
misspell
misspelt/misspeled
misspelt/misspeled
mistake
mistook
mistaken
misunderstand
misunderstood
misunderstood
mow
mowed
mown/ mowed
overcome
overcame
overcome
overdo
overdid
overdone
overhear
overheard
overheard
oversleep
overslept
overslept
overtake
overtook
overtaken
overthrow
overthrew
overthrown
pay
paid
paid
prove
proved
proved/proven
put
put
put
read
read
read
109
repay
repaid
repaid
rid
rid/ ridden
rid/ ridden
ride
rode
ridden
ring
rang
rung
rise
rose
risen
run
ran
run
saw
sawed
sawn /sawed
say
said
said
see
saw
seen
seek
sought
sought
sell
sold
sold
send
sent
sent
set
set
set
sew
sewed
sewn
shake
shook
shaken
shave
shaved
shaved/ shaven
shine
shone
shone
shoot
shot
shot
show
showed
shown /showed
shrink
shrank/ shrunk
shrunk/ shrunken
shut
shut
shut
sing
sang
sung
sink
sank
sunk/ sunken
sit
sat
sat
sleep
slept
slept
slide
slid
slid/ slidden
sling
slung
slung
smell
smelt
smelt
sow
sowed
sown/sowed
speak
spoke
spoken
speed
sped/ speeded
sped/ speeded
spell
spelt/ spelled
spelt/ spelled
spend
spent
spent
spill
spilt /spilled
spilt /spilled
110
spin
spun, span
spun
spit
spat
spat
split
split
split
spoil
spoilt/ spoiled
spoilt/ spoiled
spread
spread
spread
spring
sprang
sprung
stand
stood
stood
steal
stole
stolen
stick
stuck
stuck
sting
stung
stung
stink
stank/ stunk
stunk
strike
struck
struck/ stricken
string
strung
strung
strive
strove
striven.
swear
swore
sworn
sweep
swept
swept
swell
swelled
swollen/ swelled
swim
swam
swum
swing
swung
swung
take
took
taken
teach
taught
taught
tear
tore
torn
tell
told
told
think
thought
thought
throw
threw
thrown
tread
trod
trodden
understand
understood
understood
undertake
undertook
undertaken
wake
woke
woken
wear
wore
worn
weave
wove
woven
weep
wept
wept
win
won
won
wind
winded/ wound
winded/ wound
111
withdraw
withdrew
withdrawn
write
wrote
written
Appendix 3:
Word Formation
Word formation: Prefixes
When you are reading, you will come across unfamiliar words. It is often possible to guess the
meanings of these words if you understand the way words in English are generally formed.
prefix→ stem ←suffix
An English word can be divided into three parts: a prefix, a stem, and a suffix.
Pre
- means
'before'. A prefix, therefore, is what comes before the stem. Consider, as an example, the prefix
de-
(meaning 'reduce' or 'reverse') in a word like demagnetize (meaning 'to deprive of magnetism'). A
suffix is what is attached to the end of the stem. Consider, as an example, the suffix
-er
(meaning
'someone who') in programmer ('a person who programs').
Suffixes change the word from one part of speech to another. For example,
-ly
added to the
adjective
quick
gives the adverb
quickly.
Prefixes, on the other hand, usually change the meaning
of the word. For example,
un-
changes a word to the negative. Unmagnetizable means 'not capable
of being magnetized'.
Let us now consider some prefixes, their usual meanings, and how they change the meanings of
English words.
Prefixes
Negative and
positive
Size
Location
Time and order
Number
un-
semi-
inter-
pre-
mono-
non-
mini-
super-
ante-
bi-
in-
micro-
trans-
fore-
hex-
dis-
ex-
post-
oct-
re-
extra-
multi-
peri-
1.
Negative and positive prefixes
Negative prefixes
prefix
meaning
example
un-
unmagnetized
in-
incomplete
im-
impossible
il-
illegal
ir-
not
irregular, irrelevant
non-
not connected with
non-programmable
mis-
misdirect