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46
ɩɨɪɨɞ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɣ ɚɧɬɟɤɥɢɡɵ
,
ɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɢɧɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬ
-
ɧɹɤɚɯ
,
ɚ ɜ ɦɟɥɟ
.
Ɉɧɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ
,
ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɹɦ ɩɨɞ
-
ɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɲɚɬɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɰɨɜɵɟ ɯɨɥɦɵ
.
ɉɢɫɱɢɣ ɦɟɥ
,
ɤɚɤ ɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬ
-
ɧɹɤ
, –
ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɚɹ
,
ɤɚɪɫɬɭɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ
,
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ
ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɦɟɫɬ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ
.
ȼɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ
,
ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɟ
ɤɥɢɦɚɬɟ
,
ɩɨɱɜɚɯ
,
ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚ
.
Ʌɟɬɨ ɩɪɨ
-
ɯɥɚɞɧɟɟ
,
ɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɥɚɝɨɣ ɥɭɱɲɟ
,
ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ
-
ɫɬɹɯ
.
Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɝɨɞ
500–600
ɦɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ
,
ɚ
ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
.
ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɟɫɟɧɢɹ
ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ
-
ɡɚɩɚɞɟ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɫɟɪɵɟ
ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ
,
ɚ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ
–
ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɪ
-
ɧɨɡɟɦɵ
.
ȼ Ȼɟɥɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɟ
,
ɟɫɥɢ ɞɜɢ
-
ɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɡɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤ
,
ɩɨɞ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢɧɨɣ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɢ
-
ɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ
,
ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɤ ɬɭɱɧɵɦ
.
ɇɟɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɝɭɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɨ
-
ɛɚɥɨɱɧɚɹ
ɫɟɫɬɶ
.
ɇɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ
,
ɜɛɥɢɡɢ Ⱦɨɧɚ
,
ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
0,5–1,2
ɤɦ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɚɠ
-
ɞɵɣ
1
ɤɦ
2
.
ɗɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɚɹ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ
.
Ɉɱɟɧɶ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɦɵɬɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ
.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ
.
Ʌɟɫɚɦɢ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɝɚɱɟ
,
ɱɟɦ
ɉɪɢɞɧɟɩɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ Ɉɤɫɤɨ
-
Ⱦɨɧɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɚ
.
ȼɫɸ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ
-
ɡɚɩɚɞ
-
ɧɭɸ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶ ɟɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɥɢ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɵ
,
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɜ
Ɍɭɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɫɟɤɚɯ
.
ɗɬɚ ɫɬɚɪɚɹ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚ
,
ɞɚɜɧɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɚɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ
,
ɪɚɧɟɟ
ɜɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɡɚɫɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɬɵ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ
.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɥɟɫɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ
.
ɉɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɭɝ
-
ɧɟɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɚɣɪɚɱɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ
.
ȼ Ɍɢɦɫɤɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɩɨ
ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɚɦ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɵ ɨɫɢɧɨɜɨ
-
ɞɭɛɨɜɵɟ ɤɭɫɬɵ
.
Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ
ɝɨɪɧɵɟ ɦɟɥɨɜɵɟ ɛɨɪɵ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
-
ɫɬɶɸ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
.
ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɨɧɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɥɢɲɶ
ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ
.
Ʌɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɹɹ
–
ɞɨɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ
.
Ɏɥɨɪɚ ɟɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɚ ɪɟ
-
ɥɢɤɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ
. «
ɋɬɪɚɧɚ ɠɢɜɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ
» –
ɬɚɤ ɢɡ
-
ɡɚ ɨɛɢɥɢɹ ɪɟɥɢɤ
-
ɬɨɜ ɧɚɡɜɚɥ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɭɸ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ Ȼ
.
Ɇ
.
Ʉɨɡɨ
-
ɉɨɥɹɧɫɤɢɣ
.
ȼ ɱɢɫɥɟ
ɪɟɥɢɤɬɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ
–
ɜɨɥɱɟɹɝɨɞɧɢɤ ɋɨɮɢɢ
(Da
ɪ
hn
ɟ
Sophia)
ɢ ɨɛɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɚɥɶɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɚ ɝɨɪ
–
ɩɪɨɥɨɦɧɢɤ ɦɨɯɧɚɬɵɣ
(
Ⱥ
ndrosa
ɫɟ
villosa)
.
ȼ Ʌɢɩɟɰɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɚ ɫ
ɪɟɥɢɤɬɨɜɨɣ ɮɥɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɵɦɢ
(
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ
«
Ƚɚɥɢɱɶɹ ɝɨɪɚ
»)
.
