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56
ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɝɭɦɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɮɭɥɶɜɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ
,
ɫɜɹ
-
ɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɟɦ
.
ɋɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ
ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ
(31
ɦɝ
-
ɷɤɜ
/100
ɝ ɜ ɝɨɪ
.
Ⱥ
1
ɢ
26 –
ɜ ɝɨɪ
.
Ⱥ
1
ȿ
)
ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɤɢɫɥɭɸ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ
.
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ
ɨɬ
70 %
ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɞɨ
90 %
ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ
1
ɦ
.
ȼɵɧɨɫ
ɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ
ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ
.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
R
2
O
3
ɜ ɝɨɪ
.
ȼ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɜ
Ⱥ
1
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ
1,3
ɪɚɡɚ
,
ɚ ɢɥɚ
–
ɜ
1,5
ɪɚɡɚ
.
Ɍɟɦɧɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ
.
ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɩɨɞ
-
ɡɨɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ
.
Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢ
-
ɡɨɧɬɨɜ
59
ɫɦ
.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ
9,4
ɜɜɟɪɯɭ ɞɨ
1,7 %
ɭ
ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ
.
Ɂɚɩɚɫ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɟ
327
ɬ
/
ɝɚ
.
Ƚɭɦɭɫ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɧ ɝɭɦɭɫɭ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ
.
Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɫɥɚɛɨɤɢɫɥɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɚɹ ɤ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ
,
ɨɧɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɵ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ
(84–92 %).
ɉɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
.
Ⱦɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɢɥɭ ɢ
R
2
O
3
ɫɥɚɛɚɹ
.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɝɨɪ
.
ȼ ɜ
1,3,
ɚ
R
2
O
3
ɜ
1,1–1,2
ɪɚɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
,
ɱɟɦ ɜ ɝɨɪ
.
Ⱥ
.
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɨ
-
ɫɬɶɸ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɨɝɥɟɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ
,
ɤɚɪ
-
ɛɨɧɚɬɵ ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ
100–125
ɫɦ
.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
,
ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɨɞɡɨɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɪɵɦɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɧɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
,
ɚ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɪɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɫɟɪɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ
–
ɧɚ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɨɜɨɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
.
Ʌɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ
.
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɚɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɟ ɬɟɦɧɨ
-
ɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɦ ɩɨɱɜɵ
,
ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɭɜ
-
ɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ
,
ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɥɚɤɨɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɨɞ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬ
-
ɧɟɣ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɛɛɨɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɚ
.
ȼ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ
ɨɛɲɢɪɧɭɸ ɡɨɧɭ
,
ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɢɡɨɜɶɟɜ Ⱦɭɧɚɹ ɞɨ Ⱥɥɬɚɹ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɨ
ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦ ɦɟɠɝɨɪɧɵɦ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɢɧɚɦ ɞɨ ɝɨɪ Ȼ
.
ɏɢɧɝɚɧɚ
.
ȼ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ
,
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ
,
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ
ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ
.
Ʉ ɸɝɭ ɢ ɸɝɨ
-
ɡɚɩɚɞɭ
,
ɫ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ
,
ɡɚɫɭɲ
-
ɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
,
ɡɢɦɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɹɝɤɢɦɢ
.
Ʉ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɭ ɢ
ɸɝɨ
-
ɜɨɫɬɨɤɭ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
,
ɚ ɡɢɦɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ
ɫɭɪɨɜɵɦɢ
.
ȼɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɟɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ
–
ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɨɣ
.
ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɞɟ
-
ɮɢɰɢɬɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɩɪɨ
-
ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜɥɚɝɨɣ
,
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɛ
-
ɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ
.
ȼɵɫɵɯɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɥɟɬɨɦ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɪ
-
ɡɚɧɢɟ ɡɢɦɨɣ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɤɢɦ ɡɚɬɭɯɚɧɢɟɦ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
,
57
ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
,
ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɸ
(
ɤɨɧɞɟɧ
-
ɫɚɰɢɢ
)
ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ
,
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɢɯ ɜ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ
,
ɫɜɹ
-
ɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɟɦ
,
ɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɝɭɦɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟ
-
ɧɢɣ
.
ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ ɝɭɦɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɞ
ɮɭɥɶɜɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ
,
ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɝɭɦɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚ
-
ɫɬɶɸ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɟɣ
,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɟɦ
.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ
ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
(
ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ
,
ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɵ
,
ɯɥɨɪɢɞɵ ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ
)
ɢ ɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɚ
-
ɛɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɥɸɦɨɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ
.
Ƚɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ
(
ɜ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɦ
«
ɬɢɩɨɦɨɪɮɧɨɦ
»
ɜɢɞɟ
)
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɹɫɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɬɨɥɳɟɣ
(
ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɦɨɳ
-
ɧɨɫɬɢ
)
ɫ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ
,
ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɛɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɨɥɶɧɵɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
,
ɝɥɭɛɠɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɨ
-
ɢɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ
(
ɢɥɢ ɤɚɪɛɨ
-
ɧɚɬɧɨ
-
ɝɢɩɫɨɜɨ
-
ɢɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ
)
ɬɨɥɳɚ
,
ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɜ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɟɧ
-
ɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɪɨɞɭ
.
ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ
: A-AB-B(Bt,
ȼɫɚ
)-
ɋɫɚ
-(
ɋɫ
).
Ⱥ
–
ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɣ
,
ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨ ɬɟɦɧɨɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɫ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ
.
Ⱥȼ
–
ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɣ
,
ɬɟɦɧɨɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɩɨɛɭɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɢɥɢ
ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɣ
,
ɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɧɨɣ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ
.
ɂɦɟɟɬ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ
.
ȼ
–
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɤ ɩɨɪɨɞɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ
,
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɭɪɭɸ ɨɤ
-
ɪɚɫɤɭ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɡɚɬɟɱɧɨɣ
,
ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɬɨɣ ɢ ɨɫɥɚɛɟɜɚɸ
-
ɳɟɣ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɝɭɦɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ
.
ɉɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
,
ɮɨɪɦɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ȼ
1
–
ȼ
2
,
ɚ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɨɜ
ɜ ɧɟɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɝɥɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ
(Bt)
ɢɥɢ ɢɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɨ
-
ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ
(
ȼɫɚ
)
ɩɨɞɝɨ
-
ɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ
.
ɇɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɠɟ
,
ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ȼɋɫɚ
ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɟ
(
ɋɫɚ
);
ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɸɠɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɚɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɨ
-
ɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɝɢɩɫɚ
(
ɋɫ
).
Ɏɚɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɵ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ
-
ɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ
. 1.
Ɍ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɚ
1
Ɏɚɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɵ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ
Ɍɢɩ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ
ɉɨɞɬɢɩɵ
1 2 3 4
5
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ
ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɟɩɥɵɟ
ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧ
-
ɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸ
-
ɳɢɟ
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ
ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɬɟɩɥɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɪ
-
ɡɚɸɳɢɟ
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ
ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɩ
-
ɥɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɪ
-
ɡɚɸɳɢɟ
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ
ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨ
-
ɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ
–
58
Ɉ ɤ ɨ ɧ ɱ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɟ ɬ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɵ
1
1 2 3 4
5
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ
ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɟɩɥɵɟ
ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧ
-
ɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚ
-
ɸɳɢɟ
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɜɵ
-
ɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟ
-
ɩɥɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɪ
-
ɡɚɸɳɢɟ
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɜɵ
-
ɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ
ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɩ
-
ɥɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɪ
-
ɡɚɸɳɢɟ
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɜɵ
-
ɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ
ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨ
-
ɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ
ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧ
-
ɧɵɟ ɭɦɟ
-
ɪɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɢ
-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨ
-
ɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɬɢ
-
ɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɬɟɩɥɵɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ
-
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨ
-
ɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ
ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ
ɬɟɩɥɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɪ
-
ɡɚɸɳɢɟ
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɬɢ
-
ɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɭɦɟɪɟɧ
-
ɧɨ ɬɟɩɥɵɟ ɩɪɨ
-
ɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɬɢ
-
ɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɭɦɟ
-
ɪɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɪ
-
ɡɚɸɳɢɟ
–
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ
ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɟɩɥɵɟ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ
ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɬɟɩɥɵɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ
-
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨ
-
ɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ
ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ
ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɩ
-
ɥɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɪ
-
ɡɚɸɳɢɟ
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ
ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨ
-
ɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ
ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧ
-
ɧɵɟ ɭɦɟ
-
ɪɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɢ
-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨ
-
ɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ
ɸɠɧɵɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɬɟɩɥɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨ
-
ɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨ
-
ɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɸɠ
-
ɧɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɵɟ
ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ
ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɸɠ
-
ɧɵɟ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ
ɬɟɩɥɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɪ
-
ɡɚɸɳɢɟ
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɸɠ
-
ɧɵɟ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ
ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ
ɸɠɧɵɟ ɭɦɟ
-
ɪɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɢ
-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨ
-
ɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɢɞɵ
ɉɨɞɬɢɩɵ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɨɞɵ
:
ɨɛɵɱɧɵɟ
–
ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɚɯ
;
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɥɨɠɟ
-
ɧɢɸ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɦɢɫɬɵɯ ɢ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ
–
ɥɟɝɤɨ
-
ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ
,
ɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ
,
ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɨ
-
ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɯ
;
ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɸ
ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ
:
ɫɥɚɛɨɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
–
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɧɚ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɟɫɱɚ
-
ɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ
,
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɹɫɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧ
-
ɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɬɢɩɢɱɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ
(
ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ
,
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
,
ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɪ
.)
ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ
(
ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ
,
ɦɚɥɚɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ
,
ɪɟɡɤɨɟ
ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɬ
.
ɩ
.);
ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɜɫɤɢɩɚɸɳɢɟ
–
ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ
,
ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɸɠɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɫ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ
,
ɱɟɦ ɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɪɨɞɚɯ
,
ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɝɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɥɢɛɨ
ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ
;
ɛɟɫɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ
–
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ
,
ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɦ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɟɦ
(
ɦɟɧɟɟ
1 %).
ȼɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ
.
ȼɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɝɨ
-
ɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ
,
59
ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɥɚɛɨɤɢɫɥɵɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɨɟ ɤɨɥɢ
-
ɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ
.
ɉɨɱɜɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬ
-
ɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ
(
ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ
,
ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ
)
ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ
ɩɨɞɬɢɩɨɜ
;
ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ
–
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɜɫɤɢɩɚ
-
ɧɢɟɦ
,
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ
,
ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
.
Ʉɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɹɫɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɦɵ ɜ ɝɭɦɭɫɨ
-
ɜɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ
(
ɠɢɥɤɢ
,
ɦɢɰɟɥɢɣ
)
ɥɢɛɨ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɞ ɧɢɦ
;
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
-
ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ
–
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ
(
ɦɟɥ
,
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤ
,
ɦɟɪɝɟɥɶ ɢ ɞɪ
.).
ɉɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɛɵɦ ɳɟɛɧɢɫɬɵɦ ɷɥɸɜɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ
ɷɥɸɜɨ
-
ɞɟɥɸɜɢɟɦ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ
.
Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨ
-
ɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɩɨɞɩɚɯɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ
(
ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ Ⱥ
);
ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɪɵɬɵɟ
–
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɨɸɳɢɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ
;
ɫɨɥɨɧɰɟɜɚɬɵɟ
–
ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɨɥɨɧɰɟɜɚɬɵɣ ɭɩ
-
ɥɨɬɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ
Na
ɛɨɥɟɟ
5 %
ɨɬ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ
-
ɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ
;
ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɫɨɥɨɧɰɟɜɚɬɵɟ
–
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨ
-
ɥɨɧɰɟɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ
,
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɞ ɫɨɥɟɜɵɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɦ
;
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
-
ɫɨɥɨɧɰɟɜɚɬɵɟ
–
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
,
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɥɨɧɰɟɜɚɬɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɦ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ
(
ɦɟɧɟɟ
3 %
ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ
)
ɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ
;
ɨɫɨɥɨɞɟɥɵɟ
–
ɞɥɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ
:
ɛɟɥɟɫɚɹ ɩɪɢɫɵɩɤɚ ɜ ɝɭ
-
ɦɭɫɨɜɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ
,
ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɩɨɬɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ
,
ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢ
-
ɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ
,
ɨɬɧɨɫɢ
-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɟ ɥɟɝɤɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ
(
ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟ
-
ɧɢɸ ɫ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɢ
),
ɫɥɚɛɨɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ
,
ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ
Na;
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
(
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨ
-
ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɟ
) –
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ
ɪɨɞɨɜ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ
,
ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɧɨɫɨɦ ɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ ɢɡ
ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ
,
ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɛɟɥɟɫɨɣ ɩɪɢɫɵɩɤɢ
;
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
-
ɥɭɝɨɜɚɬɵɟ
–
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɪɟɱ
-
ɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɚɯ ɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɥɭɝɨɜɨɫɬɢ
,
ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɨɬ ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ
ɝɢɞɪɨɦɨɪɮɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ
(
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɝɭɦɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ
,
ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɦɨɳ
-
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ
,
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɦɧɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ
);
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɨ
-
ɝɥɟɟɜɚɬɵɟ
–
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɱɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɥɢɧɡɨɜɢɞɧɨ
–
ɫɥɨɢ
-
ɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ
,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɨɣ ɡɢɦ
-
ɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɬɵ
(
ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɫ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ
ɡɢɦɨɣ
).
