ВУЗ: Не указан
Категория: Не указан
Дисциплина: Не указана
Добавлен: 06.04.2021
Просмотров: 1489
Скачиваний: 6
112
mal-
bad, wrong
malfunction
opposite feeling
disagree
dis-
opposite action
disconnect
anti-
against
antiglare
de-
reduce, reverse
demagnetize, decode
under-
too little
underestimate
Positive prefixes
prefix
meaning
example
re-
do again
reorganize
over-
too much
overloaded
2. Prefixes of size:
prefix
meaning
example
semi-
half, partly
semisphere
equi-
equal
equidistant
mini-
small
minicomputer
micro-
very small
microcomputer
macro-
macroeconomics
mega-
large, great
megabyte
3. Prefixes of location:
prefix
meaning
example
inter-
between, among
interface, interactive
super-
over
supersonic
trans-
across
transmit, transfer
ex-
out
exclude, extrinsic
extra-
beyond
extraordinary
sub-
under
subschema
infra-
below
infra-red
peri-
around
peripheral
4. Prefixes of time and order:
prefix
meaning
example
ante-
antecedent
pre-
before
prefix
prime-
first
primary, primitive
post-
after
postdated
retro-
backward
retroactive
5. Prefixes of numbers:
prefix
meaning
example
semi-
half
semicircle
mono-
one
monochromatic
bi-
two
binary
113
tri-
three
triangle
quad-
four
quadruple
penta-
five
pentagon
hex-
six
hexadecimal
sept(em)-
seven
September
oct-
eight
octal
dec-
ten
decimal
multi-
many
multiplexor
6. Other Prefixes:
prefix
meaning
example
before, in advance
program,
pro-
forward
progress
auto-
self
automatic
co-
co-ordinate
con-
together, with
connect
EXERCISE 1. Read the following sentences and circle the prefixes. For each word that has a
prefix, try to decide what the prefix means. Refer back to the table if you need help.
1.
Floppy disks are inexpensive and reusable.
2.
If a printer malfunctions, you should check the interface cable.
3.
The multiplexor was not working because someone had disconnected it by mistake.
4.
Improper installation of the antiglare shield will make it impossible to read what is on the
screen.
5.
After you transfer text using the 'cut and paste' feature, you may have to reformat the text
you have inserted.
6.
You can maximize your chances of finding a job if you are bilingual or even trilingual.
7.
Peripheral devices can be either input devices (such as keyboards) or output devices (such
as printers).
8.
Your pay rise is retroactive to the beginning of June and you will receive a biannual bonus.
9.
The octal and hexadecimal systems are number systems used as a form of shorthand in
reading groups of four binary digits.
10.
As the results are irregular, the program will have to be rewritten.
EXERCISE 2. Fill in the gaps with the correct prefix from the following list.
auto
de
dec
inter
maxi
mega
micro
mini
mono
multi
semi
sub
1.
Most people prefer a colour screen to a ______ chrome screen.
2.
_____script is a character or symbol written below and to the right of a number or
letter, often used in science.
3.
A ____byte equals approximately one million bytes.
4.
Once you finish your program, you will have to test it and ______bug it to remove all
114
the mistakes.
5.
The introduction of _____conductor technology revolutionized the computer industry.
6.
If a computer system has two or more central processors which are under
common control, it is called a ________processor system.
7.
The _____imal system is a number system with a base of 10.
8.
When the user and the computer are in active communication on a graphics
system, we refer to this as ______active graphics.
Word formation: Suffixes
We have already seen how prefixes can change the meaning of a word. Let us now consider some
suffixes, their usual meanings, and how they change the meanings of English words.
Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
-ance
-ence
-or/-er
-ist
-ness
-ize
-ate
-fy
-en
-ify
-able
-ible
-less
-ic
-ical
-ish
-ive
-ly
Noun-forming suffixes
suffix
meaning
example
-ance
state
performance
-ence
quality of
independence
-er / -or
a person who
a thing which
programmer, operator,
compiler, accumulator
-ist / -yst
a person who
analyst, typist
-ian
pertaining to
electrician
-tion / -ation
the act of
compilation
-ness
condition of
readiness
-ion
action/state
conversion
-ing
activity
multiplexing
-ment
state/action
measurement
-ity
state/quality
electricity
-ism
condition/state
magnetism
-dom
domain/condition
freedom
-ship
condition/state
relationship, partnership
Verb-forming suffixes
suffix
meaning
example
-ize/ -ise
computerize
-ate
automate, activate, calculate
-ify
simplify
-en
to make
harden, widen
115
Adverb-forming suffix
suffix
meaning
example
-ly
In the manner of
Electronically, logically, comparably
Adjective-forming suffixes
suffix
meaning
example
-al
computational, logical
-ar
circular
-ic
magnetic, automatic
-ical
having the quality of
electrical
-able
comparable
-ible
capable of being
divisible
-ous
like, full of
dangerous
-ful
characterized by
helpful
-less
without
careless
-ish
like
yellowish
-ed
computed
-ive
having the quality of
interactive
Note
: Words ending in
-ing
are formed from verbs. The
-ing
form may be used as a noun, part of
a noun phrase, or part of a verb.
Examples:
Programming is an interesting job.
(noun)
Programming in C is interesting,
(part of noun phrase)
He is working as a programmer,
(part of verb)
EXERCISE 1. Read the following sentences and circle the suffixes. Underline the stem if it
can be used on its own. The first one has been done for you.
1.
A programm
er
designs, writes, and tests programs for perform
ing
various tasks on a
comput
er
.
2.
A systems analyst studies organizational systems and decides what action needs to be taken
to maximize efficiency.
3.
Software developers are producing increasingly sophisticated applications for a growing
global market.
4.
Turning your office into a paperless environment may be expensive at the beginning but
produce big savings in the long run.
Now, for each word that has a suffix, indicate what part of speech the word is (e.g. noun,
verb, etc.)
116
Использованная литература
1.
Голицинский Ю.Б. Грамматика : Сб. упр. / Ю.Б. Голицинский, Н.А.
Голицинская. – СПб. : Каро, 2005. – 540 с.
2.
Романова Л. И. Практическая грамматика английского языка / Л.И.
Романова. – М. : Айрис Пресс, 2003. – 378 с.
3.
Collins Cobuild Student’s Grammar. – London : HarperCollings Publishers,
1996. – 263 p.
4.
Evans V. CPE Use of English / V. Evans. – Swansea : Express Publishing,
1998. – 296 p.
5.
Evans V. Enterprise Grammar 4 / V. Evans, J. Dooley. – Swansea : Express
Publishing, 2000. – 159 p.
6.
Finnie R., Frain C., Hill D.A., Thomas K. Top Grammar / R. Finnie, C. Frain,
D.A. Hill, K. Thomas – Helbling Languages, 2010. – 374 p.
7.
Hewings M. Advanced Grammar in Use / M. Hewings. – 2nd edition. –
Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2005. – 294 p.
8.
Murphy R. English Grammar in Use / R. Murphy. – 2nd edition. –
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. – 350 p.
9.
Saakyan A. S. Exercises in Modern English Grammar / А.S. Saakyan. – М. :
Айрис Пресс, 2001. – 444 с.
10.
Swan M. How English Works / M. Swan, C. Walter. – Oxford : Oxford
University Press, 1997. – 358 p.
11.
Thompson A.J. A Practical English Grammar. Exercises 2 / A.J. Thomson,
A.V. Martinet. – 3d edition. – Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2001. – 199
p.
12.
Vince M. Advanced Language Practice / M. Vince. – Boston : Macmillan,
2007. – 326 p.