ɂɡ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɟɪɜɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɝɚɬɟɣɲɟɟ
ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɪɭɞ
,
ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɤ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨ
-
47
ɪɨɞɚɦ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɣ ɚɧɬɟɤɥɢɡɵ
, –
Ʉɭɪɫɤɚɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɹ
.
ɋ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ Ȼɟɥɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɢ Ʉɭɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɧɨ
-
ɜɵɯ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ
–
ɤɚɪɶɟɪɧɨ
-
ɨɬɜɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ
.
Ʌɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶ Ɉɤɫɤɨ
-
Ⱦɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ
.
Ʌɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ Ɉɤɫɤɨ
-
Ⱦɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɹ Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ
.
ȼ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɧɢɡɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɨɥɨɬɚɦɢ ɢ
ɥɭɝɚɦɢ
.
ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɜɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɤ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɚ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɨ
-
ɥɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɥɚɧɞ
-
ɲɚɮɬ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ
.
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɷɪɨɡɢ
-
ɨɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɥɟɫɚ
.
ȼɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ Ɉɤɫɤɨ
-
Ⱦɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɵ
-
ɲɟ
160–180
ɦ ɧɚɞ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɦɨɪɹ ɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ
200
ɦ
.
ɋɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɭ ɪɵɯɥɵɟ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨ
-
ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɦɟɡɨɤɚɣɧɨɡɨɣɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ
.
Ƚɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ
,
ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ Ⱦɧɟɩ
-
ɪɨɜɫɤɢɦ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɦ
,
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɢ ɫɨ ɡɪɟɥɵɦɢ ɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ
ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ
,
ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɥɢɧɚɦɢ ɪɟɤ
.
Ȼɵɫɬ
-
ɪɨɣ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɣ ɜɪɟɡ ɞɨ
-
ɥɢɧ ɢ ɪɵɯɥɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ
.
Ɉɜɪɚɝɨɜ ɢ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɟ ɦɚɥɨ
.
Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɨɧɢ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɬɚ
-
ɤɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
,
ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
.
ɇɚ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟ ɡɚɬɪɨɧɭɬɵ ɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵ
-
ɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ
.
ɇɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɦɟɫɬɶɹɯ
(
ɩɥɚɤɨɪɚɯ
)
ɡɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɧɟɝɨɜɵɟ
ɢ ɞɨɠɞɟɜɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɝɥɭɛɶ
.
ɋɭɮɮɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɜɵ
-
ɧɨɫ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɫɥɚɛɨɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ
ɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɛɥɸɞɰɚ
.
Ɂɚɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɫ ɡɚɩɚɞɚ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ Ɉɤɫɤɨ
-
Ⱦɨɧɫɤɚɹ
ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ
– 500–
400
ɦɦ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɸɝɨ
-
ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ
.
Ɂɢɦɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢ
-
ɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɟɟ
,
ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
:
ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ
ɠɟ ɲɢɪɨɬɟ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦ ɫɧɟɠɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨ
-
ɜɨɦ ɪɚɜɟɧ
102
ɞɧɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ Ɉɪɥɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ
124
ɞɧɹɦ ɜ Ɍɚɦɛɨɜɫɤɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
.
ɉɥɨɫɤɢɣ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ
(
ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨ ɋɪɟɞɧɟ
-
ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ
)
ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɡ
-
ɜɢɬɢɸ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ
,
ɚ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɧɟɞɪɟɧɢ
-
ɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɪɟɱɶɹɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɭɝɨɜɨ
-
ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ
.
ɋɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɜ ɨɬ
-
ɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ ɧɚ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ
ɡɞɟɫɶ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɭɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɚ ɸɝ ɨɬ Ɉɤɢ
.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɩɨ
-
ɤɪɵɬɚ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦɢ
,
ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɬɭɱɧɵɦɢ
,
ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɚɦɢ
.
ɉɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɚɦ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚ
-
ɸɬɫɹ ɥɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɥɨɧɰɵ ɢ ɫɨɥɨɞɢ
.
ɉɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɪɚɫ
-
ɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɬɟɩɢ
.
ɏɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɸɠɧɨɣ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɡɞɧɨ
.
ȿɳɟ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ
XIX
ɜ
.
ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɧɭɸ ɰɟɥɢɧɭ
.
48
ɋɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɛɨɪɵ
ɧɚ ɩɟɫɤɚɯ ɧɚɞɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɚɫ ɢ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚ Ɉɤɫɤɨ
-
Ⱦɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ
.