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɝɥɟɟɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ
ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ
;
60
ɳɟɥɶɧɵɟ
–
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɥɨɜɚɬɨ
-
ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ
(
ɡɚɝɢɩɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ
ɡɚɤɨɪɛɨɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ
)
ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɢɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɪɟɡɤɨ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ
.
ɇɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ
1–1,5
ɦ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɝɢɩɫɚ
;
ɫɥɢɬɵɟ
–
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɧɚ ɢɥɨɜɚɬɨ
-
ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ
.
ɉɨɱɜɵ ɧɟɫɨɥɨɧɰɟɜɚ
-
ɬɵɟ
.
ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɵɯ ɮɚɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɚɯ
.
Ⱦɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɢɞɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚ
-
ɤɚɦ
:
–
ɩɨ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ
:
ɫɜɟɪɯɦɨɳɧɵɟ
(
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
120
ɫɦ
),
ɦɨɳɧɵɟ
(120–80
ɫɦ
),
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɨɳɧɵɟ
(80–40
ɫɦ
),
ɦɚɥɨɦɨɳɧɵɟ
(40–25
ɫɦ
),
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɨɦɨɳɧɵɟ
(
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ
25
ɫɦ
);
–
ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ
:
ɬɭɱɧɵɟ
(
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
9 %),
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɭɦɭɫɧɵɟ
(9–6 %),
ɦɚɥɨɝɭɦɭɫɧɵɟ
(6–4 %),
ɫɥɚɛɨɝɭɦɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
(
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ
4 %).
ȼ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɚ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ
:
ɨɩɨɞɡɨ
-
ɥɟɧɧɵɟ
,
ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ
.
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɟ
.
ɉɨɱɜɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɣ
ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɤ ɬɟɦɧɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɦ ɥɟɫɧɵɦ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɦ
ɩɨɱɜɚɦ ɢ
,
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɢɦ
,
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɝɭɦɭɫɨɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɷɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɨ
-
ɢɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɟɣ
ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ
.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɨɬɥɢɱɢ
-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ
—
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ
ɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɧɨɣ
,
ɦɭɱɧɢɫɬɨ
-
ɛɟɥɟɫɨɣ ɩɪɢɫɵɩɤɢ
,
ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɬ
-
ɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ Ⱥ ɢ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢ
-
ɡɨɧɬɚ Ⱥȼ
.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
,
ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟ
-
ɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ
:
Ⱥ
(
Ⱥɩɚɯ
+
Ⱥ
)-
Ⱥ
-
Ⱥȼ
-B(Bt)-(
ȼɫɚ
)-
ɋɫɚ
.
Ɏɚɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɵ
:
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɪ
-
ɡɚɸɳɢɟ
,
ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɩɥɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɱɟɪɧɨ
-
ɡɟɦɵ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ
.
Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵ
-
ɦɢ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ
,
ɨɫɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞ
ɩɚɲɧɸ
,
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ
.
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɢ
,
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟ
ɷɬɢɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ
,
ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ
,
ɱɟɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ
ɩɨɱɜ
,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ
,
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɨɧ
ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɜ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɨɞɡɨɧɟ
.
Ɇɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɫɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɬɟɦɧɨ
-
ɫɟɪɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɨ
-
ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ
.
ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɨɫ
-
ɜɟɬɥɟɧɚ
(
ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɚ
),
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ
ɛɟɥɟɫɨɣ ɩɪɢɫɵɩɤɢ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɧɹɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɢ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɭɦɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ Ⱥȼ
,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ Ⱥ ɢ Ⱥȼ
.
Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɯ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
30–70
ɫɦ
.
ȼɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ
(
ɝɨɪɢ
-
ɡɨɧɬ ȼɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɋɫɚ
)
ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɦɟɬɪɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨ
-