Ɍɚɤɨɜɵ ɛɨ
-
ɪɵ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɹ ɐɧɵ
,
ɍɫɦɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɢ Ʌɢɩɟɰɤɢɣ ɧɚ ɥɟɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɟ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɚ
,
ɏɪɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɛɨɪ ɧɚ ɥɟɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɟ Ȼɢɬɸɝɚ
.
ȼ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɛɨɪɨɜ
,
ɍɫɦɚɧ
-
ɫɤɨɦ
,
ɞɚɜɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ
,
ɲɢɪɨ
-
ɤɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɝɨɥɨɜɶɹ ɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɛɪɚ ɢ ɛɥɚ
-
ɝɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɥɟɧɹ
.
ɒɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ
ɜ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɪɚɫ
-
ɱɥɟɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɹɯ ɪɟɤ
.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɨɪɧɚɹ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚ
–
Ɍɟɥɥɟɪɦɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɥɟɫ
.
Ɉɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɟ ɏɨɩɪɚ
.
Ⱦɭɛɨɜɚɹ
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ Ɍɟɥɥɟɪɦɚɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ
(
ɤɚɤ ɢ ɒɢɩɨɜɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɧɚ Ʉɚɥɚɱɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵ
-
ɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
)
ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɉɟɬɪɟ
I
ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ Ⱥɡɨɜɫɤɨ
-
ɝɨ ɮɥɨɬɚ
.
ɉɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɚɦ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɵ ɨɫɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɭɫɬɵ
.
Ƚɭɫ
-
ɬɨɣ ɨɫɢɧɧɢɤ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɱɤɚɪɧɵɦ ɛɨɥɨɬɨɦ
,
ɢɧɨɝɞɚ
ɧɟɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ ɨɡɟɪɤɨɦ
,
ɢ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɤɚɣɦɥɟɧ ɩɨɹɫɨɦ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜ
,
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɢɜɵ ɩɟɩɟɥɶɧɨɣ
(S
ɚ
li
ɯ
cinerea)
.
Ɍ
.
ɂ
.
ɉɨɩɨɜ
ɜɢɞɟɥ ɜ ɨɫɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɭɫɬɚɯ ɚɜɚɧɝɚɪɞ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɶ
.
ȿɫɬɶ
,
ɨɞɧɚ
-
ɤɨ
,
ɮɚɤɬɵ
,
ɝɨɜɨɪɹɳɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ
,
ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɨɫɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɭɫɬɵ
–
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜɵɪɭɛ
-
ɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɨɜ
.
ɇɚ ɸɝɟ Ʌɢɩɟɰɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ
ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɫɮɚɝɧɨɜɵɣ ɦɨɯ ɢ ɤɥɸɤɜɚ
.
Ɋɟɤɢ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɤɭɬ ɩɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɛɥɟɫɟɧ
-
ɧɵɦ ɩɨɣɦɚɦ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɫɬɚɪɢɰ ɢ ɨɡɟɪɤɨɜ
.
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɣɦɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ
ɏɨɩɪɚ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɏɨɩɟɪɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ
,
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɧɚ
-
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
–
ɨɯɪɚɧɚ ɜɵɯɭɯɨɥɢ
.
ɉɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ
.
ɉɨɱɜɵ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟ
-
ɫɨɜ ɜ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ ɞɨ
50
ɤɦ
ɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ ɫɦɵɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɞɟɪɧɨɜɨ
-
ɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ
,
ɚ ɧɚ ɸɝɟ
–
ɫ
ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɚɦɢ
.
ȼ ɩɨɞɡɨɧɟ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɲɢ
-
ɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ
(
Ɋɹɡɚɧɫɤɚɹ
,
Ʉɚɥɭɠɫɤɚɹ
,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ
,
Ɍɭɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫ
-
ɬɢ
),
ɚ ɜ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ
(
Ȼɟɥɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ
,
ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɞɪ
.
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
)
ɢ ɜ
ɉɪɟɞɤɚɜɤɚɡɶɟ ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ Ȼ
.
ɉ
.
Ⱥɯɬɵɪɰɟɜɚ ɬɢɩ ɫɟɪɵɯ
ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɚ
: 1)
ɩɨɞɬɢɩ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ
2)
ɩɨɞɬɢɩ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ
.
ɉɨɞɬɢɩ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ
-
ɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɝɭɦɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɞɵ
:
ɚ
)
ɫɜɟɬɥɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ
,
ɛ
)
ɫɟɪɵɟ
ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɢ ɜ
)
ɬɟɦɧɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ
.
ȼ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɟ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɜɵɞɟ
-
ɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɢɞɵ
:
ɚ
)
ɫɜɟɬɥɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ
,
ɛ
)
ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɢ ɜ
)
ɬɟɦ
-
ɧɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ
.
ȼ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɚɯ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧ
-
ɧɵɟ ɪɨɞɵ
:
ɨɛɵɱɧɵɟ
,
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɧɚ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚɯ
,
ɝɥɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɭɩɟɫɹɯ
;
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
-
ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ
–
ɧɚ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ
;
ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨ
-
ɥɭɝɨɜɵɟ
–
ɧɚ ɞɜɭɱɥɟɧ
-
ɧɵɯ ɧɚɧɨɫɚɯ
;
ɩɟɫɬɪɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ
–
ɧɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɫɬɪɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɬɨɥɳɚɯ
,
ɩɨɱɜɵ
ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɦ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
-
ɨɫɨɥɨɞɟɥɵɟ
.
49
ɉɨɞɬɢɩ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧ ɜ ɩɨɞɡɨɧɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨ
-
ɫɬɟɩɢ
(
ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
);
ɩɨɞɬɢɩ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧ ɤ
ɨɫɬɪɨɜɧɵɦ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚɦ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ
.
ȼ ɩɨɞɡɨɧɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ
–
ɩɨɥɨɫɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫ
-
ɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɯɥɚɞɧɨɟ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɟ ɥɟɬɨ
.
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ
-
ɬɭɪɚ
4
q
;
ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɹ
– 10
q
–11
q
;
ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢɸɥɹ
–
18
q
–19
q
.
ɋɭɦɦɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜɵɲɟ
10
q
ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ
2200
ɞɨ
2500
q
.
Ɉɫɚɞɤɨɜ
ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ
550–570
ɦɦ ɜ ɝɨɞ
.
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
,
ɩɨ Ƚ
.
Ɍ
.
ɋɟɥɹɧɢ
-
ɧɨɜɭ
,
ɡɚ ɦɚɣ
–
ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
1,3.
ɗɬɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɛɵɥɚ
ɫɩɥɨɲɶ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɚɦɢ ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɛɨɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɧɞ
-
ɪɨɮɥɨɪɵ
.
ɉɨɞ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɟ
,
ɫɟɪɵɟ ɢ ɬɟɦɧɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɟ
ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ
.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ
,
ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ
,
ɢɡɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ
«
Ɍɭɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɫɟɤɚɯ
»
ɛɥɢɡ əɫɧɨɣ
ɉɨɥɹɧɵ
. «
Ɍɭɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɫɟɤɢ
» –
ɷɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ
XVI
ɜ
.
ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɨɛɨ
-
ɪɨɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ
,
ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɞɭɛ ɱɟɪɟɲɱɚɬɵɣ
(Quercus
robur)
ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɩɵ ɦɟɥɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɨɣ
(Tilia cordata),
ɹɫɟɧɹ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
(Fraxinus excelsor)
ɢ ɤɥɟɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɥɢɫɬɧɨɝɨ
(Acer platanoides).
ɉɨɞ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɧɚ
-
ɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ
,
ɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɟ ɢ ɬɟɦɧɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ
.
ɋɜɟɬɥɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ
.
ɉɨ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɚ
-
ɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɤ ɞɟɪɧɨɜɨ
-
ɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɵɦ ɩɨɱɜɚɦ
.
Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨ
-
ɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɦ
25–30
ɫɦ
.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ
ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ
10-
ɫɚɧɬɢɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɟ
4,1 %
ɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ
20–30
ɫɦ
– 1,2 %.
ɋɭɦɦɚ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
– 11,2
ɢ
5,6
ɦɝ
-
ɷɤɜ
/100
ɝ
;
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ
57
ɢ
50 %;
ɪɇ
ɫɨɥ
.
4,5–4,1.
ɂɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɢɥɚ ɢ
R
2
O
3
.
ȿɝɨ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ
150
ɫɦ
.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ
0,8–0,6 %
ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɞɨ
0,3–0,4 %
ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ
,
ɪɇ
ɫɨɥ
.
3,9–4,4
ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɨɦ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ
ɨɬ
50
ɞɨ
110
ɫɦ
.
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ ɨɬ
52 %
ɜ ɫɥɨɟ
30–50
ɫɦ ɞɨ
79 %
ɜ ɫɥɨɟ
140–150
ɫɦ
,
ɚ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫ
-
ɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ
9,7
ɞɨ
15,2
ɦɝ
-
ɷɤɜ
/100
ɝ
.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɛ
-
ɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ȼ
,
ɝɞɟ ɨɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ
7–10
ɦɝ
-
ɷɤɜ
/100
ɝ
.
Ƚɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɞɨ
1–2
ɦɝ
-
ɷɤɜ
/100
ɝ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ
.
Ɂɚɩɚɫ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
130–160
ɬ
/
ɝɚ
.
ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɮɭɥɶɜɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
ɋ
ɝɤ
:
ɋ
ɮɤ
ɪɚɜɧɨ
0,4–0,6.
ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɭ
-
ɦɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ
(
ɫɥɨɣ
10–25
ɫɦ
),
ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ
1.
50
ɋɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ
.
Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ Ⱥ
1
+
Ⱥ
1
ȿ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ
30–35
ɫɦ
.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ ɨɬ
6,1
ɞɨ
1,4 %,
ɩɨɝɥɨ
-
ɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ
–
ɨɬ
14
ɞɨ
8,6
ɦɝ
-
ɷɤɜ
/100
ɝ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
–
ɨɬ
65
ɞɨ
51 %.
Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ
(
ɪɇ
KCl
4,9–4,5).
Ƚɥɭɛɠɟ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɟɬ ɢɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ȼ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ
(
ɜ
2–3
ɪɚɡɚ
ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɦ Ⱥ
)
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɚ
, R
2
O
3
ɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫ
-
ɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ
.
Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ ɢ ɪɇ
ɫɨɥ
.
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
4,3–4,5.
Ʌɢɲɶ ɝɥɭɛɠɟ
150
ɫɦ
ɪɇ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ
4,9–5,2.
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚ
-
ɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɫ
66
ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɞɨ
90 %
ɧɚ ɝɪɚ
-
ɧɢɰɟ ɫ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɦ ɋ
.
ɋɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ
1
ɦɝ
-
ɷɤɜ
/100
ɝ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɥɸ
-
ɦɢɧɢɹ
.
Ɂɚɩɚɫ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɟ
– 180–190
ɬ
/
ɝɚ
.
ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɯɨɞɟɧ ɫ
ɝɭɦɭɫɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ
.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
,
ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɯ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɝɭɦɭ
-
ɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ
,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ
-
ɧɢɣ
,
ɧɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɢɯ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢ
.
Ɍɟɦɧɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ
.
ɍ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɫ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶɸ ɝɨɪɢ
-
ɡɨɧɬɵ Ⱥ
1
+
Ⱥ
1
ȼ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ
40–45
ɫɦ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ
6,6 %.
Ʉɨɥɢ
-
ɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ
1,3 %
ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ
40–50
ɫɦ
.
ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɛɨɥɶ
-
ɲɟɣ ɝɭɦɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɫɟɪɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ
-
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɝɚɱɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ
(19–14
ɦɝ
-
ɷɤɜ
/100
ɝ ɜ ɝɨɪɢ
-
ɡɨɧɬɟ Ⱥ
1
ɢ Ⱥ
1
ȼ
)
ɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɢ
.
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɬɟɦɧɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ
:
ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪ
-
ɜɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɚɫɵ
-
ɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
61–66 %
ɜ ɝɨɪ
.
Ⱥ
1
ɞɨ
83–85 %
ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɪɨ
-
ɞɨɣ
;
ɞɥɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ
–
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɝɨɪ
.
ȼ
.
ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɪɇ ɜ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ
5,
ɜ ɝɨɪ
.
ȼ ɨɬ
4,2
ɞɨ
4,5.
Ɉɛɦɟɧ
-
ɧɵɣ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɝɨɪ
.
Ⱥ
1
ȼ ɢ ȼ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ
1–2
ɦɝ
-
ɷɤɜ
/100
ɝ
ɩɨɱɜɵ
.
Ɂɚɩɚɫ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɬɟɦɧɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
220–240
ɬ
/
ɝɚ
.
ȼ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ
,
ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɋɝɤ
:
ɋɮɤ
< 1
ɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ
A
1
B
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ
2.
Ɉɛɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɯ
,
ɫɟɪɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɦɧɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ
ɩɨɱɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɤɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ
(
ɫɨ
-
ɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɚ ɢ
R
2
O
3
ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ȼ ɜ
2–3
ɪɚɡɚ ɜɵɲɟ
,
ɱɟɦ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ Ⱥ
1
ɤɢɫɥɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ
,
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ
,
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢ
-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɚɡɨɬɨɦ
,
ɮɨɫɮɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɤɚɥɢɟɦ
.
Ɂɚɩɚɫɵ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢ
,
ɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɟɝɨ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɦ ɞɟɪɧɨɜɨ
-
ɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ
.
ɏɨɪɨɲɚɹ
ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɢɯ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ
,
ɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɝɥɟɟɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ
,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
.